Glucagon signaling inhibition for diabetes homeostasis receptors glucagon. Medical search. Frequent questions

Hormone secretion from pancreatic islets is essential for glucose homeostasis and loss or dysfunction of islet cells is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. (lu.se)
Little is known about regulated glucagon secretion by human islet α-cells compared to insulin secretion from β-cells, despite conclusive evidence of dysfunction in both cell types in diabetes mellitus. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: Transplanted human islets retain regulated glucagon secretion in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
Fig. 6: Excessive glucagon secretion by transplanted T2D islets in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
GLP-1 has a role in glycemic control by inducing glucose-dependent insulin secretion from β-cells and inhibiting glucagon release from α-cells in the pancreas. (justia.com)
Thus, it is important to elucidate the signals that trigger glucagon secretion and the transduction of these signals within the α-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
Glucagon secretion has been linked to several triggers: the α-cell detecting a fall in circulating glucose levels directly, a paracrine response to signal(s) from the islet β-cell (e.g., insulin, γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA], or Zn 2+ ions) or the islet δ-cell (somatostatin), or a response to neural signals ( 2 - 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In all likelihood, an interaction of several signals regulates glucagon secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
There is good reason to believe that glucagon release, like insulin release, is influenced by physiological α-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ influx and fundamentally resembles the excitation-secretion coupling seen in many secretory cell types ( 9 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Hypoglycemic conditions can promote glucagon secretion by stimulating α-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ entry. (diabetesjournals.org)
K ATP channels can affect human glucagon secretion as evidenced in carriers of the E23K variant of K ATP , which is linked to an increased incidence in adult-onset diabetes and perturbations in glucose regulation of glucagon secretion ( 13 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Similarly, a mouse model with a defective K ATP channel subunit sulfonurea receptor 1 (SUR1) also shows perturbations in glucagon secretion ( 14 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
In this Perspective, we update and expand on a previously described brain-centric model of glucose homeostasis ( 1 ), highlighting recent evidence of the brain's capacity to influence the biologically defended level of circulating glucose in part through rapid and highly coordinated adjustments of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. (silverchair.com)
Considering vitamin D-binding proteins (DBP), which could bind and transport vitamin D to vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the nucleus, was highly present in human islet α-cells and also seen in islet β-cells, 25(OH)D may also contribute to glucagon secretion from α-cells. (researchsquare.com)
Recently some studies reveal that α-cells lacking DBP secrete less glucagon in response to low glucose concentration despite vitamin D sufficiency[10], and glucagon has a physiologic role to activate β-cells and enhance insulin secretion especially in the fed state [ 11 ] . (researchsquare.com)
So in response to high glucose level or in type 2 diabetes, how 25(OH)D impact glucagon secretion from islet α-cells as well as the islet function homeostasis between islet α-cells and β-cells should be elucidated, which can provide new strategies for treating glucose metabolism disorders. (researchsquare.com)
Ligand-dependent activation of the G-protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) lowers blood glucose via glucose-dependent insulin secretion and intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 production. (biomedcentral.com)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and defects in insulin secretion and action at target tissues. (diabetestalk.net)
GHRPs stimulate the secretion of growth hormone by binding to specific receptors on the pituitary gland, which then triggers the release of growth hormone into the bloodstream. (hi-peptide.com)

This results in the activation of SREBP-2-mediated signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
Hyperglycemia can induce ROS generation by way of several signaling pathways [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Enrichment pathway analysis was used to find the signaling pathways and cellular functions associated with the differentially expressed miRNAs. (bvsalud.org)
Such novel pathways include induction of mitochondrial stress, inhibition of mitochondrial shuttles, alteration of intestinal microbiota, suppression of glucagon signaling, activation of autophagy, attenuation of inflammasome activation, induction of incretin receptors and reduction of terminal endoplasmic reticulum stress. (cyberleninka.org)
The results of such investigations might help to identify new target molecules and pathways for treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and could also have broad implications in diseases other than diabetes. (cyberleninka.org)
Despite beneficial effects of current glucose-lowering treatments, disease-related morbidity and mortality remain considerable in T2DM patients, galvanising the search for innovative medications that target the multiple metabolic abnormalities as well as inflammatory processes and other pathways predisposing to diabetes-associated disorders. (ddw-online.com)
ERS pathways are triggered by the unbalance of ER environment, including hypoxia, disturbance of Ca 2+ homeostasis and glucose starvation. (springer.com)

