• Now comes the prospect, first seriously proposed a decade ago by Risch and Merikangas ( 2 ), of testing virtually all ∼10 million common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the human genome for associations with a given disease, either directly or by linkage disequilibrium with other SNPs. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Genome-wide association studies (or GWAS) are large-scale genetic investigations of human disease that measure simultaneously hundreds of thousands of genetic variants scattered throughout the human genome. (cdc.gov)
  • In a recent review, Dr Teri Manolio from the National Human Genome Research Institute explored current and potentially encouraging near term clinical applications of GWAS, in the areas of disease risk prediction and screening, disease classification, and drug development and toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • An international research effort called the Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The sequencing of the human genome revealed that at least 1% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, representing past encounters with retroviruses during the course of human evolution. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The challenge has been to determine what these elements do and how they affect human tissues, given their abundant and repetitive presence in the human genome. (lu.se)
  • Nuclear genome sizes are well known to vary enormously among eukaryotic species. (wikipedia.org)
  • We examined the karyotypes and genome size of species from all genera to test for possible cytogenetic variation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • New and published data were combined with a phylogeny, molecular clock dating, and C values (available for similar to 50% of the species) to reconstruct genome evolution. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • A Mexican clade of five species that includes papaya, however, has 2n = 18 (papaya), 2n = 16 (Horovitzia cnidoscoloides), and 2 n = 14 (Jarilla caudata and J. heterophylla;third Jarilla not counted), with the phylogeny indicating that the dysploidy events occurred similar to 16.6 and similar to 5.5 million years ago and that Jarilla underwent genome size doubling (similar to 450 to 830-920 Mbp/haploid genome). (uni-muenchen.de)
  • In this study the flow cytometry technique was used to uncover the genome size and GC contents of 46 Nicotiana species and we compared the genomic changes associated with the hybridization events along evolutionary time scale. (scielo.br)
  • The tetraploid species in genus Nicotiana including section Polydiclae , Repandae , Nicotiana , Rustica and Sauveolentes revealed both up and downsizing in their genome sizes when compared to the sum of genomes of their ancestral species. (scielo.br)
  • The genome sizes of three homoploid hybrids were found near their ancestral species. (scielo.br)
  • Hybridization and genome size evolution: timing and magnitude of nuclear DNA content increases in Helianthus homoploid hybrid species. (scielo.br)
  • The ups and downs of genome size evolution in polyploid species of Nicotiana (Solanaceae). (scielo.br)
  • Retrotransposon populations of Vicia species with varying genome size. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • The (non-LTR) LINE and Ty3-gypsy-type LTR retrotransposon populations of three Vicia species that differ in genome size (Vicia faba, Vicia melanops and Vicia sativa) have been characterised. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • The Ty3-gypsy elements are extremely numerous in all species, accounting for 18-35% of their genomes. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Collectively, 20-45% of the genomes of these three Vicia species are comprised of retrotransposons. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Many ferns and flowering plants have accumulated multiple sets of chromosomes from past hybridisation between species, or from genome duplication within species. (tepapa.govt.nz)
  • In this study, we generated genome sequence data from five additional Magnaporthales fungi including non-pathogenic species, and performed comparative genome analysis of a total of 13 fungal species in the class Sordariomycetes to understand the evolutionary history of the Magnaporthales and of fungal pathogenesis. (nature.com)
  • The blast clade genomes contain more secretome and avirulence effector genes, which likely play key roles in the interaction between Pyricularia species and their plant hosts. (nature.com)
  • Finally, analysis of transposable elements (TE) showed differing proportions of TE classes among Magnaporthales genomes, suggesting that species-specific patterns may hold clues to the history of host/environmental adaptation in these fungi. (nature.com)
  • The genomes of several other phytopathogenic species in the Magnaporthales have thereafter been sequenced 8 . (nature.com)
  • To this end, we recently sequenced the genomes of five species and generated transcriptomes from 21 species of Magnaporthales, including saprobes and plant pathogens 9 . (nature.com)
  • In this study, we undertook extensive genome-wide comparative analyses of twelve species that conform the Pectobacterium genus. (mdpi.com)
