Glacier flow velocities. Medical search. Frequent questions

A NASA-led, international study finds Asia's high-mountain glaciers are flowing more slowly in response to widespread ice losses. (nasa.gov)
Asia's mountain glaciers flow from the cold heights of the world's tallest mountains (the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges) down to warmer climate zones where they melt much faster. (nasa.gov)
Melting and thinning of high-mountain glaciers makes them flow less due to gravity. (nasa.gov)
More than 30 years of ice velocity data are helping scientists tease out how mountain glaciers respond to climate change. (nasa.gov)
We argue that such models can be suitable for steep mountain glaciers. (nature.com)
Mountain glaciers are dynamic reservoirs of frozen water closely coupled to ecosystems and climate. (usgs.gov)
Understanding how glaciers may evolve is important because mountain glaciers are the proverbial "canary in the coal mine" when it comes to tracking global warming. (nasa.gov)

This includes using geophysical imagery to map glacial landforms left behind by the former ice streams, and analysis of the sediments deposited, in order to reconstruct the pattern and behaviour of former ice flow and to provide information on the processes that occur at the ice-bed interface. (sheffield.ac.uk)
The water was only 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.5 to 1 degree Celsius) warmer than usual water temperatures in the area, but it increased the glaciers' flow speeds by up to 25 percent and multiplied the rate of glacial ice loss by three to five times - from 7 to 10 feet of thinning per year (2 to 3 meters) up to 33 feet per year (10 meters). (nasa.gov)
Walker and coauthor Alex Gardner of JPL discovered the change by examining new maps of glacial velocities for all Antarctic glaciers, created this year by Gardner and colleagues. (nasa.gov)
Glacial landscapes on Axel Heiberg Island (Canadian Arctic Archipelago) showing typical (glaciers) and atypical (subglacial channels, bottom right) glacial landscapes. (universetoday.com)
On Earth, shifts in our climate have caused glaciers to advance and recede throughout our geological history (known as glacial and inter-glacial periods). (universetoday.com)
These findings demonstrate how glacial ice on Mars would drain meltwater much more efficiently than glaciers on Earth. (universetoday.com)
Glacial lakes have been rapidly forming on the surface of the debris-covered glaciers in this region during the last few decades. (mongabay.com)
The research revises earlier estimates of glacial ice volume, now suggesting that there is 20% less ice available for sea level rise in the world's glaciers than previously thought. (scitechdaily.com)
With this information, we will be closer to knowing the size of the biggest glacial water reservoirs and also to consider how to respond to a world with less glaciers. (scitechdaily.com)
In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff. (vieuxquebec.com)
Reduced glacial runoff can lead to insufficient stream flow to allow these species to thrive. (vieuxquebec.com)
Much of the debris in the glacial environment of both valley and continental glaciers is transported, reworked, and laid down by water . (britannica.com)
In addition to debris washed in from unglaciated highlands adjacent to the glacier, a glacial stream can pick up large amounts of debris along its path at the base of the glacier. (britannica.com)

Here we present the results of a new inversion of surface elevation and velocity data over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, for bed topography and slipperiness (i.e. the degree of basal slip for a given level of drag). (copernicus.org)
Mount Baker has 12 significant glaciers that covered 42 km 2 in 1984 and ranged in elevation from 1320 m to 3250 m. (agu.org)
As this image clearly shows, the northern glaciers form in plateaus as high as 7,000 meters in elevation. (nasa.gov)
It's really an unusual glacier because it has so much ice at a low elevation. (alaska-native-news.com)
The product Rate of Glaciers Elevation Changes (that also includes changes on the neighbouring non-glacierized terrain), developed by the LEGOS team, covers the 220,000 glaciers distributed in the different glacierized regions on Earth. (theia-land.fr)
Map of glacier elevation changes in Iceland between January 2000 and December 2019. (theia-land.fr)
Glacier thicknesses are estimated from the glacier surface flow velocity ( cf. product "glacier surface flow velocity") and a digital elevation model of the glaciers' surface. (theia-land.fr)
Spring - summer 2021: Availability of the product "Glacier surface elevation changes » for the period 2000-2019 and every 5-yr and 10-yr sub-periods. (theia-land.fr)
Using time series of surface elevation and glacier velocity derived from satellite optical and synthetic‐aperture radar imagery, we identify a shift of flow pattern starting in 2017 when shear margins formed within the grounded marine piedmont fan. (ku.edu)
This data is from the Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation project (ITS_LIVE), which consolidates observations from multiple Landsat satellites between 1985 and 2015 into a publicly accessible dataset. (scitechdaily.com)
The data were compiled through the Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation project (ITS_LIVE), which brings together observations of glaciers collected by multiple Landsat satellites between 1985 and 2015 into a single dataset open to scientists and the public. (scitechdaily.com)
NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey and the Inter-mission Time Series of Land Ice Velocity and Elevation (ITS_LIVE) project at NASA/ JPL -Caltech, and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). (scitechdaily.com)
Furthermore, the team will generate new remote sensing data sets on ice velocities and rates of elevation change. (usap-dc.org)
Here, we demonstrate the surge development and discuss triggering mechanisms using time series of digital elevation models (1969-2018), surface velocities (1995-2018), crevasse patterns and glacier extents from various data sources. (ulster.ac.uk)
At the equilibrium line, about 300-350 m in elevation, balance velocity and observed ice-surface velocity are comparable, indicating that the basin is approximately in balance. (bas.ac.uk)
We are generating a globally comprehensive and temporally dense record of land ice and ice shelf velocity and elevation, to be updated continuously. (nasa.gov)
it will also help prepare the community for future observables from NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 ( ICESat-2 ) and the NASA-Indian Space Research Organisation Synthetic Aperture Radar ( NISAR ) missions by facilitating a transition from analyzing infrequent single-instrument datasets to working with the large continuous data streams that will soon flow. (nasa.gov)
Records of ice flow will be accompanied by a growing 30-year time series of ice sheet and ice shelf elevation changes from 1993 through to 2023, synthesizing data from two NASA and six ESA satellite altimeters. (nasa.gov)
By analyzing bistatic SAR satellite acquisitions, an unprecedented spatial coverage with surface elevation change information at the study area will be achieved to compute multi-temporal geodetic glacier mass balances on regional and glacier scales. (esa.int)