These observations demonstrate that hunger and satiety, and energy homeostasis, are controlled by dopamine and serotonin signaling. (frontiersin.org)
In comparing the factors that contribute to the buildup of excess calories in obesity, an imbalance of energy homeostasis can be considered as the basis. (wjgnet.com)
Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
On the horizon, novel insights into metabolism and energy homeostasis reveal guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) signaling circuits as emerging targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. (eddoctor24h.com)

However, there have been controversies surrounding the potential of statins increasing the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). (wikipedia.org)
A brief history of the key steps in understanding and treating diabetes mellitus is given. (encyclopedia.pub)
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that has long been known and, over the centuries, knowledge concerning its nature has grown gradually and incrementally. (encyclopedia.pub)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. (frontiersin.org)
Soon after the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, which antagonize serotonin receptors and dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R), numerous case reports appeared showing that the use of these drugs were associated with increased obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ginsenosides extracted from ginseng, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, have been used in China as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (frontiersin.org)
We and others have reported that myocardial inflammation develops in human patients and experimental models of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus [ 8 , 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of diabetes. (ddw-online.com)
Clinical studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, and have found evidence that insulin resistance (IR) occurs in the brain of patients with T2DM and Alzheimer disease (AD). (nature.com)
Clinical studies suggest a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR) and cognitive dysfunction, but there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this relationship. (nature.com)
26 120 180 ] Body mass index (BMI) has been widely used to indicate the level of obesity, though recent studies have found that abdominal or visceral adiposity (vs subcutaneous), as reflected in the waist-to-hip ratio or waist circumference, is a strong criteria for predicting the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (surgicalneurologyint.com)

However, metabolic dysregulated factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and sirtuins may serve as therapeutic targets to control this response by mitigating both Toll-like receptors and inflammasome signaling. (hindawi.com)

However, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), already approved for treating type 2 diabetes, have lately emerged as possible treatments. (bvsalud.org)
Direct effect on fructokinase and AMP-deaminase activities, with a key role in the pathogenesis of liver dysfunction induced by fructose, suggests purine degradation pathway constitute a potential therapeutic objective for GLP-1 receptor agonists. (bvsalud.org)
The GLP-1 receptor agonists currently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include exenatide (administered twice daily), liraglutide and lixisenatide (administered once daily), and the once-weekly agents exenatide extended-release, albiglutide, and dulaglutide. (eusaintlaurent.de)
casino 3f.com mandt bank near me hours The GLP-1 receptor agonists currently approved in the United States for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include exenatide (administered twice daily), liraglutide and lixisenatide (administered once daily), and the once-weekly agents exenatide extended-release, albiglutide, and dulaglutide. (eusaintlaurent.de)
The present disclosure relates to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and methods of treating or preventing allergic inflammation and/or methods of treating or preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. (justia.com)
GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, such as liraglutide and exenatide are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). (justia.com)
Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)

Protective effects of exendin-4 (glucagon-like peptide-1 -GLP-1- receptor agonist) and des-fluoro-sitagliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor) on fructose-induced hepatic disturbances were evaluated in prediabetic rats. (bvsalud.org)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a natural peptide agonist of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) found on pancreatic β-cells. (eusaintlaurent.de)
Disclosed herein are methods of treating allergic disorders and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist. (justia.com)
In some aspects, disclosed herein is a method of treating or preventing an allergic disease in a subject who has, or is at risk of developing an allergic disease, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1Rt) agonist. (justia.com)
Cotreatment with GPR119 agonist (MBX-2982 or GSK1292263) significantly potentiated gefitinib-induced cell growth inhibition in gefitinib-insensitive MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. (mdpi.com)
Lipid-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly expressed in pancreatic β-cells and implicated with metabolic symdroms [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Macroautophagy or autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process that recycles cellular components and maintains cell homeostasis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been found to be closely associated with the incidence of NAFLD. (wjgnet.com)
Her lab also studies how the normal function of the brain changes in response to alterations in body weight including obesity (excess body weight) and anorexia/cachexia (insufficient body weight), and how these changes in the brain contribute to the development of commonly associated diseases like diabetes. (exeter.ac.uk)
25(OH)D level was associated with HbA1c, glucagon and HOMA-β in non-abdominal obesity group after adjustment. (researchsquare.com)
As for abdominal obesity group, there was the significant association between 25(OH)D and HbA1c, glucagon, HOMA-IR, baseline insulin and C-p. (researchsquare.com)
The OLS regression and quantile regression further showed that 25(OH)D was associated with glucagon and fasting C-p levels in T2D patients with abdominal obesity. (researchsquare.com)
The moderate analyses revealed significantly interaction effect of 25(OH)D and glucagon on C-p ( P =0.0124), as well as the effect of 25(OH)D and duration of diabetes on glucagon/C-p in abdominal obesity group. (researchsquare.com)
25(OH)D was negatively associated with glucagon and C-p in T2D patients with abdominal obesity. (researchsquare.com)
Duration of diabetes influence the effect of 25(OH)D on the ratio of glucagon/C-p, on behalf of islet function homeostasis, in T2D patients with abdominal obesity. (researchsquare.com)
The obesity epidemic has expanded globally, due in large part to the increased consumption of high-fat diets (HFD), and has increased the risk of major chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. (thno.org)
Diet manipulation is the foundation of prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes. (thno.org)
Here, we hypothesised that prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota lowers intestinal permeability, by a mechanism involving glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) thereby improving inflammation and metabolic disorders during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)
We found that a selective gut microbiota change controls and increases endogenous GLP-2 production, and consequently improves gut barrier functions by a GLP-2-dependent mechanism, contributing to the improvement of gut barrier functions during obesity and diabetes. (bmj.com)
The research focus of Huang's team is to elucidate cellular and molecular events in initiation and progression of endothelial cell dysfunction in hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, to uncover novel biomarkers for vascular pathogenesis, and to develop venues to reverse vascular dysfunction in animal models of cardio-metabolic disorders. (edu.hk)

