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GluconeogenesisGlucagonGlycogenolysisLiver GlycogenHomeostasisGlycogenLiverReceptors, GlucagonGlucosePhosphorylase aLactatesPhosphorylasesImino FuranosesInsulinLactic AcidBlood GlucoseGlucose-6-PhosphatasePhosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)DihydroxyacetonePyruvatesRats, Inbred StrainsPerfusionGlycogen PhosphorylaseFastingPyruvic AcidEpinephrineGlycolysisDeuterium OxidePhosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)GlycerolGlucose-6-PhosphatePhosphorylase bKetone BodiesAlanineQuinolinic Acids3-Hydroxybutyric AcidGlucagon-Secreting CellsFatty Acids, NonesterifiedHypoglycemiaProstaglandins BPyruvate KinasePhenylephrineKineticsStarvationCitric Acid CycleCyclic AMPGlycogen SynthaseSomatostatinHepatocytesFructose-BisphosphataseMannitol PhosphatesTriosesHyperglycemiaPhosphorylase KinasePyruvate CarboxylaseOxygen ConsumptionProstaglandins DGlycogen Storage Disease Type VGlycogen Phosphorylase, Muscle FormEnergy MetabolismOxaloacetatesDihydroergotamineUridine Diphosphate GlucoseHydroxybutyratesAcetoacetatesMethenamineGlucose Clamp TechniqueCarbohydrate MetabolismCalciumPicolinic AcidsFructosediphosphatesVasopressinsC-PeptideCarbon IsotopesGlycogen Phosphorylase, Liver FormPancreatic HormonesAdenine NucleotidesHormonesRats, WistarBucladesineMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySugar AlcoholsMitochondria, LiverAdenosine TriphosphatePropranololStimulation, ChemicalRats, Sprague-DawleyGlucosephosphatesHypoglycemic AgentsPhosphoenolpyruvateAminooxyacetic AcidCells, CulturedZolazepamAmino AcidsInsulin ResistanceMalatesTime FactorsDeuteriumIslets of LangerhansTiletamine

Glucose productionLiverKetogenesisLipolysisInsulin receptorBindsRaises blood sugarIntracellularEnergy homeostasisHormoneHyperglycemiaPeptideHormonesMetabolicConcentrationPhysiologicalDiabetesGenePancreasAssessmentSerotoninRegulationLevelsRegulated to maintainMaintainCellTypeTreatmentFunctionGrowth

Glucose production1

• insulin concentrations are low and it acts mainly as a hepatic hormone, modulating glucose production (via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) from the liver. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Liver7

• The uncoupling of the somatotropic axis is marked by lower expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) in the liver and consequently decreased IGF-1 synthesis in the liver [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• In the fasting state, glucose is provided through glycogenolysis in the liver. (medscape.com)
• Disorders that result from defective glycogenolysis in the liver lead to hypoglycemia within a few hours of fasting. (medscape.com)
• Studies examining the effects of GH on glucose metabolism have shown that GH enhances glucose synthesis in the liver and kidney via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. (mydiabetesday.com)
• The liver maintains blood glucose levels in the post-absorptive state ("fasted") by producing glucose, and it does this by either breaking down glycogen or making glucose via the gluconeogenesis pathway. (blogspot.com)
• The principal organ of glucose homeostasis is the liver, which absorbs and stores glucose (as glycogen) in the post-absorptive state and releases it into the circulation between meals to match the rate of glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. (basicmedicalkey.com)
• The liver also combines 3-carbon molecules derived from breakdown of fat (glycerol), muscle glycogen (lactate) and protein (e.g. alanine) into the 6-carbon glucose molecule by the process of gluconeogenesis. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Ketogenesis3

• Insulin and glucagon also generally have opposite functions: glucagon promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis, while insulin inhibits these functions. (picmonic.com)
• Hypoglycemia associated with elevated insulin levels makes certain disorders unlikely, such as defects in gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid synthesis and ketogenesis, growth hormone deficiency, and cortisol deficiency. (medscape.com)
• Type 1 Diabetics have elevated ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis. (blogspot.com)

Lipolysis1

• GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. (lookformedical.com)

Insulin receptor5

• The insulin receptor (IR) and JAK1 tyrosine kinases and STAT3 can serve as direct substrates for the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). (diabetesjournals.org)
• The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that belongs to a class of receptor tyrosine kinase. (picmonic.com)
• IGF-1 can activate both its own IGF receptor and the insulin receptor and, thus, has some ability to decrease blood glucose levels as well. (picmonic.com)
• One such insulin receptor is GLUT4, which facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipose tissue and striated muscle (skeletal muscle). (picmonic.com)
• The insulin receptor consists of α- and β-subunits linked by disulphide bridges (top right of figure). (basicmedicalkey.com)

Binds5

• Insulin binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase and induces downstream signaling pathways (MAPK and PI3K). (picmonic.com)
• When insulin binds to insulin receptors, it induces glucose uptake. (picmonic.com)
• A, Insulin binds to its receptor on the cell surface, leading to anabolic processes via activation of a cascade of intermediate proteins and enzymes that enable use of nutrients for energy or conversion to macromolecules. (diabetestalk.net)
• Insulin binds to insulin-like growth factor receptors and leads to keratinocyte and dermal fibroblast proliferation (Hermanns-Le, 2004). (gov.gy)
• If a sulfonylurea binds to its receptor, this also closes potassium channels. (basicmedicalkey.com)