Deep learning captures a nonlinear response of glaciers to air temperature and precipitation, improving the representation of extreme mass balance rates compared to linear statistical and temperature-index models. (nature.com)
Such consistency among sites allows glacier records from different climate zones of North America to be directly compared in order to better understand the impacts of mountain glacier change response of glaciers . (usgs.gov)

Surface meltwater is also widespread around the fringes of Antarctica, but whether it reaches the bed and influences ice velocity is currently poorly understood. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Scientists have sought to understand what is regulating the flow speeds of glaciers in order to project how meltwater will contribute to the region's water resources and to sea level rise. (nasa.gov)
Our results suggest that four main factors led to the initial detachment in 2013: abnormally high meltwater input, an easily erodible glacier bed, inefficient subglacial drainage due to a cold-ice tongue, and increased driving stresses stemming from an internal redistribution of ice after 2011. (researchgate.net)
As meltwater production increases with rising temperatures, the possible increase in frequency of glacier detachments has direct implications for risk management in glaciated regions. (researchgate.net)
In the past, glaciers may have existed on the surface of Mars, providing meltwater during the summer to create the features we see today. (universetoday.com)
Rather, the speed (velocity) of ice flow is likely responding to changes in the surface melt on top of the ice sheet and the movement of meltwater through and under the ice sheet. (phys.org)
The enhanced melting leading to lubrication of the glacier base has been observed to cause a small seasonal velocity increase and the release of meltwater lakes has also led to only small short term accelerations. (vieuxquebec.com)
Due to rising air and ocean temperatures, the ice sheet is losing mass at an accelerating rate and additional meltwater is flowing into the sea. (scitechdaily.com)
For this reason, meltwater streams issuing forth at the snout of a valley glacier or along the margin of an ice sheet are generally laden to transporting capacity with debris. (britannica.com)

Basal friction heavily controls the dynamics of fast-flowing glaciers. (wiley.com)
Use of digital images is expanding as a tool for glacier monitoring, and smallformat time-lapse cameras are increasingly being used for glacier monitoring of fast-flowing glaciers. (polarresearch.net)

Previous data sets have either given a one-year 'snapshot' of velocities, focused on a different location, or averaged rates of change over much larger areas of Antarctica, obscuring velocity changes over time and the behavior of individual glaciers. (nasa.gov)
Although only a small fraction of the planet's permanent ice is stored outside of Greenland and Antarctica, these glaciers are extremely important because they respond rapidly to climate change and their loss directly affects human populations and ecosystems. (mongabay.com)
But Ranganathan is attempting to enhance and perfect the model by also including the actual satellite data from glaciers in Antarctica. (mit.edu)
The product " glacier thickness distribution " covers all the glaciers distributed in the different glacierized regions on Earth outside Greenland and Antarctica. (theia-land.fr)
Double counting of glaciers along the peripheries of Greenland and Antarctica also clouded previous data sets. (scitechdaily.com)
This projection includes contributions from all the world's glaciers except the two large ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, which have a much larger potential contribution to sea level rise. (scitechdaily.com)
This dataset contains measurements of snow accumulation over an 11-month period in 2016 at six sites in the Pine Island-Thwaites Glacier catchment of West Antarctica. (nerc.ac.uk)
The Level 2 products will be synthesized, in an error-weighted sense, to produce Level 3 quarterly and annual ice-sheet (Greenland and Antarctica) and regional (Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Russian Arctic, Svalbard, High Mountain Asia, Patagonia) velocity mosaics to support large-area studies. (nasa.gov)

We do not have data to allow us to assess the success of the slipperiness results from our inversions, but we provide maps that may guide future seismic data collection across Thwaites Glacier. (copernicus.org)
Thwaites Glacier has been accelerating and widening over the past three decades. (usap-dc.org)
The team will then quantify the relative role of different proposed external drivers of change (e.g., ocean-induced ice-shelf thinning, loss of ice-shelf pinning points) and explore the stability regime of Thwaites Glacier with the aim of identifying internal thresholds separating stable and unstable grounding-line retreat. (usap-dc.org)
The resultant more robust model predictions of near-future impact of Thwaites Glacier on global sea levels can inform policy-relevant decision-making. (usap-dc.org)
In this characterization we noticed the mismatch between subglacial hydrological catchment and ice surfaces catchment of Rutford Ice Stream, Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier. (nerc.ac.uk)

