Glial cells into neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Together, this work broadens our understanding of neuron-glia interactions with important implications for myelin plasticity by identifying midbrain dopamine axons as a potential regulator of corpus callosal oligodendrocyte lineage cells. (nih.gov)
The Glial Biology: Functional Interactions Among Glia and Neurons GRS provides a unique forum for young doctoral and post-doctoral researchers to present their work, discuss new methods, cutting edge ideas, and pre-published data, as well as to build collaborative relationships with their peers. (grc.org)
This GRS will be held in conjunction with the "Glial Biology: Functional Interactions Among Glia and Neurons" Gordon Research Conference (GRC). (grc.org)
First described in 1838 by Robert Remak, an embryologist and neurologist, Glial cells (also known as Glia or neuroglia) are cells of the nervous system (central and peripheral nervous system) other than neuronal cells. (microscopemaster.com)
The word Glial is derived from the Greek word 'glia' meaning glue. (microscopemaster.com)
A fourth type of glial cells in the central nervous system is known as ependymal glia. (microscopemaster.com)
Satellite cells - In the peripheral nervous system, satellite cells (satellite glia) are located in the ganglia where they are positioned near the neuronal somata. (microscopemaster.com)
Schwann cells - Unlike satellite glia, Schwann cells are typically found in close proximity with axons. (microscopemaster.com)
He started his laboratory in the Department of Neurobiology at The University of Massachusetts Medical School in 2004, focusing on glia-neuron interactions in the healthy and diseased brain. (ohsu.edu)
Based on previous data about the genes expressed by different cell types, the team sorted the expressed genes into those specific to neurons and those specific to glia. (the-scientist.com)
By using induced pluripotent stem cell technology, the unit also investigates the role of immune related gene defects in development and function of human neurons and glia to find underlying cellular and molecular pathways in immunodeficient patients with neurological disorders. (nih.gov)
Once in the developing mouse brain, these cells out-competed the animal's own glia, resulting in adult mice with mouse neurons and human glia. (nih.gov)
Strikingly, transplanting iPSC glia derived from skin cells of individuals without schizophrenia into mouse brains resulted in no such adverse effects on brain circuitry or the behavioral and cognitive deficits reminiscent of schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. (frontiersin.org)
Our group studies neuron-cancer and neuron-glia crosstalk and how these interactions are influenced by modifiers such as genetic mutations and therapies. (mdanderson.org)
Our ongoing studies suggest that Nf1 mutations lead to dysregulated neuron-glia interactions and cognitive deficits, which could be exacerbated by chemotherapy. (mdanderson.org)
Using neuroscience approaches and genetically engineered mouse models of NF1, we aim to determine how Nf1 mutations lead to deficits in neuron-glia interactions and neurological function and whether chemotherapy exacerbates the deficits. (mdanderson.org)
Nf1 mutations and chemotherapy in neuron-glia interactions and neurological function. (mdanderson.org)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
A competitive advantage by neonatally engrafted human glial progenitors yields mice whose brains are chimeric for human glia. (rochester.edu)
Identification of motifs that are conserved in 12 Drosophila species and regulate midline glia vs. neuron expression. (ncsu.edu)
Understanding the control of gene expression within cells of the CNS will help reveal how various neurons and glia develop and function. (ncsu.edu)
Here, we examine regulation of the midline gene, wrapper, required for both neuron–glia interactions and viability of midline glia. (ncsu.edu)
An additional highly conserved 27 bp are required to restrict expression to midline glia and exclude it from midline neurons. (ncsu.edu)
When the glial cell cluster is distant from the neuron cluster, glia is attracted to neuron by the gradient of low Netrin concentration (red arrows). (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)
When the glial cell cluster overlaps the neuron cluster, glia is repelled by neuron due to high Netrin concentration at the interface (magenta arrows) forming a sharp boundary. (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)
Instead, it gets filled with a common type of brain cell called glia, which functions as the "glue" of the nervous system. (neurosciencenews.com)
Scientists at the Champalimaud Foundation in Portugal discovered a novel mechanism by which neurons and glia collaborate to drive this process. (neurosciencenews.com)
One of the more striking aspects of this mechanism is that it's collaborative", said Simões, "Neurons and glia in the affected brain area work together to promote tissue repair. (neurosciencenews.com)
The team's results reveal a novel, cooperative mechanism by which neurons and glia "join forces" to drive neural regeneration. (neurosciencenews.com)
The other cells are called glia, which is the Greek word for "glue. (livescience.com)
It was long thought that these cells provided structural and nutritional support for the neurons, but Fields said glia might be involved in vital background communication in the brain that's neither electric nor synaptic. (livescience.com)

