Genome proviruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

The fraction of cells within clones that contained HIV-1 RNA was not different in clones with intact (median 2.3%) versus defective (median 3.5%) proviruses ( p = 0.2). (frontiersin.org)
Most proviruses persisting in people living with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are defective. (nature.com)
Neither assay suggested defective proviruses decay over 10 years. (nature.com)
To reconcile this difference, we modeled additional longitudinal IPDA data and showed that decelerating intact decay could arise from very long-lived intact proviruses and/or misclassified defective proviruses: slowly decaying defective proviruses that are intact in IPDA probe locations (estimated up to 5%, in agreement with sequence library based predictions). (nature.com)
These assays designate proviral DNA as intact or defective based on hybridization of PCR-amplified proviral DNA to probes in two to five relatively conserved locations on the HIV-1 genome. (nature.com)
If both regions are amplified within a single provirus, the sequence is said to be intact, and if only one of the two probes is positive the provirus is determined to be defective 17 . (nature.com)
Senior study investigator Robert Siliciano, M.D., Ph.D., who in 1995 first showed that reservoirs of dormant HIV were present in immune cells, says that while the latest study results show most proviruses in the latent reservoir are defective, curing the disease will depend on finding a way to target all proviruses with the potential to restart the infection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Siliciano says that all of these non-induced proviruses had previously been thought to be defective, with no possible role in resumption of the disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Analysis of the remaining (88 percent of) non-induced proviruses showed that all were defective, possessing genetic deletions and mutations that would forestall viral replication. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The data indicate that dividing clonally expanded T cells contain defective proviruses and that the replication-competent reservoir is primarily found in CD4(+) T cells that remain relatively quiescent. (nih.gov)
The noninduced proviruses are generally considered defective but have not been characterized. (wustl.edu)
As a postdoc, she profiled HIV-1 DNA and RNA landscape and identified the impact of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and defective HIV-1 proviruses on HIV-1 persistence ( Cell Host Microbe 2017 , Best Paper of the Year, corresponding author). (yale.edu)
The researchers utilized the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), which distinguishes between intact and defective proviruses genomes. (cbirt.net)
Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection. (cdc.gov)

Like other badnaviruses, BSV sequences integrate into the genome of Musa spp. (nature.com)
The eBSV sequences are mainly integrated in the B genome derived from M. balbisiana 5 . (nature.com)
Multiple copies of eBSV viral sequences have become integrated as direct and inverted tandem repeats at a single locus in the B genome of the host during viral infection 5 . (nature.com)
In this study, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing technology was applied to inactivate eBSV sequences in the host plantain genome. (nature.com)
The genome-edited events of plantain Gonja Manjaya were generated with mutations in the targeted sites of integrated eBSV sequences in the host genome. (nature.com)
Bornaviral sequences were found in the genomes of humans, non-human primates, rodents, and elephants. (virology.ws)
Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these sequences entered the primate genome over 40 million years ago. (virology.ws)
Endogenous filovirus (ebolavirus, marburgvirus) sequences were subsequently identified in the genomes of bats, rodents, shrews, tenrecs and marsupials. (virology.ws)
Examination of insect genomes has revealed endogenous viral sequences from members of the Bunyaviridae , Rhabdoviridae , Orthomyxoviridae , Reoviridae , and Flaviviridae . (virology.ws)
Such sequences are highly mutated and typically comprise only fragments of the viral genome, and therefore cannot give rise to infectious virus. (virology.ws)
Almost half of the human genome is made up of mobile genetic elements, which includes endogenous proviruses and other sequences derived from retroviruses such as retrotransposons, retroposons, and processed pseudogenes. (virology.ws)
It seems likely that even more diverse viral sequences lurk in cellular genomes, awaiting discovery. (virology.ws)
Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes. (virology.ws)
Sequences from ancestral single-stranded DNA viruses in vertebrate genomes: the parvoviridae and circoviridae are more than 40 to 50 million years old. (virology.ws)
Introns sequences account for about 30% of the genome. (blogspot.com)
By scanning the available genome sequences, Demuth et al. (blogspot.com)
Viral sequences were extracted from the pool of sequence reads that did not map to the human reference genome. (jcvi.org)
Increasing availability of human whole-genome sequences will contribute substantial amounts of data on the composition of the normal and pathogenic human blood virome. (jcvi.org)
Assuming that the new provirus contains a single, internal Eco RI site as has been observed for other MMTV proviral sequences, it is presumed that the new provirus includes both 5′ and 3′ LTRs in addition to the env region. (elsevierpure.com)
Based on the unique sizes of the observed restriction fragments relative to other identified MMTV proviral sequences, this provirus has been designated Mtv-22. (elsevierpure.com)
The sequencing of the human genome revealed that at least 1% of the human genome consists of endogenous retroviral sequences, representing past encounters with retroviruses during the course of human evolution. (msdmanuals.com)

