Germanium radiation detector. Medical search. Frequent questions

The measurement was performed at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory exploiting a High Purity Germanium detector. (infn.it)

A prototype of a hyper pure germanium diode (HPGe) has been developed to apply this process on larger areas. (knowledge-share.eu)
The trained AVM is then used to decompose the spectra captured from actual sources in the field using low-resolution thallium-activated sodium-iodide (NaI) detectors and/or high-resolution high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors using QR Factorization to find the optimal least-squares solution for an over-specified system of equations, even if inconsistent. (spie.org)
Preliminary experiments with the high-resolution HPGe detector yield dramatically smaller errors than with the NaI detector. (spie.org)
We fabricated planar detectors from high-purity germanium (HPGe) crystals grown at the University of South Dakota (USD). (gewafer.com)
In the crystal growth lab of South Dakota University, we are growing high purity germanium (HPGe) crystals and using the grown crystals to make radiation detectors. (gewafer.com)
As the detector grade HPGe crystals , they have to meet two critical requirements: an impurity level of ~109 to 10 atoms /cm3 and a dislocation density in the range of ~102 to 104 / cm3. (gewafer.com)
The Mn signals in these phantoms were then measured using a 50% high-efficiency high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. (cdc.gov)
To achieve this DL with one 50% high-efficiency HPGe detector, the dose to the hand was simulated to be about 37 mSv, with the total body equivalent dose being about 23µSv. (cdc.gov)

After that, it is washed with high purity hydrogenchloric and germanium Tetrachloride to achieve high purity Germanium dioxide. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Zonal smelting can produce high-purity germanium, with less than one-tenth of the impurities required for use in semiconductor manufacturing. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
The semiconductor material high-purity germanium is made from it. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
This can be obtained by reducing and smelting high purity germanium oxide. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
The single crystal high-purity germanium of the highest purity has a high coefficient of refraction, and can therefore be used to penetrate infrared radiation. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
The detector characteristics of the Ge(r) detectors were comparable to those of thin Ge(Li) detectors and high purity germanium detectors. (medric.or.kr)
The team members discussed and trained with personal dosimeters, background radiation survey meters, gamma surface-contamination detectors, hand-held neutron detectors and hand-held high-purity germanium nuclide analyzers," said Clack, who is from Pittsburgh. (pacom.mil)
In this study, we conducted a systematic experimental investigation on the radiation background outside and inside four representative body counters with assorted designs using a variety of radiation detectors, including high-purity germanium detectors, CdZnTe detector, radon emanometer, and gamma-ray dosimeter. (sinap.ac.cn)
The GRS, a part of seven scientific instruments on board MESSENGER, is based on a coaxial high-purity germanium detector. (ricor.com)
In this study, natural and artificial radioactivity concentrations in sediment samples taken from Savsat Black Lake located on the Nature Park in Artvin were determined using a high purity germanium detector. (erdogan.edu.tr)

The atomic structure of germanium crystals has been compared to diamonds, according to X-ray analysis. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Germanium single crystals can be used to make a transistor. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Ge( ) ????? µ ??? ? ?¿ ?? ???? ??? ?? . The n-type germanium crystals have been irradiated by 80Co gamma-ray with 647 Mrad at room temperature for compensation. (medric.or.kr)
The Ge (r) detectors were fabricated from the gamma-ray irradiated germanium single crystals. (medric.or.kr)
NaI detector Crystals that produce a flash of visible light (scintillation) when hit by gamma rays. (astronomya.ru)
The characterization of detectors fabricated from home-grown crystals is the most direct way to study crystal properties. (gewafer.com)
Experimental transmission spectra of samples fabricated of germanium single crystals doped with stibium were registered in the infrared 2.5-25 μm and terahertz 130 μm regions of spectrum. (gewafer.com)