Microdomains are absent from oligodendrocytes, process-bearing astrocytes, and neurons. (jneurosci.org)
Characterized by a stellar morphology (star-shaped), astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system and particularly in the brain. (microscopemaster.com)
While they are the most abundant cells in the brain, astrocytes can be found in all parts of the central nervous system. (microscopemaster.com)
In the gray matter, where these cells are uniformly distributed, protoplasmic astrocytes also extend to neighboring blood vessels and wrap around them which plays an important role in their functions. (microscopemaster.com)
Generally, these cells are less complex (compared to protoplasmic astrocytes) with less branching. (microscopemaster.com)
These tumors, which have star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes, can be low-grade or malignant. (nih.gov)
This work reveals novel spatially regulated events occurring solely in abundant glial subtypes, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, providing further pioneering insights and possible explanations as to why Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease affect specific brain regions at its onset," wrote Lakatos. (the-scientist.com)
Stunted growth of astrocytes, a type of glial cell, stymied development of intercellular connections. (nih.gov)
Astrocytes generated from iPS cells derived from patients with childhood onset schizophrenia (right) showed signs of stunted growth compared to those from normal controls (left). (nih.gov)
It is recognized that astrocytes can provide fuel substrates to neurons, and that the glial cells contain glycogen. (nih.gov)
In the context of altered glycemic levels, alternative fuel sources supplied by astrocytes could ameliorate the effects of hypoglycemia on other cells of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
The pathogenesis of hypoglycemic- induced nerve cell injury is largely unknown, but mechanisms that could result in damage to cells of the CNS include, but are not limited to, excitotoxicity related to a dysregulation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle or an impaired capacity of astrocytes to generate reducing equivalents in the presence of oxidative stress. (nih.gov)
2-D cell cultures of astrocytes and neurons don't behave in the same way as they do in a living organisms, and this can limit their range of uses," explains James Phillips, Ph.D., at the Open University's Faculty of Science. (genengnews.com)
More indirect approaches, like the identification of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) located at the cell membrane, both of neurons and astrocytes, and critical for the removal of glutamate released at the synaptic cleft, also emerged [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
9 Both endothelial cells and astrocytes act as antigen-presenting cells to facilitate entry of T lymphocytes and antibodies. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Perivascular macrophages, microglial cells, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells can produce cyto-kines on activation. (psychiatrictimes.com)
A 2011 study found abnormalities in glial cells known as astrocytes in the brains of depressed people who had committed suicide. (livescience.com)

However, it remains unclear to what extent other types of neurons may innervate OPCs. (nih.gov)
Multiple types of neurons are involved in the SCN neuronal network [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
Midline cells of Drosophila differentiate into glial cells and several types of neurons and also serve as a signaling center for surrounding tissues. (ncsu.edu)

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The goal of this FOA is to encourage research to determine the molecular and cellular consequences of substance abuse, HIV-1 infection, and their interactions on glial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
This FOA encourages research to characterize the molecular and cellular actions of drugs of abuse and factors elicited by HIV-1 infection, giving emphasis to their additive or synergistic interactions, on glial cell function within the central nervous system (CNS). (nih.gov)
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM/CD56) participates in homophilic cell-cell and heterophilic cell-matrix interactions. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The researchers concluded that the gene-expression changes in neurons and oligodendrocytes are attributable both to changes in cell number and to expression levels in individual cells. (the-scientist.com)
Another glial type, oligodendrocytes, failed to adequately sheath neurons with signal-conducting myelin - a deficiency also commonly seen in individuals with schizophrenia. (nih.gov)

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) receive synaptic innervation from glutamatergic and GABAergic axons and can be dynamically regulated by neural activity, resulting in activity-dependent changes in patterns of axon myelination. (nih.gov)
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
In the central nervous system, studies have shown that glial cells originate from stem cells located in the ventricular zone in the neural tube while those in the peripheral nervous system are produced by progenitor cells located in the neural crest. (microscopemaster.com)
We established assays suitable for detecting disturbances in basic processes of brain development by employing human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), which grow as neurospheres. (nih.gov)
Generation of iPSC and hESC-derived glial progenitor cells for cell therapy. (rochester.edu)
Direct Reprogramming of Human Fetal- and Stem Cell-Derived Glial Progenitor Cells into Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. (rochester.edu)
Human Glial Progenitor Cells Effectively Remyelinate the Demyelinated Adult Brain. (rochester.edu)
Transcriptional differences between normal and glioma-derived glial progenitor cells identify a core set of dysregulated genes. (rochester.edu)
Human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can myelinate and rescue a mouse model of congenital hypomyelination. (rochester.edu)

Glioma tumors grow from several types of glial cells, which support the function of neurons. (nih.gov)

Fig. 7: Modulating the expression of one of the tau aggregation protectors, BAG3, affects tau accumulation in primary cortical neurons. (nature.com)
They are currently examining how embryonic macrophages regulate radial glial cells, the primary source of cortical neurons in early brain development. (nih.gov)

Around 100 billion neurons in the human brain enable us to think, feel. (neurosciencenews.com)
But before engineers can make a machine that truly mimics a human mind, scientists still have a long way to go in modeling the brain's 100 billion neurons and their 100 trillion connections. (livescience.com)
Our brain is composed of approximately 86 billion neurons. (scienceabc.com)

Although they are not involved in information processing which is the central function of neurons, glial cells make up the majority of the cells of the nervous system and provide the support required by neurons to effectively perform their functions. (microscopemaster.com)

We performed immunohistochemical analysis for three SCN neuropeptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neurotensin (NT), and for two proteins expressed in glial cells, ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1, a marker of microglia) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of astroglial cells). (springer.com)
The current study aimed to profile and compare SCN neurons, especially the ones producing AVP, VIP and NT, as well as the astroglial cells (using glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, as a marker) and microglia (using ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, IBA1, as a marker) in control and type 2 diabetic individuals. (springer.com)
The group's central hypothesis is that activation of microglia, as induced by xenobiotics and endogenous factors released during cellular injury, may self-perpetuate resulting in a sustained, low-grade neuroinflammation that leads to gradual oxidative neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons and thus Parkinsonianism (see figure below). (nih.gov)
Generally, neuron- and oligodendrocyte-specific genes showed decreased expression with age, while the expression of microglia-specific genes increased with age. (the-scientist.com)
Exosomes involved in neurodegenerative diseases are generated from manifold sources, such as human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), immunity cells, and microglia [ 9 , 11 - 14 ], and exosomes derived from different sources with different cargos seem to have a different impact on neurodegenerative diseases [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Here, ERK is stimulated in neurons, and several groups have shown that p38 is stimulated solely in microglia, the resident immune cells of the nervous system. (the-scientist.com)