Glucagon knockout NSG (GKO-NSG) mice have metabolic, liver and pancreatic phenotypes associated with glucagon-signalling deficits that revert after transplantation of human islets from non-diabetic donors. (nature.com)
These hormones regulate the body's growth, and are involved in cell to cell communication, control metabolic activity, sleep-wake homeostasis, and altered regulation or dysregulation of adaptive response in various physiologic and pathophysiologic states. (medscape.com)
Endothelial and Metabolic Dysfunction, and Novel Biomarkers in Diabetes, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia and Estrogen Deficiency. (edu.hk)

The proximal events of TLR-mediated intracellular signaling are initiated by interactions with cytosolic adapters, mainly myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) [ 25 ]. (hindawi.com)
The inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity by metformin might be a mechanism of metformin-induced AMPK activation9, as intracellular ATP levels are decreased by the inhibition of mitochondrial complex activity and AMP levels are increased by the action of adenylate kinase converting two molecules of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP and AMP (Figure 1). (cyberleninka.org)

Age-dependent human β cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling. (nature.com)

Traditionally this has involved studying both central and peripheral molecules involved in hunger and satiety, such as leptin, orexin (also known as hypocretin), insulin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, also known as a gastric inhibitory polypeptide), adiponectin and cholecystokinin (CCK). (frontiersin.org)
and (Desk I). Besides these genes specific peptides or their analogues such as for example glucagon like peptide-1/exendin-4 may also be involved with islet regeneration. (immune-source.com)
Clinical approval of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic exenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes highlights the therapeutic effectiveness of venom-derived peptides. (bvsalud.org)
1996).The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays important roles in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. (eusaintlaurent.de)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. (eusaintlaurent.de)
lee women Background: The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. (eusaintlaurent.de)
orlando premium outlets review 04 hex to binary Dec 17, 2021 · The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays important roles in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism. (eusaintlaurent.de)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone synthesized and released by enteroendocrine L-cells in the ileum and large intestine following oral food intake. (justia.com)
More recent incretin-based treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (ddw-online.com)
Anthropometric indices, biochemical parameters, serum 25(OH)D, and islet function including C-peptide (C-p) and glucagon were measured. (researchsquare.com)

Distinct insulins in humans and mice permit in vivo studies of human β-cell regulation after human islet transplantation in immunocompromised mice, whereas identical glucagon sequences prevent analogous in vivo measures of glucagon output from human α-cells. (nature.com)

Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)

Together, these observations raise the possibility that although the brain can affect glucose homeostasis, day-to-day control of blood glucose levels does not require its active participation. (silverchair.com)
And specifically, insulin produced by β-cells lowers blood glucose, and glucagon secreted from α-cells opposes insulin action to maintain euglycemia [ 1 ] . (researchsquare.com)
Sleep disturbances have been implicated in the dysregulation of blood glucose levels and reported to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications. (vdocuments.mx)

This altered glucose metabolism state is associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM (Figure 1), although other parameters including excess adiposity, inflammation and dyslipidemia are risk factors associated with the development of insulin resistance, loss of pancreatic function, worsening of hyperglycemia and progression to diabetes (1). (ddw-online.com)
Genes associated with metabolism or insulin signaling were further quantified using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (thno.org)
He has co-authored 490 peer-reviewed publications in SCI-indexed journals including Nature , Science , Cell Metabolism , Circulation Research , European Heart Journal , PNAS , Diabetes , Hypertension , ATVB , Stroke with 32461 Google scholar citations (H-index of 93 ). (edu.hk)