Scintillation detectors operate based on the principle of scintillation, which refers to the emission of light photons when certain materials are exposed to ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
Among the measurement standards discussed are: the calibration and usage of germanium detectors, scintillation detector systems, scintillation detectors for simple and complex spectra, and counting methods such as beta particle counting, aluminum absorption curve, alpha particle counting, and liquid scintillation counting. (astm.org)
Scintillation counters are used to measure radiation in various applications, including hand-held radiation survey meters, personnel and environmental monitoring for radioactive contamination , medical imaging, radiometric assay, nuclear security, and nuclear plant safety. (nuclear-power.com)
Scintillation counters can detect alpha , beta , X-rays , and gamma radiation and can also be used to detect neutrons . (nuclear-power.com)

To obtain pure germanium dioxide, dry and calcin it is combined with hydrogen in the quartz tube. (cookingmamacookoff.com)

She won a Visiting International Scholar Award from the University of Wollongong in 2017, researching detector systems for high precision spectroscopy in fundamental physics. (wikipedia.org)
We investigated the detector performance including the I-V characteristics, C-V characteristics and spectroscopy measurements for a few detectors. (gewafer.com)
Germanium is also utilized in the production of infrared windows and lenses for thermal cameras and spectroscopy instruments. (sbistudy.com)
Germanium detectors are used for gamma-ray spectroscopy, which involves measuring and analyzing the energy levels of gamma radiation. (sbistudy.com)
Radiation Safety in X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy. (epa.gov)

His instrument detects a broad range of infrared wavelengths, sensitive to differences in temperature of one hundred-thousandth of a degree Celsius (0.00001 C). In 1961, Frank Low developed the germanium bolometer, which is hundreds of times more sensitive than previous detectors and capable of detecting far-infrared radiation. (aoas.org)
As a physicist working for Texas Instruments, Frank Low (Fig. 10.1 ) developed sensitive liquid helium cooled germanium bolometer detectors that promised greatly improved sensitivity at infrared and short millimeter wavelengths (Low 1961 ). (springer.com)
Since bolometer systems respond to all incoming radiation, including the warm radiation from the ground and atmosphere, the challenge was to develop effective filters that could isolate the desired waveband and attenuate everything outside the reception band by at least a factor of a million, while, at the same time, not introducing significant noise. (springer.com)
A bolometer is a device for measuring the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation. (azosensors.com)
Model QGeB Germanium Bolometer from QMC Instruments Ltd. (azosensors.com)

The main use of bolometers is for detecting weak radiation signals in the infrared and far infrared, typically in astronomy as well as in particle physics as a type of particle detector. (azosensors.com)

Solid-state detectors offer high sensitivity and are commonly used in medical imaging and research applications. (detection.com)
The detectors degrade steadily over time due to radiation damage from charged particles, and heating up the germanium restores lost sensitivity and resolution. (nasa.gov)
All 9 detectors recovered energy resolution and sensitivity. (nasa.gov)
For small hand-held detectors, GS-20 and GS-30 combination glass scintillators have performed well by increasing the effective gamma rejection ratio from neutron counting while increasing the gamma sensitivity (by addition of counts from two similar scintillators). (spie.org)
Throughout the measurements, the radiation background is the key factor that determines the sensitivity of the counter. (sinap.ac.cn)
Germanium photodetectors offer excellent sensitivity in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them valuable in telecommunications and optical data transmission. (sbistudy.com)
Germanium detectors offer high resolution and sensitivity, making them valuable for scientific research, nuclear power plant monitoring, and environmental radiation assessment. (sbistudy.com)

The performance of the nine RHESSI germanium detectors has been gradually degrading as expected since launch in 2002 because of radiation damage inflicted by the charged particles of the Earths radiation belts. (nasa.gov)
A semiconductor detector in ionizing radiation detection physics is a device that uses a semiconductor (usually silicon or germanium) to measure the effect of incident charged particles or photons. (kunstszene-leipzig.de)

Moreover, the thermoluminescent materials are used in measurements of terrestrial and cosmic radiation [ 9 ] or radionuclide sources [ 10 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Such detectors have applications in environmental radiation and trace element measurements. (leterroirdalex.fr)
Microwave Measurements and New Types of Detectors for Evaluation of Health Hazards. (epa.gov)