Mixed gliomas contain more than one type of glial cell and are usually found in the cerebrum. (nih.gov)

Glial cells provide support for the brain's neurons. (blogspot.com)

Myelin insulates nerve cells (neurons) and promotes the rapid transmission of nerve impulses. (medlineplus.gov)

The result: The schizophrenia-affected brains didn't mature sufficiently and failed to create a proper network to support neurons. (nih.gov)
Glioma originates in glial cells that surround and support neurons in the brain, per the website. (yahoo.com)

The Freeman Lab uses the fruit fly Drosophila as a model to explore fundamental aspects of glial cell biology. (ohsu.edu)
Common motifs shared by conserved enhancers of Drosophila midline glial genes. (ncsu.edu)
Mastermind mutations generate a unique constellation of midline cells within the drosophila CNS. (ncsu.edu)
Damage-responsive neuro-glial clusters coordinate the recruitment of dormant neural stem cells in Drosophila " by Afonso Vaz Pinto et al. (neurosciencenews.com)
In Drosophila glial cells the receptor Draper is proposed to drive engulfment of apoptotic neurons. (aacrjournals.org)

We studied the infection of cells of the central nervous system in an attempt to understand the process leading to this complication. (nih.gov)
There are three types of glial cells that can be found in the central nervous system. (microscopemaster.com)
These cells line the ventricles of the central nervous system in the brain parenchyma. (microscopemaster.com)
The peripheral nervous system is part of the nervous system that consists of nerve cells and ganglia outside the central nervous system. (microscopemaster.com)
There are two main types of glial cells located in the peripheral nervous system. (microscopemaster.com)
As mentioned, there are different types of glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous system. (microscopemaster.com)
Specifically, we use a range of molecular, cellular and animal models to look at the effects of mutations on proteins and of variants or missing proteins on cells and on the function of the aging nervous system. (nih.gov)
The course introduces cell biology and covers the basic principles of nervous system cells and organization, brain function, and how the nervous system contributes to our behaviors and experiences. (stthomas.edu)
Taking a comprehensive approach to evaluate profile and function of immune cells in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid, the most adjacent cells to nervous system, provides valuable understanding about dynamic of immune cells and responses in CNS immune-compartment paving the path to find more targeted therapeutics. (nih.gov)
Following the release, exosomes will transfer to specific targets such as immune cells or the central nervous system (CNS) to exert pleiotropic effects [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
PURPOSE The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) solicit applications for studies designed to elucidate the effects of acute and recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia on glial and neuronal cells of the developing and mature central nervous system. (nih.gov)
Recent studies of ischemia have provided information about the effects of glucose deprivation coupled with hypoxia on cells of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
This RFA solicits basic studies 1) to define the effect of varying glycemic levels on cerebral metabolism, transport of glucose across the blood brain barrier, and astrocytic regulation of substrates for neuronal metabolism, and 2) to determine pathological consequences of acute and recurrent hypoglycemic insult on cells of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
In addition, although not formally participating in this RFA, the National Institute on Aging is interested in research on the effects of hypoglycemia on neuronal and glial cell function in the aging nervous system. (nih.gov)
The effects of acute or recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia on the cells of the central nervous system are potentially harmful, and may impose long-lasting damaging effects on the brain. (nih.gov)
To understand the effects of acute or recurrent hypoglycemia on the cells of the central nervous system, it is essential to characterize the response of CNS cells to reduced glycemic levels, to determine the extent of CNS cell injury induced by hypoglycemia, and to identify the mechanisms involved in hypogylcemia-induced cell or tissue damage in brain. (nih.gov)
Nerve cells carry messages between the central nervous system and the organs and limbs of the body. (mstrust.org.uk)
For some reason, the body's immune system starts to mistakenly attack cells within the central nervous system. (mstrust.org.uk)
Your central nervous system is able to overcome small areas of nerve damage by rerouting messages using undamaged nerve cells. (mstrust.org.uk)
Before focusing on the presence and role of vesicular glutamate transporters in neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord, it is important to begin with some historical facts on how it was that glutamatergic neurons were identified in the nervous system. (hindawi.com)
Several decades of research established that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) [ 1 ] and PNS, including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord neurons [ 2 , 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Abstract Functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is reflected by the large number and diversity of genes expressed in its many different cell types. (ncsu.edu)
We describe neural cell populations in the developing enteric nervous system, and predict cell-type-specific expression of genes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. (nature.com)

Glial cells perform critical functions that alter the metabolism and activity of neurons, and there is increasing interest in their role in appetite and energy balance. (jci.org)
Moreover, the strength and direction of attention influences the activity of neurons all over the cortex. (lesswrong.com)

Scientifically, the aim is to connect our findings regarding the cell biology, physiology, and plasticity of glial cells to form a holistic understanding of glial function in health and disease. (grc.org)
Following their development, these cells vary in comparison to neurons not only in their functions, but also in shape, size, and physiology. (microscopemaster.com)
We've demonstrated that a central signaling process allows spermatagonial stem cells to continually renew themselves, essentially becoming immortal," said Ralph L. Brinster, a professor of reproductive physiology at Penn. (scienceblog.com)
Intestinal tract physiology relies on the integrated contribution of multiple cell lineages, the relative abundance and cell networking of which fluctuate from embryonic development to adulthood. (nature.com)