We, therefore, compared six ways to represent the under-ice environment in a computer model, and simulate the future of Petermann Glacier, northern Greenland's largest and fastest glacier. (wiley.com)
Mass balance of greenland's three largest outlet glaciers, 2000-2010. (degruyter.com)
The map displays Greenland's ice velocity, measured by satellites. (scitechdaily.com)
A recent study of Greenland's ice sheet found that glaciers are retreating in nearly every sector of the island, while also undergoing other physical changes. (scitechdaily.com)
In a study led by Twila Moon of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, researchers took a detailed look at physical changes to 225 of Greenland's ocean-terminating glaciers-narrow fingers of ice that flow from the ice sheet interior to the ocean. (scitechdaily.com)

Evolution of the snow line on the Glacier Blanc (Écrins massif, France) during the 2016 summer season, between July 6 and October 12. (theia-land.fr)
Force balance analysis and examination of the Péclet number show that glacier thinning propagated upstream in 2016-2017, and diffusion became a significant dynamic response to thinning perturbations. (ku.edu)
Negribreen, a tidewater glacier located in central eastern Svalbard, began actively surging after it experienced an initial collapse in summer 2016. (ulster.ac.uk)

The lack of drainage of these features indicates the lack of crevassing, rifting or moulins to deliver water to the base of the glacier. (agu.org)
More or less continuous over flights during the day observed continuous increase in the size and depth of the initial subsidence bowl as three additional bowls formed on a line N30E indicating intensive melting at the base of the glacier along a fissure 5-6 km long. (mtu.edu)

On the Greenland Ice Sheet, surface melt-water penetrating to the ice bed dominates the subglacial hydrological system and drives short-term ice-flow variations. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Fluctuations in glacier motion are very common and are thought to be controlled by subglacial hydrology and till deformation. (nature.com)
We use the innovative Glacsweb subglacial in situ wireless probes, combined with dGPS and custom geophone data from an Icelandic soft-bedded temperate glacier, to show that there are two distinct seasonal styles of speed-up events. (nature.com)
A key component of glacier motion is the subglacial hydrology system. (nature.com)
From this, they learned how subglacial drainage would evolve on Mars, what effects this would have on the velocity at which glaciers slid across the landscape, and the erosion this would cause. (universetoday.com)
Simultaneously the ice cover on the 10 km diameter Grimsvötn caldera some 15 km to the south of the active subglacial fissure started to rise indicating that melt water from the eruption was flowing into the caldera depression and lifting its ice cover. (mtu.edu)
Enhanced Landsat imagery also shows that turbid melt-water plumes of subglacial origin flow from the terminal ice cliffs, indicating that at least parts of the ice-cap margin are at the melting point. (bas.ac.uk)

As Negribreen is part of the Negribreen Glacier System, one of the largest glacier systems in Svalbard, investigating its current surge event provides important information on surge behaviour among tidewater glaciers within the region. (ulster.ac.uk)

The seismic data that Mark and Wiens analyzed reveals how a gap in the down-going tectonic plate about 60 miles beneath Patagonia has enabled hotter, less viscous mantle material to flow underneath South America. (wustl.edu)

The Malaspina is a piedmont glacier, a valley glacier that flows onto lowland plains. (alaska-native-news.com)
Victoria Glacier in New Zealands Southern Alps is the westward draining valley glacier between Fox and Franz Josef Glacier. (vieuxquebec.com)

The map above depicts changes in glacier flow velocity in Asia from 2000 to 2017. (nasa.gov)
They found that none of those glaciers has substantially advanced since the year 2000, and 200 of them have retreated. (scitechdaily.com)

This image from the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite shows the termini of the glaciers in the Bhutan-Himalaya. (mongabay.com)
According to Jeffrey Kargel, a USGS scientist, glaciers in the Himalaya are wasting at alarming and accelerating rates, as indicated by comparisons of satellite and historic data, and as shown by the widespread, rapid growth of lakes on the glacier surfaces, Image provided by Jeffrey Kargel, USGS/NASA JPL/AGU. (mongabay.com)
Because of weather patterns on each side of the Himalaya and differences in topography, the glaciers on each side of the mountain are distinctly different from one another and are likely to react very differently to climate change. (nasa.gov)
One of the reasons the glaciers on the south side of the Bhutan Himalaya are moving so slowly-10-20 meters per year compared to 100-200 meters per year on the north- may be that their supply of ice is dwindling. (nasa.gov)
Kaab, A. (2005): "Combination of SRTM3 and repeat ASTER data for deriving alpine glacier flow velocities in the Bhutan Himalaya" Remote Sensing of Environment. (nasa.gov)
The current spatial coverage of ice-core records from the Altai, Tibet and the Himalaya is inadequate to document climatic and environmental changes over the northern region of central Asia through the Holocene, even though central Asian glaciers have been studied continuously since the 19th century by Russian scientists and despite the apparent sensitivity of this region to future climate change. (umaine.edu)

