• True lymphoid follicles, with or without germinal centers, are encountered in the stroma of both the ectocervix and endocervix. (medscape.com)
  • Primed T cells and antigen-activated B cells then migrate into the primary follicles where they associate with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), giving rise to germinal centers (GCs). (rupress.org)
  • There are areas with large squamous nests, and focal areas show hyperplastic lymphoid follicles. (cap.org)
  • These follicles often contain germinal centres where mature B cells proliferate and differentiate. (hmb302.ca)
  • The lymphoid tissue forms follicles containing germinal centres. (hmb302.ca)
  • The cortex houses follicles which can be primary of secondary (germinal centre) lymphoid nodules. (hmb302.ca)
  • CRCs are also present in splenic and peripheral lymph node primary follicles. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In cases for which PCV2 is considered causative, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization (ISH) analyses demonstrate large amounts of PCV2 antigen or nucleic acids in the cytoplasm of macrophages and dendritic cells in the depleted follicles in lymphoid tissues ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In RA, RF are produced by the B cells present in lymphoid follicles and the germinal center(GC)-like structures that mature in inflamed synovium. (randox.com)
  • Analyses of TNFR1/RelA-deficient embryonic tissues and of radiation chimeras suggest that the dependence on RelA is manifest not in hematopoietic cells but rather in radioresistant stromal cells needed for the development of secondary lymphoid organs. (rupress.org)
  • The microarchitecture of secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in facilitating the activation and maturation of antigen-specific lymphocytes and ultimately the mounting of an adaptive immune response ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
  • Targeted gene deletion and radiation chimera analyses have provided insights into the molecular machinery underlying the development of secondary lymphoid organs, emphasizing the importance of crosstalk between hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. (rupress.org)
  • Germinal centres, the structures in which B cells evolve to produce antibodies with high affinity for various antigens , usually form transiently in lymphoid organs in response to infection or immunization . (bvsalud.org)
  • In lymphoid organs associated with the gut, however, germinal centres are chronically present. (bvsalud.org)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The tissues that have evolved to a high degree of specificity of function are termed lymphoid organs . (brainkart.com)
  • Lymphoid organs include the gut-associated lymphoid tis-sues-tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix-as well as aggre-gates of lymphoid tissue in the submucosal spaces of the respiratory and genitourinary tracts. (brainkart.com)
  • The lymphoid organs, based on their function, are classified into central (primary) and peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs. (brainkart.com)
  • Central or primary lymphoid organs are the major sites for lymphopoiesis. (brainkart.com)
  • These are the organs in which precursor lymphocytes proliferate, develop, and differ-entiate from lymphoid stem cells to become immunologically competent cells. (brainkart.com)
  • The primary lymphoid organs include thymus and bone marrow. (brainkart.com)
  • After acquiring immu-nological competency, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to induce appropriate immune response on exposure to antigens. (brainkart.com)
  • After induction in secondary lymphoid organs, a subset of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) homes to the bone marrow (BM) and contributes to long-term antibody production. (silverchair.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that in mice treated with FTY720 or that lack sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 (S1P 1 ) in B cells, IgG ASCs are induced and localize normally in secondary lymphoid organs but they are reduced in numbers in blood and BM. (silverchair.com)
  • Memory B cells can be formed in two T cell-dependent mechanisms: in the first, they differentiate into short-lived plasma cells [77, 79] and in the second, they are formed and differentiate in dependent or independent germinal centers of peripheral lymphoid organs [78]. (github.io)
  • Through the analysis of GFP expression in lymphoid organs of IL-21eGFP mice, we identified a subpopulation of GFP + , high IL-21 producing Tfh cells present only in Peyer's Patches. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition these CD86 findings also showed that PDGFRβ+ perivascular cells from non-lymphoid organs have the capacity to differentiate into FDCs and in vivo thus suggesting that this cell population may be the source of AS 602801 (Bentamapimod) FDC in tertiary lymphoid organ formation (Krautler et al. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • 2001 thus indicating that different signaling molecules and cell types may be required for proper FRC differentiation in different lymphoid organs. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • Central to these results is the idea that connections between lymphoid and mesenchymal cells are necessary for the introduction of supplementary lymphoid organs. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • B-2 cells are classical B lymphocytes that mainly exist in peripheral blood and lymphoid organs, accounting for approximately 45% of peripheral blood B lymphocytes. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)