We have initiated studies to identify membrane polypeptides of radial glial cells that contribute to the selective cell-cell recognition and migration events in developing brain. (jneurosci.org)
Researchers have found that the cells directing the very first steps of brain formation are not other neurons, as scientists have long assumed. (rockefeller.edu)
They've also uncovered previously hidden molecular pathways that attract neurons into the brain. (rockefeller.edu)
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Here we report that pathological tau accumulation takes place predominantly in excitatory neurons compared to inhibitory neurons, not only in the entorhinal cortex, a brain region affected in early Alzheimer's disease, but also in areas affected later by the disease. (nature.com)
Fig. 2: EX and IN human neurons are differentially vulnerable to tau pathology in primary affected regions of AD brain. (nature.com)
Some of the major symptoms of Parkinson's relate to the ability of the patient to initiate or stop movement and these symptoms are related to loss of neurons that express the neurotransmitter dopamine in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra, although other brain regions are also affected throughout the disease progression. (nih.gov)
The MLC1 protein is found in astroglial cells, which are a specialized form of brain cells called glial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
This protein primarily functions in the brain, particularly in glial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Brain and spinal cord tumors are masses of abnormal cells in the brain or spinal cord that have grown out of control. (cancer.org)
The goal of this study was to establish a three-dimensional test system for DNT screening based on human fetal brain cells. (nih.gov)
glial cells constitute the majority of the cells in the human brain. (ohsu.edu)
Ependymoma, which develops from cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal canal where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made and stored. (nih.gov)
Ganglioglioma, a very rare, slow-growing, benign tumor that forms from nerve cells and glial cells and can occur in the brain and the spine. (nih.gov)
Typically we have concentrated on neurons for studies of dementia, as they are the cells involved in brain processing and memories. (the-scientist.com)
As people aged, the gene expression patterns of glial cells in different brain regions became more and more similar, as if the glial cells were losing their region-based identities, the authors noted. (the-scientist.com)
Glial cells appear to have something of an identity crisis as we age, as their expression patterns become more similar across the brain," Ule and Patani wrote. (the-scientist.com)
The ouabain-induced hybrid death may represent a distinct form of cell death related to the brain injury of inadequate energy supply and disrupted ion homeostasis. (jneurosci.org)
Two individuals had medically confirmed primary brain cancers of the astrocytoma cell type by tissue diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
The researchers, who included Drs. Paul Tesar and Robert Findling of Case Western University, then induced the iPSCs - which can potentially differentiate into any kind of tissue - to develop into glial cells, which play a pivotal supporting role in brain development. (nih.gov)
More importantly, exogenous exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target the brain tissue [ 17 ], while endogenous exosomes can be secreted by brain cells and reflect brain injury [ 9 ], indicating their promise as drug carriers and biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, respectively. (hindawi.com)
From 2000 to 2005, INTERPHONE interviewed 14,000 adults about their cell phone use, other exposures to RF radiation, and other factors conceivably related to brain cancer. (cdc.gov)
Peripheral nerves serve as pain's first messengers, firing action potentials as far as three feet to the spinal cord, where they alert the next nerve en route to the brain. (the-scientist.com)
Proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, plasma, and cerebral organoids derived from patient stem cells have all revealed APOE4-dependent profiles, including a unique signature of disease progression (e.g. (alzforum.org)
GDNF, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, was originally identified as a survival factor for neurons in the brain. (scienceblog.com)
This model shows that the balance between attraction and repulsion between neurons and glial cells regulates the boundary formation in the different brain regions (Fig. 2). (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)
A depiction of the different regions in the developing fly brain (left) and the roles of Slit-Robo and Netrin, in inhibiting cell mixing (right). (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)
In the Netrin mutant brain (right), the IPC cells penetrate inside the OPC disrupting the OPC-IPC boundary (arrows). (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)
In our brain, there are millions of neurons, scientists calculate that we have about 80 million when we are born. (cognifit.com)
This process allows for the birth of new brain cells through a person's life. (cognifit.com)
These actions, like drinking, smoking, not eating or sleeping well, or stress causes these brain cells to deteriorate more rapidly. (cognifit.com)
Here you will see a few reasons why it is necessary to keep your brain cells active. (cognifit.com)
Active brain cells receive more blood. (cognifit.com)
As you activate your brain, blood runs to the working brain cells. (cognifit.com)
A highly specialized tight endothelium isolates the brain from immune surveillance and allows only a few mononuclear cells, activated T cells, and macrophages to migrate into the CNS. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Study reveals how neurons and glial cells contribute to drive neurodegeneration following brain injury. (neurosciencenews.com)
One of the most devastating aspects of stroke and traumatic brain injury is that the neurons we lose are never replaced. (neurosciencenews.com)
But the brain does have the ability to produce new neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
These findings may be the first step towards developing drugs to promote the formation of new neurons following brain damage", said the study's senior author Christa Rhiner. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neurons (in red) and brain glial cells (in green) are illuminated in the fly brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
The team found that when oxygen levels drop in the injured brain area, a certain type of glial cells jumps into action. (neurosciencenews.com)
An artist's rendering of neurons in the human brain. (livescience.com)
The brain, in part, communicates through electrical impulses, but it's a biological organ made of billions of cells, and cells are essentially just "bags of seawater," Fields said. (livescience.com)
Kristen Harris, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas at Austin, slipped into a computer analogy herself, saying that researchers tend to think a single brain cell has the equivalent power of a laptop. (livescience.com)
Even if newer machines could efficiently map all of the trillions of neuron connections in the brain, scientists would still have to decipher what all of those links mean for human consciousness and behavior. (livescience.com)
What's more, neurons only make up 15 percent of the cells in the brain, Fields said. (livescience.com)
Fields also pointed out the neurons in Einstein's brain were not remarkable, but his glial cells were bigger and more complicated than those found in an average brain. (livescience.com)
ECT is shown to increase blood flow to the brain, release a bunch of beneficial chemicals, and even rewire neurons in parts of the brain that have been implicated in psychiatric disorders. (scienceabc.com)