When a (nonendogenous) retrovirus invades a cell, the RNA of the retrovirus is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then inserted into the host genome by an integrase. (wikipedia.org)
A provirus not only refers to a retrovirus but is also used to describe other viruses that can integrate into the host chromosomes, another example being adeno-associated virus. (wikipedia.org)
A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.This state can be a stage of virus replication, or a state that persists over longer periods of time as either inactive viral infections or an endogenous retrovirus. (absoluteastronomy.com)
John Coffin, the senior author, adds, "We have found that nearly all normal human tissues express, in their RNA, one or another of about three dozen endogenous proviruses, remnants of widespread retrovirus infection of our distant ancestors. (scienceblog.com)
Integrated retrovirus DNA (provirus) derived from infection of the germline of an ancestral animal. (nationalacademies.org)
Analysis of Simian Endogenous Retrovirus (SERV) Full-Length Proviruses in Old World Monkey Genomes. (bvsalud.org)
If a germline cell is infected by a retrovirus, the integrated provirus can become established as an endogenous retrovirus that is transmitted to offspring. (msdmanuals.com)
Una característica fundamental de la biología de los retrovirus es la síntesis de una copia de ADN del genoma que se integra en el ADN celular. (bvsalud.org)
A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. (bvsalud.org)

In the case of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), proviruses are often referred to as prophages. (wikipedia.org)
All families of bacterial viruses with circular (single-stranded or double-stranded) DNA genomes or replicating their genomes through a circular intermediate (e.g., tailed dsDNA viruses) have temperate members. (wikipedia.org)
Snippets of ancient viruses are embedded in the human genome and active in many healthy tissues. (livescience.com)
Traces of ancient viruses are littered throughout the human genome, embedded within the DNA's structure. (livescience.com)
Within the vast GTEx database, the study authors looked for evidence of active "human endogenous retroviruses" (HERVs), meaning bits of ancient viruses woven into the genome. (livescience.com)
Some of the youngest examples of HML-2 viruses are mere hundreds of thousands of years old and are only found in the human genome, meaning they're not seen in any of our primate relatives, Bendall said. (livescience.com)
This high taneously harbors two different proviruses, one mutation rate, common to most RNA viruses, RNA transcript from each provirus can be encap- permits rapid exploration of nucleotide sequence sidated into a single "heterozygous" virion. (cdc.gov)
Remnants of ancient viruses in the human genome are active in healthy tissues as well as diseased ones, limiting their utility as disease biomarkers, according to a study by Aidan Burn at Tufts University in Boston, USA and colleagues, publishing October 18th in the open access journal PLOS Biology . (scienceblog.com)
Viral infection of sperm or egg cells can result in viral genes being permanently incorporated into the host genome, and the genetic remnants of ancient viruses - known as human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) - make up about 8% of the human genome. (scienceblog.com)
Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the host cell's genome during the normal growth cycle. (ukessays.com)
This honor has now been extended to other RNA viruses, and to circoviruses and parvoviruses, which possess single-stranded DNA genomes. (virology.ws)
For viruses with an RNA genome, the nucleic acid must enter the nucleus (perhaps accidentally for viruses without a nuclear phase) and be converted to a DNA copy by reverse transcriptase encoded by endogenous retroviruses. (virology.ws)
It was worth noting that our study revealed a high abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in viral genomes, suggesting that viruses were key reservoirs of ARGs in AS systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
Ott and her team have worked on developing a "shock and kill" strategy to reactivate and flush out latent HIV provirus so that the immune system and antiretroviral drug therapies can kill off dormant viruses. (joebidenbio.com)
The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)

A subset of HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses has some or all genes intact, and even encodes functional proteins, though a replication competent copy has yet to be observed. (tufts.edu)
The retroviral promoter can direct high-level, efficient expression of genes encoded within the viral capsid of its genome using chromatin. (ukessays.com)
Additional screens for MMTV provirus entry sites in tumors revealed several other upregulated genes that are associated with other gene development pathways such as INT2, INT3, and INT4 [4,5,6]. (chemdiv.com)
Characterisation of these strains revealed they possessed recombinant genomes, composed of exogenous LTRs and mostly endogenously-derived env genes. (gla.ac.uk)
Further investigations into the potential functionality of endogenous FeLV elements within the domestic cat genome revealed numerous intact env genes, the proviruses of which may be restricted from exogenous transmission by their inability to form homodimeric RNA genomes with functional secondary structures. (gla.ac.uk)
On rare occasions, they can infect germ line cells and become part of the host genome as "endogenous" retroviruses (ERVs), which are transmitted vertically to the offspring and inherited as Mendelian genes. (gla.ac.uk)