These detectors work by creating an electric field within the semiconductor material. (detection.com)
When ionizing radiation interacts with the semiconductor material, it generates electron-hole pairs, resulting in a measurable current. (detection.com)
It is employed as a semiconductor material in the production of germanium-based photodetectors, which convert light signals into electrical signals in fiber-optic networks. (sbistudy.com)

Take a metal tube, put a lens in the end and a silicon radiation detector behind it. (eurotherm.com)
silicon, germanium or lead sulphide according to temperature range and target surface characteristics. (eurotherm.com)
Solid-state detectors utilize semiconducting materials, such as silicon or germanium, to detect ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
Semiconductor detectors, such as silicon diodes, utilize the properties of semiconducting materials to detect ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
A new type of 3D electrode detector, named here as the Implanted-Epi Silicon 3D-Spherical Electrode Detector, is proposed in this work. (mdpi.com)
There is considerable interest in germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) because of its advantages in terms of device performance and compatibility with silicon processing. (gewafer.com)
In contrast to the case of silicon, little effect of substrate doping on blistering is observed in germanium. (gewafer.com)
Unstructured silicon nitride membranes, micro-machined on a single 4-inch silicon wafer, carry the composite bolometers and thus form an array of detectors. (mpg.de)

Similar to gallium, germanium is vital to the development of radiation detectors, fiber optic cables, and infrared sensors. (house.gov)
Germanium is also used in fiber-optic communication systems. (sbistudy.com)

These detectors consist of a scintillating material, such as sodium iodide or cesium iodide, that emits light when ionizing radiation interacts with it. (detection.com)

Specific health effects of ionizing radiation are reported by route of exposure , by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). (cdc.gov)
How Can Ionizing Radiation Affect Children? (cdc.gov)
Radiation detectors are crucial instruments used to measure and detect the presence of ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that possesses enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the creation of ion pairs. (detection.com)
It is important to note that exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can have harmful effects on living organisms, making accurate detection and measurement essential. (detection.com)
Radiation detectors come in various forms, each designed to detect and measure different types of ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
Gas-filled detectors, as the name suggests, use gaseous substances to detect ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
When ionizing radiation interacts with the gas atoms, it causes ionization within the chamber, resulting in the production of electrical signals. (detection.com)
When ionizing radiation interacts with the material, it generates electron-hole pairs, which in turn produce an electric current that can be measured. (detection.com)
When ionizing radiation enters the chamber, it ionizes the gas atoms, creating electron-ion pairs. (detection.com)
Geiger-Muller counters, also known as GM counters, are widely used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. (detection.com)
When ionizing radiation enters the tube, it ionizes the gas, causing an electrical discharge that can be easily detected and counted. (detection.com)
Thermoluminescent dosimetry is a science which deals with measuring doses of ionizing radiation with the use of TL detectors. (encyclopedia.pub)
Due to the increasing use of ionizing radiation in technology, it seems that we must search for better materials suitable for radiation shielding. (encyclopedia.pub)
The phenomenon of thermoluminescence depends on the light emission as a result of heating a sample that was previously exposed to ionizing radiation. (encyclopedia.pub)
Geiger counter can detect ionizing radiation such as alpha and beta particles , neutrons , X-rays, and gamma rays using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger-Müller tube, which gives its name to the instrument. (nuclear-power.com)

For example, germanium dioxide (GeO2) is used as a component in the production of optical fibers. (sbistudy.com)

The INL 's Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue is an attempt to compile spectra from various detector types and present these spectra with decay schemes and data tables based on the latest ENSDF data. (kunstszene-leipzig.de)

Herein, we demonstrate real-time visualization of gamma ray and neutron radiation detector data in MR using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 smart glasses, significantly reducing user interpretation burden. (nature.com)
A prototype dual counter for gamma and neutron radiation has been built and operationally tested to be linear in the dose rate range of 0 to 1 mrem/hr. (spie.org)