Clinical review: the role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes. (ijmhr.org)
Previous studies examined the diverse functions of lipid-sensing receptors in the development and progression of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)

GLP-1 has been reported to improve glucose-dependent insulin action through the G-protein-coupled receptor, GLP-1R (Drucker and Nauck, 2006). (eusaintlaurent.de)

Using animal experimentation, the crucial role of the pancreas in diabetes was discovered in the 1880s by Joseph von Mehring (1849-1908), a German doctor, and Oscar Minkowski, a Russian pathologist, working together. (encyclopedia.pub)
However, during pancreas development, MafB is not only expressed in insulin- and glucagon-producing cells, but also Neurog3+ endocrine progenitor cells suggesting additional functions in cell differentiation and islet formation. (lu.se)
Pancreas plays a significant function in maintaining the blood sugar homeostasis. (immune-source.com)
Uptake in the rat pancreas was similarly modulated by inhibition of monoamine oxidase-A and was reduced in animals with induced diabetes. (snmjournals.org)
The pancreas lies in the curve of the duodenum and controls the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon. (medscape.com)

In turn, oxidative stress can activate various stress-related serine/threonine kinases including JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK leading to inhibition of insulin signaling [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In this mutually reinforcing manner, oxidative stress within the pancreatic beta cells can lead to apoptic events and contribute to the development of diabetes [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Competitive inhibitors of the reductase induce the expression of LDL receptors in the liver, which in turn increases the catabolism of plasma LDL and lowers the plasma concentration of cholesterol, which is considered, by those who accept the standard lipid hypothesis, an important determinant of atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)

GHRPs primarily function by binding to GHRP receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. (hi-peptide.com)

We also discuss the possibility that dysfunction of this brain-centric system contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by raising the defended level of glycemia. (silverchair.com)
Recent studies showed that glucagon served as an insulinotropic hormone rather than counter-regulatory hormone to insulin [ 3 ] , which suggested that both a-and β-cells dysfunction contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). (researchsquare.com)

Then we summarized the mechanisms of these alkaloid components of Rhizoma coptidis on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes and diabetic complications. (springer.com)

in 1971 [ 2 ], diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by the direct effect of diabetes on cardiac structure and function in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, or other cardiac pathologies. (hindawi.com)
Compared to non-diabetic individuals, the phenotypic age (PhAge) of individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is 12.02 and 16.32 years higher, respectively [1]. (lifespan.io)

The renowned French scientist, Claude Bernard, in the 19th century described the glycogenic action of the liver which is very pertinent to diabetes. (encyclopedia.pub)
Fig. 3: Human islet transplantation establishes a glucagon-signalling axis that corrects liver phenotypes in GKO-NSG mice. (nature.com)
How it works is not well-understood, but we know that metformin mostly interacts with signaling molecules in the liver, gut, and kidney. (lifespan.io)

Increasing dopamine levels/signals are associated with improved insulin sensitivity, while decreasing dopamine and serotonin levels/signals are associated with weight gain and T2DM development. (frontiersin.org)
Importantly, both lifestyle (diet and exercise) and pharmacological interventions that are known to alleviate peripheral IR effectively restore hippocampal neuroplasticity in rodent models of T2DM and AD, and this effect may be due to restoration of insulin signalling in the hippocampus. (nature.com)

Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 editing to remove glucagon codons 2-29 in immunocompromised NSG mice, preserving the production of other proglucagon-derived hormones. (nature.com)
Glucagon and insulin respectively secreted from the pancreatic islet α-cells and β-cells are main hormones for regulating glucose homeostasis. (researchsquare.com)
The ability to maintain homeostasis and respond to stimuli is largely due to hormones secreted within the body. (diabetestalk.net)

According to the International Diabetes Federation, more than 285 million people (6.4% of the world population) are currently estimated to suffer from diabetes, a figure which is expected to rise to 438 million (7.8%) by 2030. (ddw-online.com)
International Diabetes Federation. (nature.com)
There have been several attempts to develop a unified set of diagnostic criteria, and in 2009 the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute developed a list of criteria that is now broadly accepted. (surgicalneurologyint.com)

Inflammatory signaling in cardiomyocytes usually occurs as an early response to myocardial injury and entails cytosolic and mainly mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
Metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I, mitochondrial shuttle and glucagon signaling. (cyberleninka.org)

Engagement of the receptor stimulates insulin release in a glucose-dependent fashion and increases β-cell mass, two ideal features for pharmacologic management of type 2 diabetes. (eusaintlaurent.de)

Type 2 Diabetes Optimal Treatment" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/10405 (accessed December 04, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)