Of several polyclonal antisera evaluated, one (D4), developed against formaldehyde fixed type 1 cerebellar glial cells, immunolabels the free surface of cortical and cerebellar astroglial and radial glial cells in a patchy pattern. (jneurosci.org)
Our data suggest that the identified membrane proteins may contribute to the formation of the junction between migrating neurons and radial glial cell processes and that this junctional complex is linked to the microtubule cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)

It also prompted the immunohistochemical analysis in sensory neurons, using antibodies against glutamate [ 10 - 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

Scientists have been able to look at the connections between individual neurons in amazing detail, but only by way of a painstaking process. (livescience.com)

The overarching goal of this seminar is to provide trainees with a forum for exchanging unpublished findings and discussing new issues or methods in the field of glial biology. (grc.org)
This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) solicits basic and pre-clinical research applications that study the combined and interactive effects of substance abuse and HIV-1 infection on glial cell biology. (nih.gov)
The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to solicit basic and pre-clinical research applications that study the combined and interactive effects of substance abuse and HIV-1 infection on glial cell biology. (nih.gov)
We leverage primary cell culture, genetically engineered mouse models, patient-derived xenograft models, neuromodulatory approaches, and cell and molecular biology approaches. (mdanderson.org)
Hiroshi Kubota, a research assistant professor of cell biology at the Penn Veterinary school, developed the serum-free culture system that enabled him, along with Brinster and researcher Mary R. Avabock, to discover the essential ingredients that will sustain these cells. (scienceblog.com)
The identification of the exogenous factors that allow these stem cells to proliferate in culture establishes the foundation to study the basic biology of spermatogonial stem cells," Kubota said. (scienceblog.com)

GlialCAM attaches (binds) to other GlialCAM proteins or to the MLC1 protein and guides them to cell junctions. (medlineplus.gov)
HEPACAM gene mutations lead to a protein that is unable to correctly transport GlialCAM and MLC1 proteins to cell junctions. (medlineplus.gov)
Neural cells and their precursors express unique sets of proteins such as transcription factors, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins and receptors. (abcam.com)
Leptin, a key regulator of appetite and metabolism, has previously been reported to influence glial structural proteins and morphology. (jci.org)

However, the morphological phenotyping of glutamatergic neurons as well as glial cells was not to be a trivial matter. (hindawi.com)
This pioneering work led to the distinction of a "transmitter pool" in glutamatergic terminals, a "metabolic pool" in nonglutamatergic neurons, and a "glial pool" [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Subsequent methods to identify glutamatergic neurons were based on the immunohistochemical detection of enzymes like glutaminase, involved in the synthesis of glutamate [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, since glutamate is a major participant in cell metabolism, even for the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA [ 7 , 20 ], and not always the visualization of associated molecules guarantees the glutamatergic nature of neurons, an ideal marker was still sought. (hindawi.com)

To determine whether age-related changes in neuronal and glial cell numbers affected gene expression results, the researchers used imaging to count various cell types in tissue samples from the frontal cortices of young and older brains. (the-scientist.com)
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. (frontiersin.org)
These can be selectively labeled by immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence techniques to identify specific cells from surrounding tissue. (abcam.com)
TAP's RAFT platform will be used to generate gel-based neural tissue models using glial cells and neurons. (genengnews.com)
The aim is to manufacture gel-based neural tissue models using glial cells and neurons that can be used for research and for applications including preclinical screening of drug candidates. (genengnews.com)
TAP's RAFT (real architecture for 3-D tissue) platform has been designed to enable the creation of complex 3-D cell cultures from collagen, in a simple-to-use 96-well plate format. (genengnews.com)
The aim is to generate CNS tissue equivalents that closely mimic the cells' in vivo environment. (genengnews.com)
The cellular alignment created then allows the other types of cells in our 3-D tissue model to organize themselves as they would in a natural environment. (genengnews.com)
The ability to control variables in the tissue model environment will also facilitate the study of glial and neuronal cell response to drug candidates. (genengnews.com)
It contains reserves of special cells, called neural stem cells, that partially activate in response to tissue damage. (neurosciencenews.com)
We have revealed how neural stem cells sense injury and are recruited for tissue repair. (neurosciencenews.com)
For instance, how can we help new neurons survive in the tissue as it heals? (neurosciencenews.com)
Introduction: Efficient apoptotic cell clearance after injury, chemotherapy, and other triggers of programmed cell death is required to avoid inflammation and further tissue damage. (aacrjournals.org)
Finally, using a systems approach, we identify key cell players that drive the formation of secondary lymphoid tissue in early human development. (nature.com)
To investigate cellular dynamics across the intestinal tract, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on distinct tissue regions of second-trimester (12-17 post-conception weeks (PCW)) and adult (29-69 years) intestines and draining mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) (Fig. 1a , Extended Data Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
c , Proportions of BEST4 -expressing enterocytes among epithelial cells in scRNA-seq data of each tissue region and at each developmental stage. (nature.com)

Importantly, transfection of GABAergic neurons with DNA encoding VGLUT 1 [ 23 ] or VGLUT 2 [ 29 ] conferred the capacity to release both glutamate and GABA, confirming their role in glutamate loading of synaptic vesicles. (hindawi.com)

Glioma stem cell proliferation and tumor growth are promoted by nitric oxide synthase-2. (rochester.edu)

But if something physically damages the peripheral nerve, the message is much bigger and more complex, with a flurry of activity at the site of injury, in the dorsal root ganglia - where the nerve's cell body is, and in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord - where the first synapse is located. (the-scientist.com)
The stress may be direct, as to the dorsal root ganglia cells when they are injured. (the-scientist.com)
It may also involve stress to neurons in the dorsal horn due to massive activation. (the-scientist.com)
In the corresponding L5 segment of the spinal cord, p38 is activated within one day, but in the L5 dorsal root ganglia, where the nerve cell bodies are, p38 activation doesn't show up until day three. (the-scientist.com)