Icebergs are chunks of ice that break off of glaciers that flow into the ocean, called "marine-terminating glaciers. (umaine.edu)

The great majority of the world's glaciers appear to be declining at rates equal to or greater than long-established trends. (mongabay.com)
Simulations project that a 4ºC rise in temperature would eliminate nearly all of the world's glaciers (the melt-down of the Greenland ice sheets could be triggered at a temperature increase of 2 to 3ºC). (mongabay.com)
The first atlas to measure the movement and thickness of the world's glaciers gives a clearer, but mixed picture of the globe's ice-bound freshwater resources, according to researchers from the Institute of Environmental Geosciences (IGE) and Dartmouth College. (scitechdaily.com)
The new atlas covers 98% of the world's glaciers. (scitechdaily.com)
According to the study, depth measurements previously existed for only about 1% of the world's glaciers, with most of those glaciers only being partially studied. (scitechdaily.com)

Dynamic thinning and speed-up was reported for various tidewater glaciers on the western Antarctic Peninsula. (esa.int)

In the present study we estimate the velocity and thickness of the Patseo glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India. (iisc.ac.in)

He found that glaciers on the north side of the range move as much as ten times faster than glaciers on the south side. (nasa.gov)

In October 2022 an updated area was determined for Mount Baker glaciers at 33.5 km². (agu.org)
Measurement of glacier retreat from the advanced moraines ~1979 to 2022. (agu.org)
We have measured terminus position of these glacier on 130 occassions from 1984-2022. (agu.org)
Easton Glacier from our survey camp in (2022) above and 2003 (below) illustrating 470 m retreat from 1990-2022. (agu.org)
Crevasse measurement of annual snowpack at 2500 m on Easton Glacier comparison of 2019-2022. (agu.org)
We have monitored the mass balance and terminus change of this glacier every year from 1990-2022. (agu.org)
An examination of velocity change from the top of the icefall to the bottom on Deming Glacier from 2015-2022 indicates deceleration at the three points within or below the icefall, but no change at the top of the icefall. (agu.org)

With satellite eyes, the complex motion of glaciers becomes apparent. (nasa.gov)

As individual glaciers retreat, they are also changing in ways that are likely rerouting freshwater flows under the ice. (scitechdaily.com)

The method, showing some tens of metres accuracy, was verified for monitoring velocities and front positions during a glacier surge and was also used to validate monoscopic timelapse images. (polarresearch.net)
The surge resulted in horizontal surface velocities of more than 25 m d−1, making it one of the fastest-flowing glaciers in the archipelago. (ulster.ac.uk)
The last surge of Negribreen likely occurred in the 1930s, but due to a long quiescent phase, investigations of this glacier have been limited. (ulster.ac.uk)

and (2) ice flow dynamics, characterized by the downward movement of ice due to the effects of gravity in the form of deformation of ice and basal sliding. (nature.com)
They then adapted the physical framework and ice flow dynamics that describe water drainage under Earth's sheets to Martian conditions. (universetoday.com)

All major outlet glaciers along the eastern Devon Ice Cap margin have retreated from 1km (0.62mi) to 3km (1.9mi) since 1960. (vieuxquebec.com)

Here, we compare six friction laws and evaluate them for Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland, using a higher order three-dimensional ice-sheet model. (wiley.com)
The Petermann Glacier had several prominent rifts running transverse to glacier flow, that were clear weaknesses that would lead to future calving. (agu.org)

The glacier has lost 21 m w.e. since 1990 driving a 470 m retreat during this interval. (agu.org)
Pelto and Brown (2012) measured a 360 m retreat of Deming Glacier from 1979-2009, ~20 m/year. (agu.org)
From 1979-2021 the glacier has retreated 725 m, with the rate of retreat from 2009-2021 of ~30 m/year. (agu.org)
We model glacier retreat and mass loss under an ocean-only warming until year 2300, while not considering the effects of a future warmer atmosphere. (wiley.com)
A new analysis shows that the mechanisms that drive the seasonal ebb and flow of some Greenland glaciers are different from those driving longer-term trends like overall retreat of glaciers, and faster flows. (phys.org)
The ice generally flows faster in the summer than in winter, and the ends of glaciers, jutting out into the ocean, also advance and retreat with the seasons. (phys.org)
A few years of conditions favorable to glacier advance, such as more westerly winds and a resulting increase in snowfall, are rapidly echoed in a corresponding advance, followed by equally rapid retreat when those favorable conditions end. (vieuxquebec.com)
Combined with the opening of new fjords and sections of ocean as glaciers and ice shelves retreat, these changes amount to a transformation of the local environment. (scitechdaily.com)

They provide habitats for life and can modulate ice flow, basal hydrology, biogeochemical fluxes and geomorphic activity. (sheffield.ac.uk)
he multi-year survey of the glacier by GEUS indicated that basal melting was approximately 4-5 m per year, much larger than the surface melt of 1 m per year. (agu.org)
The team will first focus on the representation of key physical processes of calving, ice damage, and basal slipperiness that have either not been included, or are poorly represented, in previous ice-flow modelling work. (usap-dc.org)
The gridded data consists of the ice surface velocity, basal velocity, basal stress, basal melt rates, and basal water fluxes, calculated for Pine Island Glacier catchment area. (nerc.ac.uk)