  • This study was conducted to obtain information about somatic chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and genome size of these five species. (ashs.org)
  • Different genome size in two "related" species of cress (genus Arabidopsis ) is called the result of a rapid evolutionary process. (answersingenesis.org)
  • These genomes represent novel species within typical freshwater and marine clades, including clades not previously sequenced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • strain CF27, new sequences were generated, and an update assembly and functional annotation were undertaken, followed by a comparative analysis with other Acidithiobacillus species whose genomes are publically available. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single complete genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • In prokaryotes, pulsed field gel electrophoresis and complete genome sequencing are the predominant methods of genome size determination. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of Nautilus pompilius in the hope of providing a critical reference for the evolution of cephalopods. (nature.com)
  • Of the coinfecting viruses, complete genome sequences of two avastroviruses (a recombinant chicken astrovirus antigenic group-Aii and avian nephritis virus genogroup-5) and two infectious bronchitis viruses (a turkey coronavirus-like recombinant and a GI-19 virus) were determined. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this context, "genome size" was being used in the sense of genotype to mean the number of genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In eukaryotes (but not prokaryotes), genome size is not proportional to the number of genes present in the genome, an observation that was deemed wholly counter-intuitive before the discovery of non-coding DNA and which became known as the "C-value paradox" as a result. (wikipedia.org)
  • Utilising the published H. lupulus genome, 87 putative full-length and partial terpene synthase genes were identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fine fescue chloroplast genome sizes ranged from 133,331 to 133,841 bp and contained 113-114 genes. (umn.edu)
  • Standard linkage analysis has the potential to localize major susceptibility genes to within a few million base pairs using as few as 300 microsatellite markers for a genome-wide scan. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Genome editing is the ability to target and control mutagenic breeding technologies to a specific gene or genes, as compared to the insertion of genes utilized by genetic modification (GM) technologies. (frontiersin.org)
  • These are genome site-directed technologies, capable of up-regulating, down-regulating or silencing a specific gene or genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Nautilus shows a compact, minimalist genome with few encoding genes and slow evolutionary rates in both non-coding and coding regions among known cephalopods. (nature.com)
  • This is critical because, while individual genes or genome fragments provide useful information on the metabolic potential of a community, in practice most biochemical transformations take place inside a cell, involving sets of genes structured in controlled pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Whole genome sequencing can also provide insights into the specific genes or mutations that may be linked to antibiotic resistance. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Recent genome-wide searches (GWS) have not revealed any single major locus reminiscent of BRCA1 and BRCA2, indicating that still unidentified genes may explain relatively few families each or interact in a way obscure to linkage analyses. (lu.se)
  • Transposable elements have the unique ability to move within our DNA, causing or reversing mutations, altering genes, and even affecting the size of our genome. (lu.se)
  • Although genomic changes associated with these events has been studied at various levels but the genome size and GC content variation is less understood because of absence of sufficient genomic data. (scielo.br)
  • Furthermore, genome data from non-pathogen lineages are necessary to provide a more robust comparative genomic framework to help place the rice blast fungus in an evolutionary context and to understand the evolution of pathogenesis and other characters of these important organisms. (nature.com)
  • Here, we present a complete Nautilus pompilius genome as a fundamental genomic reference on cephalopod innovations, such as the pinhole eye and biomineralization. (nature.com)
  • The nautilus genome constitutes a valuable resource for reconstructing the evolutionary scenarios and genomic innovations that shape the extant cephalopods. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, genome studies of N. pompilius would not only shed light on the origin and evolution of cephalopod genomic novelties but also incentivize research on their biology and inform sustainable conservation. (nature.com)