  • In the "germinal center model" for the normal maturation of B cells, naive B cells enter the germinal centers of lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues and in the process of becoming competent for producing functional antibodies, mature into lymphoblasts, centroblasts, centrocytes, memory B cells, and ultimately plasma cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It reacts with the majority of B-cells present in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues and their derived lymphomas. (biogenex.com)
  • It is a reliable antibody for ascribing a B-cell phenotype in known lymphoid tissues. (biogenex.com)
  • Although too far to see, the simple epithelium of the epithelial cells found in the mucosa of lymphoid tissues facilitate antigen sampling in the lumen. (hmb302.ca)
  • Most DCs in tissues and blood are present in an immature state, but upon antigen acquisition and activation they mature. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The immune system is organized into several special tissues, which are col-lectively termed lymphoid or immune tissues . (brainkart.com)
  • The term non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) encompasses a heterogeneous mix of lymphomas, which are either of a B- or T-cell phenotype and that meet the diagnostic criteria for one of the subtypes detailed in the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas are tumors of the lymphoid tissues representing one of the most heterogeneous malignancies. (health-atlas.de)
  • Supplementary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes are essential for the interactions between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes that result in adaptive immune responses that protect the host against invading pathogens. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • A reactive lymphoid infiltrate composed of small lymphocytes is very commonly present at the periphery of the tumor, often localized around epithelial elements and blood vessels. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Because antigen-presenting cells pass through lymph nodes, they present antigen to lymphocytes residing there. (mhmedical.com)
  • During pregnancy, a marked increase occurs in the vascularity and edema within the cervical stroma and an inflammatory infiltrate is present. (medscape.com)
  • Microscopic sections from the thyroid gland show extensive lymphocytic infiltrate with formation of germinal centers in some areas. (cap.org)
  • AtLP is a descriptive term used when it is not possible for the pathologist to differentiate between the benign and the malignant nature of a given lymphoid infiltrate. (medscape.com)
  • Ducts and lobules are better preserved away from the center of the lesion where there is a tendency for the lymphomatous infiltrate to concentrate in and around these structures ( Fig. 24.5 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Immunohistochemical evaluation of the lymphoid nodules demonstrates a polymorphous infiltrate without clonality. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphoid nodules with discrete germinal centers can occupy an area extending from the reticular dermis to the fascia and muscle. (medscape.com)
  • Submucosal solitary lymphoid nodules of large intestine of pigs were scattered along the length and width of the colon and rectum and were mainly confined to the distal colon and rectum. (chemijournal.com)
  • Lympho-glandular complex (LGC) consisted of a well demarcated and partially encapsulated lymphocytic aggregate with variable numbers of lymphoid nodules with germinal centers in the rectum. (chemijournal.com)
  • The factors determining secondary lymphoid organ residence versus BM tropism have been unclear. (silverchair.com)
  • The decreased megalin and cubilin expression may contribute to the proximal tubular reabsorption defect, possibly secondary to Th17 infiltration and formation of ectopic germinal centers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lymphoid proliferations are traditionally thought to be either benign conditions (reactive hyperplasia and lymphadenitis) or malignant lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • They have some likelihood for subsequent transformation into lymphomas, and therefore AtLP occupy a middle ground between benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations. (medscape.com)
  • In the author's opinion, the use of this descriptive term AtLP may obviate the need to force some lymphoid proliferations (equivocal lesions or mimickers of lymphomas) into either the benign or malignant categories. (medscape.com)
  • Distinction between atypical lymphoid proliferations rich in Reed-Sternberg-like cells (reactive immunoblasts) and classic Hodgkin lymphomas. (medscape.com)
  • Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT1) is found in extranodal low-grade B cell lymphomas. (enquirebio.com)
  • Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (also abbreviated EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases or EBV+ LPD) are a group of disorders in which one or more types of lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell), i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are connective tissue rather than lymphoid cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The freed virus then invades naïve B cells located in submucosal lymphoid tissue e.g. tonsils or adenoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germinal centres, B cells and plasma cells were only found in ACPA-positive patients. (bmj.com)
  • The presence of germinal centres indicates that an active immune response is underway as B cells are actively responding and proliferating. (hmb302.ca)
  • Here, by combining multicolour 'Brainbow' cell -fate mapping and sequencing of immunoglobulin genes from single cells , we find that 5-10% of gut-associated germinal centres from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice contain highly dominant 'winner' B cell clones at steady state , despite rapid turnover of germinal-centre B cells . (bvsalud.org)
  • The frequency of highly selected gut-associated germinal centres is markedly higher in germ-free than in SPF mice , and winner B cells in germ-free germinal centres are enriched in 'public' clonotypes found in multiple individuals, indicating strong selection of B cell antigen receptors even in the absence of microbiota . (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, positive selection of B cells can take place in steady- state gut-associated germinal centres, at a rate that is tunable over a wide range by the presence and composition of the microbiota . (bvsalud.org)
  • In parallel, MYD88 p.L252P (orthologous position of the human L265P mutation) transgenic mice were crossed with conditional Sca1 Cre , Mb1 Cre , and Cγ1 Cre mice to selectively induce in vivo expression of MYD88 mutation in CD34+ HPC, B cell precursors and germinal center B cells, respectively. (confex.com)
  • [ 18 ] Centrally, thick-walled vessels are present with hobnail endothelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Phenotypic and Morphological Properties of Germinal Center Dark Zone Cxcl12-Expressing Reticular Cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Some lymphoid cells develop and mature within the bone mar-row and are referred to as B cells (B for bursa of Fabricius , or bone marrow). (brainkart.com)
  • The lymphoglandular complex resembled "Flask-shaped glands" Goblet cells were abundantly present in some crypt areas. (chemijournal.com)
  • In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Germinal center B-cells in a lymph node or tonsil. (enquirebio.com)
  • An intense signal was observed in germinal center cells in the lymph node, tonsil. (enquirebio.com)
  • Functionally, cDC1 cross-present exogenous antigens to activate CD8 + T cells and can promote IL-12 dependent Th1 responses ( 1 , 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Under polarizing inflammatory conditions, cDC2 induce Th2 responses in the lung ( 9 , 10 ), drive Th17 responses through IL-23 secretion ( 11 - 17 ), and initiate SIRPα dependent induction of T follicular helper cells (T FH ) and germinal center (GC) formation ( 18 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Type 1 immunity consists of T box expressed in T cells (Tbet)+/Eomesodermin (EOMES)+ interferon (IFN) γ producing CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc1), and group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) (ILC1s and NK cells) that protect against intracellular microbes through direct killing of infected cells and activation of macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After immunization, dendritic cells take up microbial antigens and traffic to draining lymph nodes where they present processed antigens to naïve T cells. (github.io)
  • In addition, ectopic germinal centers characterized by CD21 + follicular dendritic cells were present in the renal interstitium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We here present a re-analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data of 24 patients comprising more than 130,000 cells with focus on cellular states and their association to immune cell related neurotoxicity. (health-atlas.de)
  • The production of IL-21 by T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is vital in driving the germinal centre reaction and high affinity antibody formation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Importantly, ablation of GFP + cells resulted in a reduced frequency of Peyer's Patches IgG1 and germinal center B cells in addition to small but significant shifts in gut microbiome composition. (elsevierpure.com)
  • lymphoid tissue stromal organizer cells. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • At present it remains unclear whether FRCs originate from a common embryonic mesenchymal progenitor or AS 602801 (Bentamapimod) if different lineages of mesenchymal cells generate the FRC network. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • Within the normal lymphoid system, HDAC9 is co-expressed with BCL-6 in germinal center B-cells (∼60% of cells). (sunderland.ac.uk)