However, glacier projections under low-emission scenarios and the behaviour of flatter glaciers and ice caps are likely to be biased by mass balance models with linear sensitivities, introducing long-term biases in sea-level rise and water resources projections. (nature.com)
The behaviour of till is also a vital component of variable glacier motion. (nature.com)

His desire for accurate, but also less costly, motion measurements on glaciers led him to glaciological applications of photogrammetry in geodesy. (wikipedia.org)
The U.S. Geological Survey Benchmark Glacier Project combines decades of direct glaciological data with remote sensing data to advance the quantitative understanding of glacier-climate interactions. (usgs.gov)
The users are R&D (input glaciological data for the study of the climate/glacier relationship and for glacio-hydrological modelling), industry (hydropower producers) and local authorities including National Parks (monitoring glacier evolution). (theia-land.fr)

Theia Altitude of Glacier equilibrium-line altitude product proposed by the IGE-Grenoble team has an annual update frequency. (theia-land.fr)

Here, we perform the first-ever glacier evolution projections based on deep learning by modelling the 21st century glacier evolution in the French Alps. (nature.com)
This application of remotely sensed data broadens the project's scope and relevance to facilitate glacier change projections, which guide sea level and water resource management strategies. (usgs.gov)
This study provides the necessary picture for models to offer more reliable projections of how much time these glaciers have left," said Morlighem. (scitechdaily.com)

The Deming Glacier drains the southwest side of the summit of Mount Baker a stratovolcano in the North Cascades of Washington, with a massive icefall feeding the lower valley terminus reach of the glacier. (agu.org)
Here we examine changes in the 79 Glacier using MODIS and Landsat imagery of the lower reach of the glacier. (agu.org)

Thomsen et al (1997) denotes a floating ice tongue that is 60 km long and 20 km wide until expanding at the terminus to 30 km.They identified surface velocities in the terminus tongue section of the glacier, surface mass balance, ice thickness and bottom melting. (agu.org)
Here we pay particular attention to a section of the glacier that is 20-40 km from the calving front. (agu.org)
This section of the glacier terminates in steep ice ramps rather than ice cliffs. (vieuxquebec.com)

The looping medial moraines on Tajikistan's Bivachny glacier offer a clue of periods when it surged rapidly forward. (nasa.gov)
UAF researchers and partner institutions will use computer modeling to study the impact of climate change on Alaska's rapidly melting Malispina Glacier, pictured here. (alaska-native-news.com)
The rapidly melting Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska's Wrangell-St. Elias National Park could create a new ocean bay, one feature in what may be the largest landscape transformation underway in the United States. (alaska-native-news.com)
Unlike most other glaciers around the world, several glaciers in the Karakorams are rapidly advancing. (nasa.gov)
Moraine from the rapidly receding Victoria Glacier above Lake Louise in the Canadian Rockies. (vieuxquebec.com)
A recent study proposed that South Col Glacier is rapidly losing mass. (copernicus.org)

We observed the terminus of this glacier every year from a survey point and conduct snow depth measurements at 2200 m on the glacier. (agu.org)
Because it is so difficult to make these measurements in the field, it is difficult to fully understand the relationship between ocean conditions and glacier changes. (umaine.edu)
Since the 1950s, glacier mass-balance measurements have been systematically collected at five benchmark glaciers, beginning with South Cascade (WA) and later including Gulkana, Wolverine and Lemon Creek Glaciers (AK). (usgs.gov)
The map at the top of this page shows measurements of ice velocity across Greenland as measured by satellites. (scitechdaily.com)

Easton Glacier flows down the south side of the mountain and feeds the Baker Lake Hydropower project. (agu.org)
The difference is that the upper section of Easton Glacier remains healthy and snow-covered, while even the upper section of the Grinnell Glacier is bare, is melting and has thinned. (vieuxquebec.com)

The Vatnajökull glacier in Europe is a temperate glacier covering about 8300 km2 in the SE part of Iceland. (mtu.edu)

PDF) What drives large-scale glacier detachments? (researchgate.net)
Two large-scale glacier detachments occurred at the peaks of the 2013 and 2015 CE melt seasons, releasing a cumulative 24.4-31.3 × 106 m3 of ice and lithic material from Flat Creek glacier, St. Elias Mountains, Alaska. (researchgate.net)
Nonetheless, to represent the glacier mass balance, the vast majority of large-scale glacier evolution models relies on temperature-index models. (nature.com)

This non-quantitative approach has provided insights to how the tributary streams interact with major glaciers. (nasa.gov)
Consequently, former tributary glaciers showed increased flow velocities due to the missing buttressing, leading to substantial ice mass loss. (esa.int)

A researcher locates an ablation stake near a crevasse on Wolverine Glacier. (usgs.gov)
Afterwards, Susan and I dug into our packs and took out the ropes, carabiners, and harnesses and reviewed glacier travel and crevasse rescue techniques. (umaine.edu)