  • Much of the success of the D. majalis polyploids can be attributed to genomic and epigenetic modifications that have taken place at their origins, which demonstrates the importance of the combined genome of an allopolyploid as a special arena for evolutionary change and to the birth of new successful lineages. (lu.se)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Phylogenetic relationship reconstruction using whole chloroplast genome sequences agreed with previous work based on morphology. (umn.edu)
  • The last decade's revolution in DNA sequencing throughput and cost has provided researchers with the unprecedented possibility of obtaining sequences from thousands of genomes at a time in natural samples. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Also, as you increase K, semi-repetitive sequences are better resolved as being unique (which is why the estimated genome size increases with K), so there's a tradeoff between high and low K. (seqanswers.com)
  • Next-generation sequencing of OP/CL samples of 20 out of 32 birds that had high amounts of viral RNAs (CT ≤ 25) resulted in the assembly of 18 complete and two partial genome sequences (15,192 bp and 15,045-15,190 bp in length, respectively) of NDV sub-genotypes V.3, VII.2 and XIII.1.1 (n = 1, 13 and 4 strains, respectively). (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenetically, the complete F-gene and full genome sequences regionally cluster the Tanzanian NDVs with, but distinctly from, other strains previously reported in eastern and southern African countries. (bvsalud.org)
  • The observed increase in body size (and wing size) at low temperatures could partly be linked with the cell size and DNA condensation, while corresponding changes in the haploid genome size were not observed. (edu.au)
  • Based on currently available completely sequenced genome data (as of April 2009), log-transformed gene number forms a linear correlation with log-transformed genome size in bacteria, archaea, viruses, and organelles combined, whereas a nonlinear (semi-natural logarithm) correlation is seen for eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although sequenced genome data are practically biased toward small genomes, which may compromise the accuracy of the empirically derived correlation, and ultimate proof of the correlation remains to be obtained by sequencing some of the largest eukaryotic genomes, current data do not seem to rule out a possible correlation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the genome is a foundation for understanding the metabolism, ecology and evolution of an organism, few bacterioplankton genomes have been sequenced, partly due to difficulties in cultivating them. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nuclear genome size is typically measured in eukaryotes using either densitometric measurements of Feulgen-stained nuclei (previously using specialized densitometers, now more commonly using computerized image analysis) or flow cytometry. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an effort to develop identification methods for fescues, we used flow cytometry to estimate genome size and ploidy level and sequenced the chloroplast genome of all five taxa. (umn.edu)
  • The nucleus size, genome size, and DNA condensation of adult flies, embryos, and Schneider 2 cells (S2 cells, of larval origin) were estimated by flow cytometry. (edu.au)
  • Its size was estimated to +/- 1.6 Gb with flow cytometry and we think it should be highly polymorphic. (seqanswers.com)
  • Genetic engineering and genome editing concepts have evolved significantly over the last two decades, with the development of a variety of versatile DNA modulation technologies including zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). (rootsanalysis.com)
  • Using a combination of field experiments and genome sequencing, the researchers were able to infer the colonisation history of L. japonicus in Japan and identify areas in the genome where plant populations adapted to warm and cold climates , respectively, showed extreme genetic differentiation. (phys.org)
  • The mitochondrial genome encodes the genetic information for the 13 polypeptide subunits essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation. (medscape.com)
  • By sequencing the entire genome, a comprehensive understanding of the genetic composition is obtained. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Abstract: '[Researchers] have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. (harvard.edu)
  • P. 2194 middle column 2nd paragraph: 'Genome assembly relied on the use of several types of data, including clone-based sequence, whole-genome sequence from libraries with three insert sizes [2 kb, 10 kb, and 130 kb], and a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)-based sequence-tagged site (STS) content map. (harvard.edu)
  • We are integrating novel and published data on chromosome number, genome size, phylogenetics, environmental factors, and common garden experiments for several study genera. (tepapa.govt.nz)
  • For RNA virus genome size evolution we outline an emerging general pattern of genome (segment) enlargement being associated with a host- and mutation-constrained step-wise acquisition of key enzymes that seemingly improved the rudimentary RNA virus replication machinery. (caister.com)