Thus, Dr. Mukouyama is studying neuronal influences on vascular branching patterns and vascular influences on both neuronal guidance and neural stem cell maintenance. (nih.gov)
The vasculature component of this specialized niche microenvironment helps to retain neural stem cell potential. (nih.gov)

Therefore, RGs are not only the source of neurons during embryonic cortical development but also the scaffold necessary for their proper distribution throughout the expanding cortex. (frontiersin.org)
It may also be possible to convert spermatogonial stem cells to totipotent cells, capable of becoming almost any other cell type and similar to embryonic stem cells. (scienceblog.com)

The contribution of the L-type Ca 2+ current to the slow depolarizing response was confirmed by optical recording in the presence of Ba 2+ and also supported by intracellular Ca 2+ measurement.Our results suggested that electrical stimulation directly triggers glial Ca 2+ entry through L-type Ca 2+ channels, providing evidence for the generation of glial depolarization independent of neuronal activity in invertebrates. (elsevierpure.com)
Ouabain triggered transient neuronal cell swelling followed by cell shrinkage, accompanied by intracellular Ca 2+ and Na + increase, K + decrease, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA laddering. (jneurosci.org)
Excessive Ca 2+ and Na + influx and their accumulation in the intracellular space are most likely responsible for cell swelling and necrotic death ( Choi, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
In this context, exosomes can take part in many biological processes and set up intracellular communication among cells, which makes them important in diverse diseases, e.g., immunological diseases, tumorigenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
However, the regulation of glial intracellular glycogen and patterns of glycogen breakdown in settings of varied glycemic states is unknown. (nih.gov)
Results: Remarkable recent work in T cells has led to the development of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that link specific ligands to heterologous intracellular signaling pathways in order to kill tumor cells. (aacrjournals.org)

Primary cultures of rat hippocampal glial cells and neurons were infected with the virulent strain RH and examined by immunofluorescent microscopy after fixation of cells and staining with antibodies specific to the different cell types. (nih.gov)
While they are collectively known as glial cells, they have different functions which contribute to the primary functions of the neurons. (microscopemaster.com)
We verified that reducing BAG3 levels in primary neurons exacerbated pathological tau accumulation, whereas BAG3 overexpression attenuated it. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Excitatory and inhibitory neurons are differentially vulnerable to tau pathology in primary and secondary affected regions of EC-tau mice. (nature.com)
Metastatic tumors, or secondary tumors , of the CNS are caused by cancer cells that break away from a primary tumor somewhere else in your body and spread to the CNS. (nih.gov)
2009) Effects of carbon nanotubes on primary neurons and glial cells. (scirp.org)
2013). Remarkably, the reward signaling in primary visual cortex is mediated in part by glial cells (Takata et al. (lesswrong.com)

It is generally accepted that exposure to drugs of abuse alters neuronal function, yet emerging research suggests that drugs of abuse can disrupt glial cell function, as well. (nih.gov)
Depending on its type, a growing tumor may not cause any symptoms or can kill or displace healthy cells or disrupt their function. (nih.gov)

By analyzing RNA transcripts from single-nucleus RNA datasets, we identified a specific tau homeostasis signature of genes differentially expressed in excitatory compared to inhibitory neurons. (nature.com)
Tumors occur when something goes wrong with genes that regulate cell growth, allowing cells to grow and divide out of control. (nih.gov)
The expression of glial cell-specific genes was a better predictor of age than that of neurons, the researchers found, underscoring the relevance of non-neuronal cells to aging. (the-scientist.com)
According to the researchers, this development will have profound consequences for future fertility therapies and provide a source of stem cells that will make it possible to modify genes from males before they are passed to the next generation. (scienceblog.com)

Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, and other molecular entities that are targets of drugs of abuse. (nih.gov)
Activation of NK-1 receptors by substance P and AMPA receptors by EAAs cause transient depolarization of the pain transmission neurons (PTNs). (the-scientist.com)
They are collected by receptors on the dendrites of neighbouring neurons, and the message continues on its way. (mstrust.org.uk)

Excitatory neurons are preferentially impaired in early Alzheimer's disease but the pathways contributing to their relative vulnerability remain largely unknown. (nature.com)

2011), rather than neurons, and involves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Chubykin et al. (lesswrong.com)

Davies, P. & Maloney, A. J. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. (nature.com)

Research to-date has shown that molecular machineries located at the cell membrane such as cell adhesion molecules are responsible for regulating the boundary formation. (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)

Most MLC1 gene mutations alter the structure of the MLC1 protein or prevent the cell from producing any of this protein, leading to a lack of functional MLC1 protein at the astroglial cell junctions. (medlineplus.gov)
Overall, the researchers found, gene expression of glial cells changed more with age than did that of neurons. (the-scientist.com)
These gene-expression changes were most significant in the hippocampus and substantia nigra, regions damaged in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively, according to the study published today (January 10) in Cell Reports . (the-scientist.com)
The authors' effort in this comprehensive work is a 'genomic tour de force,' showing that, overall, non-neuronal cells undergo gene expression changes at a larger scale than previously thought in aging," Andras Lakatos , a neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge, U.K., who was not involved in the study, wrote in an email. (the-scientist.com)
Gene expression changed to a greater extent with age in glial cells than in neurons, the researchers found. (the-scientist.com)
In the present study, we analyzed the gene expression and cytotoxicity of FNWs-treated cells. (scirp.org)
The results of cell viabil-ity and gene expression analysis indicate that FNWs has a relatively smaller ability to induce cellular gene expression as compared with MWCNTs or titania nanoparticles. (scirp.org)
If each parent in a couple carries a similar defective recessive gene for a disease, for example, it should be possible in the future to harvest the male spermatogenic stem cells, correct the gene in culture and implant the stem cells back into the male to produce normal sperm," Brinster said. (scienceblog.com)
The Penn researchers then used a GFP marker gene in the cultured stem cells to identify the cells before transplanting them back into infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)