Walker noted that while these glaciers accelerated during a La Niña event, the nearby Pine Island Glacier, one of West Antarctica's fastest-moving glaciers, melts faster during El Niños - the opposite climate pattern. (nasa.gov)
This data contains the model output of three numerical inversions of Pine Island Glacier ice surface velocities performed with the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM2.0). (nerc.ac.uk)
The new DEM includes the upper reaches of Pine Island Glacier, Rutford and Institute Ice Streams and reveals new topographical features. (nerc.ac.uk)
This dataset contains the position and depth of four spatially-extensive Internal Reflecting Horizons (or IRHs) traced on the British Antarctic Survey''s PASIN system and NASA Operation IceBridge''s MCoRDS2 system across the Pine Island Glacier catchment. (nerc.ac.uk)
The cobbles were collected during the 2019-20 Antarctic field season from the Hudson Mountains, which are situated adjacent to Pine Island Glacier. (nerc.ac.uk)

he NASA Measures ITS_LIVE application uses feature tracking to determine glacier velocity. (agu.org)

The glacier area was estimated for 2004 and 2013 using LISS IV satellite data and found to be similar to 2.52 and similar to 2.30 sq. km respectively. (iisc.ac.in)
For more than a decade, satellite data have documented that glaciers were thinning as the amount of surface melting increased. (nasa.gov)
The method works by identifying disturbances to surface flow which are caused by obstacles or sticky patches in the bed and can therefore be applied wherever the shallow-ice-stream equations hold and where surface data are available, even where the ice thickness is not well known. (copernicus.org)
Although the importance of glaciers as climate proxies was first recognized in the latter half of the 19th century, the awareness about glacier monitoring for climate change assessment has persistently increased since 1990, after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) started to include glacier fluctuation data in their assessments. (mdpi.com)
The USGS Benchmark Glacier Project also incorporates data collected from spaceborne and airborne platforms, enabling scientists to document three-dimensional glacier change at regional scales. (usgs.gov)
The researchers will collect comprehensive data on ice velocity and thickness, glacier bed conditions and other features to characterize the glacier under possible future climate scenarios. (alaska-native-news.com)
Capitalizing on the long, freely accessible data record from the Landsat series of satellites, Paul decided to create animations that would enable scientists and laymen to witness the complex flow of glaciers. (nasa.gov)
Using data on glacier velocity, South America's tropical Andes mountains were found to have up to 23% less ice and freshwater availability. (scitechdaily.com)
Research using a variety of sensor data on glaciers was used to determine size and speed of glaciers. (scitechdaily.com)
Using Landsat data together with historical aerial photography and maps, Gardent was able to evaluate and compare historic and contemporary glacier surface area. (vieuxquebec.com)
We thank the GoLIVE project for providing free velocity data for the public. (ulster.ac.uk)
A 21 km long trilateral network of stakes provides velocity and strain-rate data. (bas.ac.uk)
Snow-line migration with time is mapped from digital Landsat MSS data, and mass-balance estimates are used to calculate balance velocities. (bas.ac.uk)
100 km 2 ), to be delivered within weeks of acquisition as Level 2 scene-pair velocity fields on a common 240 m grid, at the highest practical temporal and spatial sampling for these data. (nasa.gov)

On Earth, glaciers have advanced and regularly retreated for eons, leaving boulders and debris in their wake and carving features into the surface. (universetoday.com)
By tracking the movement of surface features like crevasses and debris patterns, Andreas Kaab of the University of Zurich measures the speed at which glaciers flow down the mountain. (nasa.gov)
Instead, the glaciers cling to steep rock walls, which shower the glaciers with debris. (nasa.gov)
The glaciers on the south are tinted gray-brown in this image because of the debris. (nasa.gov)
Because the dark-colored debris absorbs energy from the Sun, the surface of the glacier is more susceptible to melting than it would be if its surface remained a reflective white. (nasa.gov)
The northern glacier, lower right, is free of both debris and ponds. (nasa.gov)
A feature tracking procedure was used between series of orthorectified and co-registered images to calculate surface velocities on several ice-debris landforms, including rock glaciers and debris-covered glaciers. (uib.no)
Nevertheless, the debris-covered glaciers displays heterogeneous spatial patterns of surface velocities, together with collapse (downwasting) associated with the development of thermokarst depressions and supraglacial ponds. (uib.no)
This research is strongly motivated by recent rock/ice avalanche events, such as the rock avalanche and debris flow that occurred at Piz Cengalo, Switzerland, in 2017, the ice avalanche destroying the base camp at Mount Everest and the Aru-Co glacier collapse in Tibet where extensive modelling work has been performed by the project staff. (wsl.ch)
Secondary debris flows initiated from the water saturated deposits. (wsl.ch)
2017) which mobilized 14.38 × 10 6 m 3 of rock and ice and accumulated 6.95 × 10 6 m 3 debris in the valley floor (Lacroix, 2017) , or in Piz Cengalo area, Switzerland, in 2017, where 3×10 6 m 3 of rocks fell off the mountain and entrained 6×10 5 m 3 of ice from the glacier (Mergili et al. (wsl.ch)
All of these events hence have disastrous consequences for people and infrastructures, not only because of the falling rocks and ice, but also because of secondary processes such debris flows resulting from the melting water produced as the ice melts during the avalanche. (wsl.ch)
The numerical models give insights on the areas that are potentially exposed to rock/ice damage, but also to the subsequent debris flow. (wsl.ch)
The animation above shows the movement of ice and debris near Panmah Glacier in Pakistan, near Central Karakoram National Park. (nasa.gov)