  • This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Replication study is a commonly used verification method to filter out false positives in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). (springer.com)
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely used to identify susceptibility variants of common diseases. (springer.com)
  • Trio and quad studies are used mainly in WES and WGS study designs, while large case and control cohorts are required for signals in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, investigating the nautilus genome could furnish valuable insights into the evolutionary drivers of cephalopod innovations. (nature.com)
  • Commonly, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genotyped across the whole genome in different individuals, and statistical methods are used to detect the associations between SNPs and disease status. (springer.com)
  • By the early 1970s, "genome size" was in common usage with its present definition, probably as a result of its inclusion in Susumu Ohno's influential book Evolution by Gene Duplication, published in 1970. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evolutionary consequences associated with hybridization events have been studied at various levels such as chromosomal rearrangements, repetitive DNA sequence evolution, genome size change, and diploidization ( Hegarty and Hiscock, 2008 HEGARTY, M.J. and HISCOCK, S.J., 2008. (scielo.br)
  • Here we review recent advancements in the field concerning the study of both of these aspects and with regard to two specific applications - virus taxonomy and the analysis of genome size evolution. (caister.com)
  • The Evolution of the Genome , ed. (evolverzone.com)
  • To understand these processes through comprehensive analyses of microbial ecology, evolution and metabolism, sequenced reference genomes of representative native prokaryotes are crucial. (biomedcentral.com)
  • we expect the genome to be highly polymorphic and I think that the problem related to ploidy sometimes estimated to 1 could be explained by the highly polymorphic content of the genome. (seqanswers.com)
  • However, debate persists about whether whole genome duplication (polyploidy) is an evolutionary dead-end or a key process fostering diversification and expanded ecological tolerance in lineages. (tepapa.govt.nz)
  • common variants are limited to regions of the genome with known variation (a SNP is known) but only reach significance with large numbers, while rare or ultra-rare variants are conditioned on not being in this list of common variants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Signs of streamlining are evident in most genomes, and estimated genome sizes correlate with abundance variation across filter size fractions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The global CRISPR Genome Editing market size is expected to gain market growth in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025, with a CAGR of xx% in the forecast period of 2020 to 2025 and will expected to reach USD xx million by 2025, from USD xx million in 2019. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • The "Genome Editing Services Market: Focus on CRISPR, 2019-2030" report features an extensive study of the current landscape of CRISPR-based genome editing service providers. (rootsanalysis.com)
  • Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) represent important regulatory states that when combined have been hypothesized to act as molecular codes and to generate a functional diversity beyond genome and transcriptome. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we sequenced and assembled the genome and transcriptome of Paramikrocytos canceri, an endoparasite isolated from the European edible crab Cancer pagurus. (lu.se)
  • Adams MD et al, The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. (harvard.edu)
  • P.2185 right column bottom paragraph: 'The Drosophila genome is ~180 Mb in size, a third of which is centric heterochromatin. (harvard.edu)
  • Increased adult body size in Drosophila raised at lower temperatures could be attributed both to an increase in the cell volume and cell number. (edu.au)
  • CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of outgroup comparison, 2n = 18 is the ancestral number, and repeated chromosomal fusions with simultaneous genome size increase as a result of repetitive elements accumulating near centromeres characterize the papaya clade. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • We use automatic binning to reconstruct a large number of bacterioplankton genomes from a metagenomic time-series from the Baltic Sea, one of world's largest brackish water bodies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • With the emergence of various molecular techniques in the past 50 years, the genome sizes of thousands of eukaryotes have been analyzed, and these data are available in online databases for animals, plants, and fungi (see external links). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Global CRISPR Genome Editing Market Report is equipped with market data from 2015 to 2025. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Among other players domestic and global, CRISPR Genome Editing market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa and South America separately. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • I often have to summarize reasons why people should care about genome size, as when preparing grant applications. I never thought that I could add to this list, "refuting nutty hypotheses about the origins of caterpillars". I won't, though, even if many of the data used in the comparison were generated by me or my students (including pretty much all the Lepidoptera estimates). (evolverzone.com)