In 1992 a start was made with culturing cortical, hypothalamic, DRG neurons and glial cells. (utwente.nl)
We found that basal and glucose-stimulated electrical activity of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in mice were altered in the offspring of mothers fed a high-fat diet. (jci.org)
These results demonstrate that whole-organism metabolism alters hypothalamic glial cell activity and suggest that these cells play an important role in the pathology of obesity. (jci.org)

Specifically, Slit and Netrin are diffusible guidance molecules that regulate the attraction and/or repulsion of the cells. (kanazawa-u.ac.jp)

These results define a tau homeostasis signature that underlies the cellular and regional vulnerability of excitatory neurons to tau pathology. (nature.com)
The results suggest a strong causal contribution of glial pathology to schizophrenia," said Goldman. (nih.gov)
Cell-intrinsic glial pathology is conserved across human and murine models of Huntington's disease. (rochester.edu)

Secondary pain transmission neurons in the spinal cord react to increased peripheral nerve activity with. (the-scientist.com)
In the spinal cord, p38 and ERK activation is also found, but in different cell types. (the-scientist.com)
After that, MAP kinases begin to be expressed in different cell types, perhaps reflecting the fact that there is an ongoing abnormal situation in the spinal cord, he says. (the-scientist.com)
This review will focus on several aspects of VGLUTs research on neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord. (hindawi.com)
Secondly, and in order to provide an appropriate framework, there will be a synthetic description of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of peripheral neurons and the spinal cord. (hindawi.com)
This will be followed by a succinct description of the current knowledge on the expression of VGLUTs in peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons and neurons in the spinal cord. (hindawi.com)

Here, we provide evidence implicating midbrain dopamine neurons in the innervation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the anterior corpus callosum and nearby white matter tracts of male and female adult mice. (nih.gov)
Human glial chimeric mice reveal astrocytic dependence of JC virus infection. (rochester.edu)
After being kept in culture for three months, the stem cells restored sperm production, and therefore fertility, in infertile mice. (scienceblog.com)

In multiple sclerosis (MS), nerve cells or neurons are damaged by inflammation and demyelination can occur. (mstrust.org.uk)
Initially the body can repair the damage to some extent, but with time nerve cells may begin to die. (mstrust.org.uk)
Nerve cells are surrounded by support cells called glial cells . (mstrust.org.uk)
How does MS damage the nerve cells? (mstrust.org.uk)

The numbers of AVP immunoreactive (AVP-ir) and VIP-ir neurons and GFAP-ir astroglial cells in the SCN of type 2 diabetic individuals were significantly decreased compared with the numbers in the SCN of the control individuals. (springer.com)
Our data show that type 2 diabetes differentially affects the numbers of AVP- and VIP-expressing neurons and GFAP-ir astroglial cells in the SCN, each of which could affect the daily rhythmicity of the SCN biological clock machinery. (springer.com)
The MLC1 protein functions at junctions that connect neighboring astroglial cells. (medlineplus.gov)

Many neurodegenerative diseases, including retinal diseases, are rooted in metabolic stress in neurons and/or glial cells. (nih.gov)

These results suggest that oligodendrocyte lineage cells may respond to dopamine released from midbrain dopamine axons, which could affect myelination. (nih.gov)

it begins with the swelling of cell body and mitochondrial contents, followed by vacuolization of cytoplasm, irregular breakdown of nuclear DNA, rupture of the cell membrane, and cell lysis ( Majno and Joris, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
Both Draper and the T cell receptor complex (TCR) are proposed to recruit downstream molecules to the plasma membrane but functional similarities and differences between T cell and engulfment signaling have not been described. (aacrjournals.org)

During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. (frontiersin.org)

In dissociated glial-neuronal cell cocultures, microdomains of immunoreactivity are detected at the site where the somal region of cells with the morphology of migrating neurons is in contact with an elongated glial cell fiber. (jneurosci.org)

Human iPSC Glial Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia. (nih.gov)

Dr. Li received his medical degree in 1997 from Zhejiang University School of Medicine in China and his Ph.D. in Neuroscience in 2003 from the University of Texas at Houston where he studied the organization of reciprocal feedback synapse at the axon terminal of the retinal bipolar cell in Dr. Stephen Massey's laboratory. (nih.gov)
A neuron usually has a number of dendrites but only one axon, although this axon may have extensive branching. (mstrust.org.uk)
The axon can be as long as one metre, making neurons some of the longest cells in the body. (mstrust.org.uk)
Information enters the neuron via the dendrites, passes through the cell body and then along the axon until it reaches the synapse. (mstrust.org.uk)
The synapse is the space between an axon and a dendrite of another neuron. (mstrust.org.uk)

The role of the MLC1 protein at the cell junction is unknown, but research suggests that it may control the flow of fluids into cells or the strength of cells' attachment to one another (cell adhesion). (medlineplus.gov)
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM/CD56) is a calcium-independent binding protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)