Using MR for radiation detection provides a more intuitive perception of radioactivity and can be applied in routine radiation monitoring, education & training, emergency scenarios, or inspections. (nature.com)
By understanding the mechanics behind these detectors, we gain insights into how they function and contribute to radiation detection. (detection.com)
Each detector has its own unique mechanisms for radiation detection, making them suitable for different applications. (detection.com)
Large gammaray detection systems, such as Gammasphere and Eurogam are made of these detectors. (leterroirdalex.fr)
A thick-walled tube is used for gamma radiation detection above energies of about 25 KeV, and this type generally has an overall wall thickness of about 1-2 mm of chrome steel. (nuclear-power.com)
After years of pioneering work, researchers at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have completed the detector towers that will soon sit at the heart of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB dark matter detection experiment. (stanford.edu)

This radiation can originate from various sources, including natural elements, medical procedures, and nuclear power plants. (detection.com)
Report by NEA Group of Experts, "Nuclear energy agency, exposure to radiation from natural radioactivity in building materials," OECD, 1979. (scirp.org)
Different types of ceramics and glass have been extensively investigated due to their application in brachytherapy, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine diagnosis, radioisotope power systems, radiation processing of food, geological and archaeological dating methods. (encyclopedia.pub)
Germanium gamma ray detectors play the central role in nuclear highspin physics, where gamma rays are used to measure the rotation of nuclei. (leterroirdalex.fr)
The Fukushima Prefectural Government drew up proceedings for a health research panel prior to a formal July 2011 meeting on nuclear radiation, deciding in advance what members should say. (blogspot.com)
Introduction 1 Situations such as prolonged exposure to naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., radon), improper operation of radioactive sources, and leakage of nuclear materials may considerably increase the risk of radioactive substances entering the body through inhalation, ingestion, and absorption, thereby resulting in internal radiation exposure. (sinap.ac.cn)
Furthermore, germanium has some applications in the field of nuclear technology. (sbistudy.com)
Proceedings of Southern Conference on Environmental Radiation Protection from Nuclear Power Plants, 21-22 April 1971. (epa.gov)

Imaging detector systems offer the ability to obtain the direction of incoming radiation, thus accelerating the search and enabling a search with less radiation exposure risk to the involved individuals 1 . (nature.com)
Luminescence can also be observed again after radiation exposure of a specific wavelength. (encyclopedia.pub)
She noticed the relationship between the exposure of natural calcium fluoride to radium radiation and the intensity of its light emission. (encyclopedia.pub)
In conclusion, it is feasible to develop a transportable NAA system to quantify Mn in bone in vivo with an acceptable radiation exposure to the subject. (cdc.gov)

Radiation source localization and characterization are challenging tasks that currently require complex analyses for interpretation. (nature.com)

Future demand growth for germanium series products is driven by two factors: The rapid development and expansion of satellite and airborne markets, as well as the explosive growth of ground-photovoltaic industries. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Germanium-based solar cells are used in certain high-efficiency photovoltaic systems. (sbistudy.com)

Germanium is the thirty-second element on the periodic table with the chemical symbol Ge. (sbistudy.com)

The thermal stability of the Ge (r) detector showed a feasibility for ambient temp(r)ture storage. (medric.or.kr)
Thermal imaging uses some rather complex physics and involves optics, thermodynamic laws, emissivity, atmospheric variables, thermal drift compensation, infrared radiation, reflection, transmission, and in the case of this application, a slew of physiological effects of the human body. (kioskindustry.org)
A thermal camera can only measure the infrared radiation emitted from the first surface it encounters. (kioskindustry.org)
Mercury, which has an extremely hot thermal radiation environment. (ricor.com)
Germanium-based glasses and lenses are used in infrared optics, thermal imaging devices, and night vision systems. (sbistudy.com)

To describe the principles of detecting high-energy photons, we must understand the interaction of radiation with matter . (nuclear-power.com)
therefore, we must describe interactions of high-energy photons (radiation as a flow of these rays) separately. (nuclear-power.com)
Therefore, ionization chambers may be used to detect gamma radiation and X-rays, collectively known as photons, and for this, the windowless tube is used. (nuclear-power.com)