  • These B-2 cells undergo affinity maturation in the germinal center and, through gene rearrangement and high-frequency mutation, generate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells that continuously produce high-affinity IgM antibodies. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • In the germinal center, B-2 cells acquire highly diverse antigen specificity through gene rearrangement and high-frequency mutation. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Finally, the germinal center reaction gives rise to affinity-matured IgM memory B cells and plasma cells. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • However, generating monoclonal IgM antibodies from B-2 cells can present certain challenges. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • IFN-γ-producing CD4 + T cells promote generation of protective germinal center-derived IgM + B cell memory against Salmonella Typhi. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • 2 , 3 , 9 Indeed, the atypical B cells of NLPHL and THRLBCL share many characteristics, including expression of pan-B-cell markers, germinal center B-cell origin and common chromosomal imbalances. (haematologica.org)
  • Intermittent virus recovery may be related to the heterogeneous nature of oropharyngeal samples with saliva, mucus and cells present in varying quantities [3]. (health-ground.com)
  • When a B cell encounters an antigen to which its surface immunoglobulin can bind, it stays in the follicle for a few days and forms a germinal center where the immunoglobulin gene is mutated in an effort to make an antibody with higher affinity for the antigen. (mhmedical.com)
  • Inflammatory bowel disease : may need immunostains to differentiate Dig Dis Sci MALT lymphoma : may present as multiple lymphomatoid polyposis but has lymphoepithelial lesions and is negative for CD5 and cyclin D1 Multiple lymphoid polyps : benign germinal centers in children, patients with Gardner's syndrome Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia : benign, associated with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. (hydeband.co.uk)
  • In the colon, the LGCs typically consisted of a pore like depression on surface epithelium from which mucosal glands extended through a circular gap in the lamina muscularis mucosae and penetrated submucosal lymphoid tissue. (chemijournal.com)
  • These gut-associated germinal centres can support targeted antibody responses to gut infections and immunization1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Variations in CD79a antibody staining intensity in immunohistochemistry on tissue sections are present across different anatomical locations. (enquirebio.com)
  • MARV was quickly recognized as a pathogen of extreme global importance and is currently classified as a Risk Group 4 pathogen by the World Health Organization and as a Select Agent by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Serum samples positive for B. burgdorferi by ELISA were further tested by Western blot (WB) by using the Marxblot assay (MarDx Diagnostics, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In order to examine the role of HDAC9 in the lymphoid development and pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies we used Ig heavy chain enhancer (Eμ), which drives gene expression from early stages of B-cell development, to ectopically express HDAC9 in transgenic mice. (sunderland.ac.uk)
  • Persistent infection with H. pylori induces atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, and subsequently leads to gastric malignancies including gastric carcinoma and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This classification divides EBV+ LPD into five categories: EBV-associated reactive lymphoid proliferations, EBV-associated B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, EBV-associated NK/T cell lymphoproliferative disorders, EBV-associated immunodeficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders, and EBV-associated histiocytic-dendritic disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • In lymphoid tissue, germinal center blasts and B-immunoblasts are particularly reactive. (biogenex.com)
  • Germinal centers may be formed in these reactive infiltrates ( Fig. 24.6 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • It is not present in myeloid or T cell lines. (enquirebio.com)
  • Repeated C. neoformans exposure initiated myeloid and lymphoid cellular infiltration into the lung that worsened over time, as well as an IL-4 and IL-5 response compared to PBS-exposed controls. (cdc.gov)
  • Signet ring cell lymphoma bears a striking resemblance to signet ring cell lobular carcinoma, and it may require immunostains for lymphoid and epithelial markers to distinguish between these entities. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Note the nodular pattern reminiscent of germinal centers. (medscape.com)
  • Figure 3: Histology of the lymphoepithelial cyst depicts a lumen lined by stratified squamous epithelium and surrounded by lymphoid tissue with germinal centers. (rdhmag.com)