While glial cells are different from neurons and also perform several functions, they are closely related in that they originate from the same population of stem cells . (microscopemaster.com)
Scientists have found that stem cells in the skin remember an injury, helping them close recurring wounds faster. (rockefeller.edu)
They generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from skin cells of patients who had experienced onset of psychosis before puberty. (nih.gov)
Researchers have identified the growth factors essential to allow spermatogonial stem cells - the continually self-renewing cells that produce sperm - to exist in culture indefinitely. (scienceblog.com)
Spermatagonial stem cells and the hematopoietic stem cells that generate new blood cells are the only types of adult stem cells that can be positively identified using functional assays. (scienceblog.com)
Whereas the female germ cell, the egg, stops dividing before birth, the spermatogonial stem cells continue to divide throughout life. (scienceblog.com)
According to Brinster, it is possible to modify the male germ line between generations by manipulating the spermatogonial stem cells in culture. (scienceblog.com)
Likewise, the ability to culture spermatogonial stem cells indefinitely allows for the possibility to create sperm in vitro, that is, without implanting the stem cells in a recipient male. (scienceblog.com)
GDNF was also found to be excreted by the Sertoli cells that surround and support the spermatogonial stem cells in the testes. (scienceblog.com)
Once added to the culture, GDNF caused the stem cells to form dense clusters and proliferate continuously. (scienceblog.com)
Unfortunately, while many cells begin the process of regeneration, full activation occurs only in a small fraction of stem cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
Just like ours, their brains also contain neural stem cells", she explained. (neurosciencenews.com)
An additional series of experiments uncovered the answer - Wg/Wnt , a known activator of neural stem cells in flies and mammals. (neurosciencenews.com)
It meant that the neurons themselves sense the tissue's distress and respond to it by trying to send a wakeup signal to dormant neural stem cells. (neurosciencenews.com)

The number of NT-ir neurons and IBA1-ir microglial cells in the SCN was similar in the two groups. (springer.com)

When the back-and-forth of electrical impulses between neurons becomes uncontrollable, it gives rise to a seizure. (scienceabc.com)

Because the signals of the action potentials appeared on the saturated slow depolarizing responses during repetitive stimulation, the slow depolarizing response was suggested to originate from glial cells. (elsevierpure.com)

Fig. 3: Single-nucleus RNA-seq analysis reveals a specific tau homeostasis signature in EX neurons in human brains. (nature.com)
Such glial cells, generated - via a disease-in-a-dish technology - from patients with childhood onset schizophrenia, stunted neural circuit development when grafted into developing mouse brains. (nih.gov)
While becoming a way of life and work, the radio frequency (RF) waves from cell phones have also been depositing energy into users' brains. (cdc.gov)

Although evidence was mounting of glial-related abnormalities in schizophrenia prior to the new study, researchers didn't know whether these might just be secondary to a neuron-rooted illness process. (nih.gov)

Taken together, these data suggest a shift of ON bipolar cell behavior to one that physiologically resembles that of OFF bipolar cells. (molvis.org)

At least some cases of schizophrenia may be caused by an illness process rooted in wayward support cells instead of the neurons they sustain, suggest experiments by NIMH-funded researchers. (nih.gov)
This allowed comparisons of glial function from unaffected people and those with schizophrenia - but in a living, behaving organism instead of in a dish. (nih.gov)
Dysregulated Glial Differentiation in Schizophrenia May Be Relieved by Suppression of SMAD4- and REST-Dependent Signaling. (rochester.edu)
In looking at the possible causes of schizophrenia, earlier studies focused on neurons. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Two postmortem studies reported activated glial cells in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. (psychiatrictimes.com)

A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that either form into a new growth or the growth was there when you were born (congenital). (nih.gov)
Oligodendroglioma, a tumor that resembles glial cells within the cerebral hemispheres that help insulate the nerve fibers that transmit nerve impulses. (nih.gov)

Recent findings have shown the critical role of neurons in cancer initiation and progression and thus have contributed to the emerging field of cancer neuroscience. (mdanderson.org)

This reveals the existence of transcriptionally distinct BEST4 epithelial cells throughout the human intestinal tract. (nature.com)

Parkinson's disease is one of the major age-related neurodegenerative disorders and is characterized by the progressive loss of neurons over time. (nih.gov)
An accompanying editorial heralds their discovery as "one of the most creative and compelling uses of stem cell technology for disease modeling" - with potential implications for improved treatments. (nih.gov)
Human ESC-Derived Chimeric Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease Reveal Cell-Intrinsic Defects in Glial Progenitor Cell Differentiation. (rochester.edu)
We show that these programs are adopted in inflammatory bowel disease to recruit and retain immune cells at the site of inflammation. (nature.com)
This catalogue of intestinal cells will provide new insights into cellular programs in development, homeostasis and disease. (nature.com)
Scientists have detected changes in glial cells in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, Fields said. (livescience.com)

Anatomy90

Organisms19

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science2

Health Care1

Glia32

Astrocytes17

Types of neurons3

Interactions6

Oligodendrocytes2

Progenitor cells9

Several types of glial cells1

Cortical neurons2

Billion neurons3

Function of neurons1

Microglia6

Type of glial cell1

Brain's1

Myelin1

Support neurons2

Drosophila5

Nervous system23

Activity of neurons2

Physiology4

Brain48

Radial2

Sensory neurons1

Individual neurons1

Biology6

Proteins4

Glutamatergic4

Tissue16

GABAergic1

Proliferation1

Dorsal4

Neural stem2

Embryonic2

Intracellular6

Primary7

Disrupt2

Genes4

Receptors3

Pathways1

Neurotransmitter1

Cholinergic1

Located at the cell membrane1

Gene9

Hypothalamic3

Regulate1

Pathology3

Spinal6

Mice3

Nerve cells4

Astroglial cells3

Metabolic1

Oligodendrocyte1

Membrane2

Ventricular zone1

Morphology1

IPSC1

Axon5

Protein2

Stem cells14

Microglial cells1

Seizure1

Originate1

Brains3

Abnormalities1

Behavior1

Schizophrenia5

Tumor2

Neuroscience1

Reveals1

Disease6