Exendin 9-39 blunted in vitro protective exendin-4 effects, thereby suggesting a direct effect of this compound on hepatocytes through GLP-1 receptor. (bvsalud.org)
Isolated hepatocytes will be assayed for the insulin-sensitive activities of: amino acid transport, inhibition of protein degradation, and glucose incorporation in glycogen. (diabetestalk.net)

Figure 3: Insulin receptor signalling in the hippocampus. (nature.com)

Cardiac Toll-like receptors and inflammasome complexes may be key inducers for inflammation probably through NF- B activation and ROS overproduction. (hindawi.com)
Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the inflammasome complex has recently been proposed to be central in cardiac inflammation and likely in the pathogenesis of DCM. (hindawi.com)

SREBP-2 activation for cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for the upregulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR). (wikipedia.org)

Mice overexpressing was resistant to streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus25. (immune-source.com)
Development of functional human blood and immune systems in NOD/SCID/IL2 receptor ɣ chain null mice. (nature.com)
Here, we report that treatment with orally administered ginger-derived nanoparticles (GDNP) prevents insulin resistance by restoring homeostasis in gut epithelial Foxa2 mediated signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). (thno.org)

Fig. 4: Human islet-derived glucagon corrects GKO-NSG α-cell hyperplasia. (nature.com)
RNA sequencing of single human islet cells reveals type 2 diabetes genes. (nature.com)

aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal CA1 neurons. (tocris.com)

Charaka, the first known Indian medical sage, described the pathogenesis, symptomatology, and management of diabetes in a Sanskrit text on Ayurvedic medicine written in about 600 B.C. In about 150 A.D., Arateus, a Greek physician, gave a detailed and elegant description of diabetes, a feat paralleled around the same time by the Chinese doctor Chang Chung-Ching. (encyclopedia.pub)
Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. (silverchair.com)

Metformin is a drug in the biguanide class used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (lifespan.io)

Studies that use loss-of-function strategies (e.g., targeted gene deletion, receptor blockade, enzyme inhibitors, etc.) are perhaps most useful in this regard, but the interpretation of such data is often confounded by associated changes of food intake and body weight, by off-target effects ( 11 ), or by compensatory adaptations triggered by the experimental intervention. (silverchair.com)

Bicuculline methiodide is a methiodide form of classical GABA A receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline . (tocris.com)
Non-GABA receptor-mediated actions reported, including actions on calcium-dependent potassium channels. (tocris.com)

Metformin (1, 1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) has been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes since the 1950s1, and is currently the drug of choice recommended by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes2. (cyberleninka.org)
Further, metformin is aided by the OCT1 receptor in the cell membrane. (lifespan.io)

Traditionally, the interaction between pancreatic islets and insulin-sensitive tissues has been deemed sufficient to explain most aspects of glucose homeostasis. (silverchair.com)

They work as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) implicated in tailoring innate immune signaling [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)

Together, these studies have broadened our understanding of the mechanisms of antidiabetic agents as well as the pathogenic mechanism of diabetes itself. (cyberleninka.org)

Type 2 diabetics, but also prediabetics, are at increased risk for a wide range of debilitating diseases and diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of kidney failure and blindness and of nontraumatic lower limb amputation. (ddw-online.com)

Alpha cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming beta cell function in humans. (nature.com)

These projects have engaged the McDonough lab with expert collaborators across the USA and around the world and attracted attention to the important role of the kidney in balancing the intertwined homeostasis of sodium, potassium and blood pressure. (usc.edu)

cell function or blood sugar homeostasis suggesting that's dispensable for afterwards occasions of endocrine differentiation. (immune-source.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms9

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs49

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes17

Information Science1

Health Care3

Secretion19

Pathways7

Energy homeostasis4

Mellitus11

Peroxisome prolifera1

Agonists7

Agonist5

GPCRs2

Autophagy1

Obesity13

Metabolic3

Intracellular2

Cell proliferation1

Peptide10

Regulation1

PPAR1

Blood glucose3

Metabolism3

Progression2

Glucose-dependent insulin1

Pancreas5

Oxidative stress2

Induce1

Pituitary gland1

Dysfunction2

Complications1

Diabetic2

Liver3

T2DM2

Hormones3

International Diabetes F3

Mitochondrial2

Stimulates1

20231

Hepatocytes2

Insulin receptor1

Inflammasome2

Activation1

Mice3

Human islet2

Hippocampal1

Pathogenesis2

Treatment of type 2 diabet1

Blockade1

GABA2

Metformin2

Interaction1

Immune1

Mechanism1

Diseases1

Secrete1

Potassium1

Endocrine1