  • Therefore, in addition to these two extremes, there also exist a third group of lymphoid proliferations - the atypical lymphoid proliferations (AtLP). (medscape.com)
  • Distinction between atypical lymphoid proliferations with follicular pattern and follicular lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Abstract 376: Ectopic Expression of HDAC9 in Murine Lymphoid System Leads to Altered Lymphocyte Numbers and Proliferation as Well as Predisposition to Tumorigenesis. (sunderland.ac.uk)
  • On microscopic examination of the thyroid gland, there is dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and lymphoid follicle formation with well-developed germinal centers. (cap.org)
  • The white pulp consists of lymphoid aggregations (dark purple) while the red pulp (bulk of the organ) is highly vascular tissue. (hmb302.ca)
  • However, not all lymphoid lesions at present can be precisely placed into one of these categories. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, prior to this publication, FMDV proteins have not been detected previously in lymphoid tissue at any stage of contamination and viral proteins have not been detected in any tissue following resolution of vesicular lesions. (health-ground.com)
  • Background The pancreatic cancer vaccine, GVAX, induces novel lymphoid aggregates in the otherwise immune quiescent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). (bmj.com)
  • Methods Lymphoid aggregates appreciated in 24 surgically resected PDAC from patients who received one dose of neoadjuvant GVAX were analyzed with multiplex immunohistochemistry. (bmj.com)
  • the gene expression profile during B lymphoid differentiation. (lu.se)
  • It is believed that the OLC may be due to a traumatic injury that may cause proliferation of the lymphoid tissue. (rdhmag.com)
  • Most patients with follicular lymphoma present at an advanced stage, and most patients have bone marrow involvement at diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • However, biopsy of lymphoid tissue and bone marrow examination are not currently performed in the workup of most cases of XLA. (medscape.com)
  • 7 Patients with THRLBCL frequently present with stage III or IV disease, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and bone marrow involvement. (haematologica.org)
  • Furthermore, a subgroup of homozygous Eμ-fHDAC9 mice (n=16) developed tumours (81%) at middle age, and present with enlarged lymph nodes (6%) and abnormal hematopoietic elements in peripheral blood and BM. (sunderland.ac.uk)
  • Thymus is the first lymphoid organ to develop. (brainkart.com)
  • CONCLUDING REMARKS Over the past several years novel findings have got highlighted the intricacy from the mobile and molecular systems governing lymphoid body organ advancement and function. (technologybooksindustrialprojectreports.com)
  • Oral lymphoid tissue is normally found in the area of the mouth called Waldeyer's ring that encompasses the posterior aspect of the mouth, including primarily the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal adenoids. (rdhmag.com)
  • Results Laser capture microdissection Germinal centre (GC) and non-GC regions of the dorsal surface of the (dorsal soft palates), pharyngeal tonsils [8], palatine tonsils, lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mandibular lymph Salinomycin nodes obtained from four cattle 38 days post contact exposure to FMDV serotype O were selected for laser capture microdissection (LCM, Table 1, Physique S1). (health-ground.com)
  • A restrictive respiratory pattern can be present in IIMs and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus due to the inflammatory involvement of respiratory muscles, the presence of fatigue or diaphragm distress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A majority of DCs in circulation and the mucosal periphery,the main sites of early HIV interaction, are present in an immature phenotype [13]. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • The first lymphoid cell type invaded by EBV is the naïve B cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is also thought possible that the EBV may direct its infected lymphoid cell to mature into an apparent follicular dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusions Signs of immune cell accumulation and activation are present both in the bronchial tissue and in BAL of untreated patients with early RA without concomitant lung disease, strengthening the role of the lung compartment as an important player in ACPA-positive RA. (bmj.com)
  • Tunable dynamics of B cell selection in gut germinal centres. (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast, repeated V. victoriae exposure induced a strong CD4(+) T cell-driven lymphoid response that started to resolve by 21 days post final exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • DCs are present at sites of HIV entry, the oral and vaginal mucosa [3,4] or circulating blood [5], and at sites of preferential HIV infection and maintenance in the lymph nodes. (jscimedcentral.com)
  • Sections A and B present replies in previously contaminated healthcare employees (HCWs) and sections C and D HCWs without proof prior infection. (ufe-eg.org)