Glacier thicknesses are provided at a horizontal resolution of 50 m and are representative of the decade 2010-2020. (theia-land.fr)

glacier bed, resulting in catastrophic mass flows (Evans & Delaney, 2015). (researchgate.net)
The Himalayas where the danger of catastrophic flooding is severe, and glacier-fed rivers supply water to one third of the world's population. (mongabay.com)
On top of being harbingers for climate change, melting glaciers can cause catastrophic floods, making it essential to monitor them regularly. (nasa.gov)

The glaciers slide from the plateaus down the steep mountain side in long glacier tongues, which are white, tinted blue-gray where the snow is very compressed. (nasa.gov)
The mountains are no less steep on the south side, but the glaciers have no plateaus on which to form. (nasa.gov)

This loss in the glacier ice volume of the Patseo glacier is supported by the snow and meteorological observations collected at a nearby field observatory of Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE). (iisc.ac.in)
Traditionally, researchers run a model of ice flow and compare it to observations of the position and velocity of a glacier over time. (mit.edu)

These features are missing on Mars, leading scientists to conclude that any glaciers on its surface in the distant past were stationary. (universetoday.com)
However, new research by a team of U.S. and French planetary scientists suggests that Martian glaciers did move more slowly than those on Earth. (universetoday.com)
An international team of glaciologists headed by ETH Zürich and the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) and including scientists from Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have provided a new estimate for the volume of ice in glaciers throughout th. (fau.eu)
The scientists found very low seismic velocity within and around the gap, as well as a thinning of the rigid lithosphere overlying the gap. (wustl.edu)

With the images, glaciologists can map glacier extents, trace area and length of glacier changes through time, derive surface velocity, map snowlines, and calculate albedo for mass and energy balance calculations. (nasa.gov)
Maximum ice-surface velocity is 47 m a−1 and maximum strain-rate is 0.64 × 10−2 a−1. (bas.ac.uk)

The average velocity of the glacier was estimated as similar to 5.47 m/year using co-registration of optically sensed images and correlation (COSI-Corr) method. (iisc.ac.in)
Glacier surface flow velocities are provided at a horizontal resolution of 50 m and are representative of the average velocity for the period 2017-2018. (theia-land.fr)

In 1984 we began an annual monitoring program of glacier mass balance, terminus position and glacier area on these glaciers. (agu.org)
In 1984/85 we visited 11 of the 12 glaciers mapping their terminus position. (agu.org)
Moon and colleagues from the University of Washington focused on 16 glaciers in northwest Greenland, collecting detailed information on glacier speed, terminus position (the "end" of the glacier in the ocean) and sea ice conditions, during the years 2009-2014. (phys.org)

In northwestern Greenland, glaciers flow from the main ice sheet to the ocean in see-sawing seasonal patterns. (phys.org)

The total glacier ice volume was estimated as similar to 15.8 x 10(7) m(3), with equivalent water reservoir of similar to 14.5 x 10(7) m(3). (iisc.ac.in)
The water lubricates the bed and is a crucial but largely unknown influence on ice-flow and stability. (sheffield.ac.uk)
However, other factors affect a glacier's rate of flow, such as whether water is lubricating the base so it can slide more easily. (nasa.gov)
Under a drastically altered stress regime, the stability of the glacier remained sensitive to water inputs thereafter, culminating in a second detachment in 2015. (researchgate.net)
Glaciers and ice caps are experiencing strong mass losses worldwide, challenging water availability, hydropower generation, and ecosystems. (nature.com)
The glacier feeds the Middle Fork Nooksack River which provides water supply to Bellingham, WA. (agu.org)
Rocks, sediments, and water under glaciers can influence glacier speed and their response to climate change. (wiley.com)
We argue these reflect stick-slip motion which occurs when the glacier hydrological system is unable to accommodate the melt water flux generated by surface melt episodes. (nature.com)
Surface melting generates melt water, which may travel through the glacier to its base, where it can regulate glacier velocity via sliding and/or till deformation. (nature.com)
These later systems will be characterised by higher water pressures than the channel networks and higher velocities 31 . (nature.com)
A NASA study has located the Antarctic glaciers that accelerated the fastest between 2008 and 2014 and finds that the most likely cause of their speedup is an observed influx of warm water into the bay where they're located. (nasa.gov)
After that, they slowed down but have continued to flow faster than they did before the warm water arrived. (nasa.gov)
Currents then carried the warm water into the bay and up to the fronts of the glaciers. (nasa.gov)
We detected the warmest water first in January 2009, and by November the glaciers were already losing ice at a rate of eight meters [25 feet] per year in thickness. (nasa.gov)
Glacier change in North America has major socioeconomic impacts, including global sea level change, tourism disruption, natural hazard risk, fishery effects, and water resource alteration. (usgs.gov)
According to the USGS definition, a glacier is "a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water that originates on land and moves downslope under the influence of its own weight and gravity. (universetoday.com)
Global Warming is melting glaciers in every region of the world, putting millions of people at risk from floods, droughts and lack of drinking water. (mongabay.com)
Continued, widespread melting of glaciers during the coming century will lead to floods, water shortages for millions of people, and sea level rise threatening and destroying coastal communities and habitats. (mongabay.com)
Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia where shrinking glaciers supply water year-round, and are often the sole source of water for major cities during dry seasons. (mongabay.com)
Kittlitz's murrelet rare birds specialized to hunt in cloudy glacier water and nest on top of ice. (mongabay.com)
Mass change is reported in cubic meters of water lost, or as thickness averaged over the entire area of the glacier. (mongabay.com)
Indeed, the close view of a southern glacier, shown in the lower left image, shows pale blue ponds of liquid water, "supraglacial ponds" on the glacier's surface. (nasa.gov)
When we see news or information about climate change, it's not uncommon to see photos of a glacier 30 or 50 years ago and what it looks like today or a dramatic video of a glacier calving into the water," Timm said. (alaska-native-news.com)
The result suggests that about 37% more water resources could be available in the region, although the continent's glaciers are melting quickly. (scitechdaily.com)
In 1892 a GLOF released some 200,000m3 (260,000cuyd) of water from the lake of the Tte Rousse Glacier, resulting in the deaths of 200 people in the French town of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains. (vieuxquebec.com)
Beneath or within a glacier , the water flows in tunnels and is generally pressurized during periods of high discharge. (britannica.com)
Beyond the glacier margin, the water, which is no longer confined by the walls of the ice tunnel, spreads out and loses some of its velocity. (britannica.com)
Huge amounts of water, previously stored as ice, flows toward the oceans. (wustl.edu)
The cryosphere encompasses the frozen parts of Earth, including glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, and any other frozen body of water. (nasa.gov)