  • Owing to their often-minuscule cell sizes, strict intracellular lifestyle, lack of cultured representatives and minimal availability of molecular data, these unicellular parasites remain poorly studied. (lu.se)
  • The genomes' seasonal dynamics follow phylogenetic patterns, but with fine-grained lineage-specific variations, reflected in gene-content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe the gene content, temporal dynamics and biogeography of a large set of new bacterioplankton genomes assembled from metagenomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Researchers have sequenced 99 Ebola virus genomes from patients in West Africa, where the largest Ebola outbreak ever recorded is ongoing. (aaas.org)
  • In humans, the total female diploid nuclear genome per cell extends for 6.37 Gigabase pairs (Gbp), is 208.23 cm long and weighs 6.51 picograms (pg). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is not clear, however, whether increased cell size is related to (or even caused by) increased nuclear volume and genome size (or configuration). (edu.au)
  • Hybridization and Polyploidization are most common of the phenomenon observed in plants, especially in the genus Nicotiana leading to the duplication of genome. (scielo.br)
  • It is concluded that genome size change appeared in either direction whereas the GC contents were found more homogenous in genus Nicotiana . (scielo.br)
  • Comparing the genomes with globally distributed metagenomes reveals significant fragment recruitment at high sequence identity from brackish waters in North America, but little from lakes or oceans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is used to determine the sample size of replication study. (springer.com)
  • Our new method can objectively determine replication study's sample size by using information extracted from primary study. (springer.com)
  • For the associations identified in the primary study, a minimum effect size needs to be specified. (springer.com)
  • One may think to plug the observed effect sizes from the primary study in the power calculation of the replication study. (springer.com)
  • Regional analysis is another highly comprehensive part of the research and analysis study of the global CRISPR Genome Editing market presented in the report. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • For the period 2015-2020, this study provides the CRISPR Genome Editing sales, revenue and market share for each player covered in this report. (decisiondatabases.com)
  • Because different study designs are distinguishable by their differences in effect size, this also provides a unified means of incorporating the impact of study design into the analysis of convergence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A genome-wide gene-environment interaction study of breast cancer risk for women of European ancestry. (medscape.com)
  • An insightful 2X2 representation, highlighting the competitiveness of various CRISPR-based genome editing service providers captured in our database (segregated across various peer groups based on company size), taking into consideration the supplier power and the specific genome editing capabilities (which include gRNA service(s), endonuclease service(s), cell line engineering service(s), animal model generation service(s) and availability of CRISPR library(s)) of different companies. (rootsanalysis.com)
  • In both adult flies and S2 cells, both nucleus size and DNA condensation varied with temperature, while DNA content appears to be constant. (edu.au)
  • The most recent transformative innovation, genome editing, is poised to have a relatively short ramp up period, with significant application being reported since its first discovery less than a decade ago ( Doudna and Charpentier 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Previously it was not appreciated that different regions of a vertebrate embryo can undergo genome activation at different times, or how directly cell size regulates the awakening of a zygote's genome. (upenn.edu)
  • Consequently, the genome editing contract services market was established and has grown to become an indispensable segment of the modern healthcare industry, offering a range of services, such as gRNA design and construction, cell line development (involving gene knockout, gene knockin, tagging and others) and transgenic animal model generation (such as knockout mice). (rootsanalysis.com)
  • Like other mitosomes, this MRO is predicted to have reduced metabolic capacity and lack an organellar genome and function in iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) pathway-mediated Fe-S cluster biosynthesis. (lu.se)