In a productive infection, the provirus is transcribed into messenger RNA which directly produces new virus, which in turn will infect other cells via the lytic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
A latent infection results when the provirus is transcriptionally silent rather than active. (wikipedia.org)
was also a source of persistent viremia on ART, begging the question of how the AMBI-1 clone can survive despite infection with a replication-competent, actively-expressing provirus. (frontiersin.org)
Although HIV infection can be suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 proviruses persist in the genomes of long-lived CD4+ T cells in people living with HIV 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
If antiretroviral therapy is stopped or interrupted, some proviruses can reactivate, allowing HIV to make copies of itself and resume infection of other immune cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Study results showed that among 213 HIV proviruses isolated from the reservoirs of eight patients and initially unresponsive to highly potent biological stimuli, some 12 percent could later still become active, and were capable of replicating their genetic material and transmitting infection to other cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Blood cells that contained intact proviruses, complete viral genomes that have been incorporated into the host cell's DNA, frequently had surface biomarkers associated with increased resistance to being killed by cytotoxic T and NK cells, two types of immune cells that typically protect against viral infection. (medicalxpress.com)
The resilience of this latent cellular HIV reservoir is due to its ability to adopt a dormant provirus form in immune cells, from which HIV may emerge to re‐establish an active infection if cART is stopped. (hawaii.edu)
Antiretroviral therapy fails to cure HIV-1 infection because latent proviruses persist in resting CD4 + T cells. (wustl.edu)

A provirus does not directly make new DNA copies of itself while integrated into a host genome in this way. (wikipedia.org)

That approach refers to forcing dormant proviruses to "turn back on," making them "visible" and vulnerable to the immune system's cytolytic "killer" T cells, and then eliminating every last infected cell from the body while antiretroviral drugs prevent any new cells from becoming infected. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
She says the team's original method of calculating only reactivated proviruses yielded numbers that were 300-fold lower than a DNA-based technique used to gauge how many total proviral copies, both dormant and reactivated, are present. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
A major barrier to developing a cure for AIDS is the ability of the HIV-1 provirus to stay dormant in the host cell. (washington.edu)
While antiretrovial drugs are able to prevent the spread of actively transcribed and replicating HIV, they cannot target HIV provirus that is laying dormant in the host genome. (joebidenbio.com)

Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements in mammalian genomes. (virology.ws)
Filoviruses are ancient and integrated into mammalian genomes. (virology.ws)
Like mammalian genomes, the sea urchin genome contains a lot of junk DNA, especially repetitive DNA. (blogspot.com)

It is an unenveloped, non-covalently closed, bacilliform double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus with a monopartite genome of ~7.2-7.8 kb encoding three open-reading frames (ORFs). (nature.com)
Once inside the cell, the nucleoprotein complex accesses intracellular DNA nucleotide triphosphate pools, where the reverse transcriptase protein initiates and creation of a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome of the virus is prepared for integration into the host cell chromosome. (ukessays.com)
Reverse transcriptase is the essential enzyme that carries out the reverse transcription process that take the RNA genome to a double-stranded DNA preintegrate form. (ukessays.com)
During the replication of retroviruses, a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral RNA genome is synthesized by reverse transcription and integrated into the genomes of the infected cell. (virology.ws)
Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)

To date, few examples of an expanded clones containing replication-competent proviruses exist, although it is suspected to be common. (frontiersin.org)
The replication error rate for HIV is such that viral particle derive from the same parent each newly synthesized HIV genome carries on provirus. (cdc.gov)
The hidden HIV, researchers say, is part of the so-called latent reservoir of functional proviruses that remains long after antiretroviral drug therapy has successfully brought viral replication to a standstill. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The integrase enzyme of HIV mediates the splicing of the HIV genome into the host cell DNA and is required for replication. (natap.org)
Retroviruses must integrate their genome into the host DNA as a necessary step of their replication cycle. (gla.ac.uk)
The identification of replication-competent noninduced proviruses indicates that the size of the latent reservoir - and, hence, the barrier to cure - may be up to 60-fold greater than previously estimated. (wustl.edu)
ALV are characterized by the unique possession of a reverse transcriptase enzyme that drives the generation of the DNA provirus, which is integrated into the host genome during viral replication, and induction of diseases is from insertional activation as well as transduction of oncogenes such as c-myc. (caister.com)
11. I thought GO:0045090 retroviral genome replication was going away? (geneontology.org)
The degradation of two-long-terminal repeat (2LTR) circles follows the same rapid and slow phases as intact proviruses, ruling out their use as a simple indicator of continuing viral replication. (cbirt.net)
This process is regulated by both viral and cellular factors, which are necessary for an efficient viral replication as well as for the setting up of viral latency, leading to a repressed transcription of the integrated provirus.nnRESULTS: In this study, we examined the role of two parameters in HIV-1 LTR promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)