Raises blood sugar1

• Insulin and glucagon counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose - generally speaking, glucagon raises blood sugar while insulin decreases it. (picmonic.com)

Intracellular1

• This allows them to bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene expression. (proprofs.com)

Energy homeostasis3

• Substantial evidence indicates that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
• Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
• These observations demonstrate that hunger and satiety, and energy homeostasis, are controlled by dopamine and serotonin signaling. (frontiersin.org)

Hormone5

• BACKGROUND: To evaluate serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH), its receptors, and renin levels in cerebral salt wasting (CSW) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). (bvsalud.org)
• Glucagon is a hormone released from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to hypoglycemia. (picmonic.com)
• Traditionally this has involved studying both central and peripheral molecules involved in hunger and satiety, such as leptin, orexin (also known as hypocretin), insulin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, also known as a gastric inhibitory polypeptide), adiponectin and cholecystokinin (CCK). (frontiersin.org)
• When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. (proprofs.com)
• When there is an excess of hormone, the target cells reduce the number of receptors on their surface to decrease their sensitivity to the hormone. (proprofs.com)

Hyperglycemia1

• 2,3 Insulin resistance is thought to be one of the principal mechanisms responsible for the catabolic responses to surgery, including stimulated amino acid oxidation, muscle proteolysis, and gluconeogenesis along with decreased glucose utilization and hyperglycemia. (diabetestalk.net)

Peptide2

• Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. (bvsalud.org)
• More recent incretin-based treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (ddw-online.com)

Hormones1

• Two hormones, glucagon and insulin, must function in perfect harmony to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels. (mydiabetesday.com)

Metabolic2

• Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
• In acromegaly, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, and increased gluconeogenesis produce a metabolic environment that leads to the development of diabetes. (mydiabetesday.com)

Concentration1

• The glucagon concentration was not affected by BBR during the experimental period. (biomedcentral.com)

Physiological3

• Pregnancy, parturition, and the onset of lactation represent an enormous physiological and hormonal challenge to the homeostasis of dairy animals, being a risk for their health and reproduction. (biomedcentral.com)
• Prolactin, vasopressin, and oxytocin may also have a minor physiological effect in glucose homeostasis, according to emerging research. (mydiabetesday.com)
• Glucagon is likely insulinogenic under physiological settings in normal ducks. (mydiabetesday.com)

Diabetes2

• Soon after the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, which antagonize serotonin receptors and dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R), numerous case reports appeared showing that the use of these drugs were associated with increased obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
• Glucagon, which enhances sugar release, and insulin, which stimulates sugar absorption, are frequently out of balance in patients with type 2 diabetes. (mydiabetesday.com)

Gene2

• We analyzed insulin sensitivity and gluconeogenesis in chow versus high-fat-fed (HFF) Ptpn2 +/− and Ptpn2 +/+ mice and insulin and IL-6 signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression in Ptpn2 +/− and Ptpn2 +/+ hepatocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
• Insulin binding to insulin receptors also induces gene transcription. (picmonic.com)

Pancreas1

• It is concluded that the anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex indirectly regulate the endocrine function of the pancreas via interactions between plasma metabolites and insulin-glucagon. (mydiabetesday.com)

Assessment1

• Homozygous TCPTP-deficiency results in perinatal lethality prohibiting any informative assessment of TCPTP's role in glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)

Serotonin1

• 5 The anorexigenic effect of monoamine serotonin is also mediated by the 5HT-2C receptor in POMC neurons. (nature.com)

Regulation1

• Octreotide may be used in diazoxide-unresponsive patients but is often ineffective because of down-regulation of the somatostatin receptor, and it carries a risk of causing necrotizing enterocolitis and death. (medscape.com)

Levels2

• Glucagon is created to maintain glucose levels in the circulation while fasting and to boost glucose levels that are very low. (mydiabetesday.com)
• The availability of gluconeogenic substrates is an unlikely cause for any elevation in blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis. (blogspot.com)

Regulated to maintain1

• In humans and rodents, if plasma osmolality is increased by hypertonic saline infusion/water deprivation or decreased by water loading, plasma vasopressin and apelin are conversely regulated to maintain body fluid homeostasis. (bvsalud.org)

Maintain1

• This helps to maintain homeostasis and prevent overstimulation of the target cells. (proprofs.com)

Cell1

• Instead, they bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the activation of a second messenger inside the cell. (proprofs.com)

Type1

• In the brain, apelin inhibits the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream and in the kidney, apelin regulates renal microcirculation and counteracts in the collecting duct, the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin occurring via the vasopressin receptor type 2. (bvsalud.org)

Treatment1

• Due to the reversal of insulin resistance and the diminution of gluconeogenesis, acromegaly treatment should improve glucose metabolism abnormalities. (mydiabetesday.com)

Function1

• Here we have used Ptpn2 +/− mice to investigate TCPTP's function in glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)

Growth1

• Growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules, often proteins, that bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells and, in doing so, initiate downstream signaling. (picmonic.com)