Pelto and Brown (2012) identified a mean annual mass balance loss of -0.52 m/year from 1990-2010 on Mount Baker glaciers. (agu.org)
Results from this monitoring form the longest continuous record of North American glacier mass balance, which capture seasonal and year-to-year variability. (usgs.gov)
The most accurate measure of glacier change is mass balance, the difference between accumulation (mass added as snow) and ablation (mass lost due to melting or calving off of chunks). (mongabay.com)
Currently, nearly all glaciers have a negative mass balance and are retreating. (vieuxquebec.com)

Greenland flow variability from ice-sheet-wide velocity mapping. (degruyter.com)

By contrast, seasonal swings in glacier speed had little to do with sea ice conditions or glacier terminus location. (phys.org)
It's important to recognize that the mechanisms driving seasonal glacier changes-in northwestern Greenland and around the world-are not necessarily the same ones driving longer-term trends, Moon said. (phys.org)

however, some recent glacier surges have caused irreversible ice loss in a short period. (ku.edu)

During the last decade, various global glacier evolution models have been used to provide estimates on the future sea-level contribution from glaciers 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Climate Change And Global Glacier Decline" is available for download as a colorful brochure with pictures at here . (mongabay.com)
Landsat is key to a wide range of applications that support global glacier monitoring and elucidate the impacts of global climate change. (nasa.gov)

This is important information since the melting glaciers can affect ocean circulation, marine ecosystems, and sea level rise. (umaine.edu)
Far from being barren expanses of ice, glaciers are home to some of the most unique organisms and ecosystems on Earth. (mongabay.com)

The accreting behavior of the region's glaciers has been labeled the "Karakoram Anomaly. (nasa.gov)

In 1922 Finsterwalder mapped the topography of the Ötztal Alps focusing on two glaciers, i.e. (wikipedia.org)

Bedrock Profile, surface profile and thickness change on a 79 Glacier Profile (Thomas, et al, 2009). (agu.org)
Examination of ice thickness change on 79 Glacier indicates surface lowering predominated between 1994 and 1999, at rates of about 0.1ma-1, with almost exact balance further inland. (agu.org)
In this study, we examined the glacier thickness change for the period 1984-2017 and found no thickness change. (copernicus.org)

Anatomy50

Organisms7

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment63

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes87

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science8

Named Groups2

Health Care29

Geographicals6

Mountain glaciers7

Glacial13

Elevation19

Response of glaciers2

Meltwater9

Fast-flowing2

Antarctica8

Thwaites Glacier5

Greenland's5

20163

Base of the glacier2

Subglacial7

Svalbard1

South America1

Valley glacier2

20002

Himalaya6

Marine-terminat1

World's glaciers5

Tidewater glaciers1

Himachal Pradesh1

Found that glaciers1

20227

Motion of glaciers1

Individual glaciers1

Surge3

Dynamics2

Outlet glaciers1

Petermann Glacier2

Retreat8

Basal4

Behaviour2

Glaciological3

Equilibrium line1

Projections3

Reach of the glacier2

Section of the glacier3

Rapidly6

Measurements4

Easton Glacier2

Temperate glacier1

Large-scale glacier3

Tributary2

Crevasse2

Pine Island5

Determine glacier1

Data14

Debris14

20201

Catastrophic3

Steep2

Observations2

Scientists4

Surface velocity2

Average velocity2

Terminus position3

Patterns1

Water29

Mass balance4

Variability1

Seasonal2

Surges1

Global glacier3

Ecosystems2

Karakoram Anomaly1

Topography1

Thickness change3