For example, fluorescent plates are made from germanium compounds. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Germanium compounds are employed in various optical applications. (sbistudy.com)
Germanium-containing organic compounds have been investigated for their potential therapeutic properties. (sbistudy.com)
However, it's important to note that germanium compounds should be used with caution, as certain forms of organic germanium compounds have been associated with health risks and are not approved for medical use in many countries. (sbistudy.com)
Ongoing research continues to explore new applications and advancements related to germanium and its compounds. (sbistudy.com)

Hydrogen in germanium exists in molecular form and is prone to outdiffusion, resulting in a storage-time dependence of blistering. (gewafer.com)
Hydrogen implantation in germanium creates both {100}- and {111}-type microcracks. (gewafer.com)
Hydrogen implantation also introduces a significant concentration of charged vacancies, which affect dopant diffusion in the transferred germanium film. (gewafer.com)

Environmental Radiation Data: Report 51, July-September 1987. (epa.gov)

The 15% share of germanium consumed in solar cells is due to its use. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Germanium can be used as a substrate or as a component in multijunction solar cells, which are capable of converting a wider range of light wavelengths into electricity. (sbistudy.com)
Germanium-based solar cells find applications in space exploration, satellite technology, and other specialized areas. (sbistudy.com)

These detectors consist of a central wire or electrode surrounded by a gas-filled chamber. (detection.com)

In the world of semiconductors, germanium arsenide (GeAs) is one of the most important elements. (biomedicalmaterialsprogram.nl)

She used an ultrapure germanium detector to test the radiation it emits. (wikipedia.org)

These results also shed light on the understanding of dopant diffusion mechanisms in germanium. (gewafer.com)

For example, an electron neutrino produced in a beta decay reaction may interact in a distant detector as a muon or tau neutrino. (wikipedia.org)

These methods cover general procedures for the calibration of radiation detectors and the analysis of radionuclides. (astm.org)
1.1 These methods cover general procedures for the calibration of radiation detectors and the analysis of radionuclides. (astm.org)
To quantitatively evaluate the radiation dosages for individual organs and tissues under such circumstances, it is critical to accurately determine the distribution of radionuclides in the body and the corresponding radioactivity. (sinap.ac.cn)

Radiation imaging systems typically use double-scatter events of gamma rays or fast neutrons to reconstruct the incidence directional information, thus enabling source localization. (nature.com)
We've learned a lot of new things, and we've built some really interesting technology," including flexible superconducting cables, electronics systems that function in extreme cold, and improved cryogenics systems - along with advances in shielding the detectors - that have made the detectors and surrounding systems better able to sense passing dark matter than ever before. (stanford.edu)

shows the radiation intensity of a black-body heat source (i.e.emissivity = 1) as a function of wavelength and temperature. (eurotherm.com)
Germanium powder, CAS 7440-56-4 is a metallic silver-gray with a melting temperature of 937.4degC. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
During the anneal, RHESSI's germanium detectors are heated up from their operating temperature of ~115 K to ~100 deg C (373 K), held at that temperature for ten days, and then cooled back down. (nasa.gov)
The detectors were heated up from their operating temperature of ~100 K to ~100 deg C (373 K), held at that temperature for ten days, and then cooled back down. (nasa.gov)
Upon cooling them back down to their operating temperature of ~90 K and turning on the high voltages, all but one of the detectors showed considerable improvement in performance with approximately half the accumulated radiation damage being removed. (nasa.gov)
Neutron-transmutation-doped (NTD) germanium chips (called thermistors), soldered to the membranes, detect the temperature rise due to the absorption of radiation. (mpg.de)

These detectors typically contain a chamber filled with a specific gas, such as helium, argon, or xenon. (detection.com)

It is more convenient and suitable for micro/nanoelectronics and for highly sensitive detectors. (knowledge-share.eu)

According to reports, on August 1, 2023, China began cutting off all access to gallium and germanium, a key mineral used for military and energy technologies. (house.gov)
The Rover Gold is a gold, silver and mineral detector especially built for locating gold, silver and other mineral rich ore. (leterroirdalex.fr)
3800s mineral metal detector portable machine ultrasonic flaw detector. (leterroirdalex.fr)

Germanium powder, which is made up of brittle crystal germanium at room temperatures, has no metallic properties. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
From February 23, 02:19 UTC to April 29, 03:48 UTC, the detectors were heated up to repair accumulated radiation damage and then cooled back down to operating temperatures. (nasa.gov)
RHESSI is again obtaining science data, but with a reduced number of operating detectors (usually 2 out of 9) in order to maintain optimal detector temperatures. (nasa.gov)

ABSTRACT: A systematic study of the distribution of the Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials as well as the anthropogenic radionuclide in the working environment of the Shipbreaking yards of Sitakunda, Chittagong, Bangladesh, has been carried out with an objective of establishing reliable base line data on the radiation level and hence to measure the radiation dose expose to the workers and to the inhabitants of the studied area. (scirp.org)
Radiometric mapping and radiation dose a. (erdogan.edu.tr)

The nanometre is commonly used as a measurement of the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, having replaced the previously used angstrom unit. (astronomya.ru)

However, because the compositions of the radiation background are quite complicated, the respective contributions from each source remain obscure, which places a considerable burden on seeking an optimized design of shielding rooms that strikes the optimum balance between the construction cost and background suppression effect. (sinap.ac.cn)

NaI detectors were used in the BATSE instrument on the compton gamma ray observatory to detect gammaray bursts. (astronomya.ru)

Until now, radiation images and directional information are displayed on computer screens that project the data into 2D angular space, often in plots that convey intensity over the azimuth and altitude angles. (nature.com)
These signals can then be measured and used to determine the radiation intensity and type. (detection.com)
The magnitude of this current is proportional to the radiation intensity, allowing for accurate measurement. (detection.com)
They are widely used because they can be made inexpensively yet with good efficiency and can measure both the intensity and the energy of incident radiation. (nuclear-power.com)

Germanium has density '5.32' and it is found "% on earth. (sbistudy.com)

You can make different transistors, rectifiers, and other devices from the single germanium crystal. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Germanium was historically used in early transistors and electronic devices. (sbistudy.com)

The experiment looked for signal of a characteristic spontaneous radiation emission, which is predicted by the model. (infn.it)
That accomplishment comes down to two things: improvements in the detector design and the location of the experiment itself, Partridge said. (stanford.edu)

To cool the detector, a Stirling cycle mechanical cooler is employed. (ricor.com)

Ge is the chemical formula for germanium powder. (cookingmamacookoff.com)

Point the lens at something hot (called the target) and measure the voltage from the radiation detector. (eurotherm.com)
The voltage of the detector is adjusted so that the conditions correspond to the Geiger-Mueller region . (nuclear-power.com)

Gamma rays deposit a significantly lower amount of energy into the detector than other particles. (nuclear-power.com)

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care1

Exploiting a High Purity Germanium detector1

HPGe8

Purity10

Crystals7

Scintillation4

Pure germanium1

Spectroscopy5

Bolometer5

Particle detector1

Sensitivity7

Charged particles2

Measurements3

Semiconductor material3

Silicon8

Fiber optic2

Sodium iodide1

IONIZING RADIATION16

Dioxide1

Spectra1

Neutron radiation2

Detection6

Nuclear8

Exposure4

Characterization1

Photovoltaic2

Periodic table1

Thermal5

Photons3

Compounds5

Hydrogen3

Environmental radiation1

Solar cells3

Electrode1

Semiconductors1

Emits1

Mechanisms1

Electron1

Radionuclides3

Systems2

Temperature6

Typically1

Suitable1

Mineral3

Temperatures3

Dose2

Electromagnetic1

Considerable1

Detect1

Intensity4

Density1

Transistors2

Experiment2

Mechanical1

Powder1

Voltage2

Gamma rays1