At the beginning of the life cycle the retroviral genome is a DNA element integrated into and covalently attached to the DNA of the host cell. (ukessays.com)

These findings show that the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses within expanded T cell clones, including intact proviruses, may be transcriptionally silent at any given time, implying that infected T cells may be able to be activated to proliferate without inducing the expression of the integrated provirus or, alternatelively, may be able to proliferate without cellular activation. (frontiersin.org)

We hypothesize that persistence of HIV reservoirs is encoded in the proviral location within the 3D architecture of the host genome (nucleome), and influenced by SUD-induced changes in epigenetic structures. (washington.edu)
Analysis of 213 noninduced proviral clones from treated patients showed 88.3% with identifiable defects but 11.7% with intact genomes and normal long terminal repeat (LTR) function. (wustl.edu)
Using direct sequencing and genome synthesis, we reconstructed full-length intact noninduced proviral clones and demonstrated growth kinetics comparable to reconstructed induced proviruses from the same patients. (wustl.edu)

HIV-1 proviruses can persist during ART in clonally-expanded populations of CD4+ T cells. (frontiersin.org)

The genome of circoviruses are composed of single-stranded DNA, while those of parvoviruses are linear single-stranded DNAs with base-paired ends (figure). (virology.ws)

15. What is the difference between GO:0019046 release from viral latency and GO:0032359 provirus excision? (geneontology.org)

Provirus" refers to a remnant of viral genetic material embedded in the genome. (livescience.com)
For any organism with a genome sequence fuse into a single progeny, 2) the genetic exactly on a peak on the fitness landscape, every information of the parental strains is recombined, new mutation is by definition not beneficial. (cdc.gov)
In the latest study, researchers sequenced, or spelled out, the entire genetic code of HIV proviruses that reactivated and those that could not be induced to do so. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)

RNA, a molecular cousin of DNA, copies instructions from spots in the genome and then shuttles them to protein-building factories in cells, so that the factories can pump out the necessary proteins. (livescience.com)
Finally, sequence analyses revealed that the domestic sheep has acquired, by genome amplification, several copies of the enJS56A1 provirus, reinforcing the hypothesis that this locus has provided an evolutionary advantage to the host. (gla.ac.uk)

However, proviruses are distinctly different from prophages and these terms should not be used interchangeably. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike prophages, proviruses do not excise themselves from the host genome when the host cell is stressed. (wikipedia.org)

The DNA is subsequently incorporated into the host's genome. (medscape.com)
Background: Integration of retroviral DNA into a germ cell can result in a provirus that is transmitted vertically to the host's offspring. (tufts.edu)

Further lab experiments on the cloned proviruses showed that the intact, non-induced proviruses could be reconstructed to produce active virus, which in turn could replicate in human immune cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

The disappointing finding comes after a three-year series of lab experiments, which they say represents the most detailed and comprehensive analysis to date of the latent reservoir of HIV proviruses. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Lead study investigator and Johns Hopkins postdoctoral fellow Ya-Chi Ho, M.D., Ph.D., says the team's investigation of "the true size" of the latent reservoir was prompted by a large discrepancy between the two established techniques for measuring how much provirus is in immune system cells. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
During PhD, she developed the first HIV-1 full-length single-genome sequencing method that became the standard measurement of the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir ( Cell 2013 ). (yale.edu)

Ending 2 years of troubling silence since this group first described the antiretroviral activity of diketobutanoic acids (DKAs) that specifically and potently inhibit the critical strand transfer step of the integration of the HIV provirus into the human genome, Hazuda and Young drew back the curtain to reveal oral integrase inhibitors ready for Phase I human study. (natap.org)

the provirus may be activated and begin transcription of its viral genome. (wikipedia.org)
The regenerated genome-edited events of Gonja Manjaya showed mutations in the targeted sites with the potential to prevent proper transcription or/and translational into functional viral proteins. (nature.com)
Transcription proceeds through the genome and mRNA is polyadenylated and processed using signals in transcribed regions from the 3′ LTR at the end of the transcribed R (repeat). (ukessays.com)
Noninduced proviruses have unmethylated promoters and are integrated into active transcription units. (wustl.edu)
BACKGROUND: Once integrated in the genome of infected cells, HIV-1 provirus is transcribed by the cellular transcription machinery. (cnrs.fr)

It is now thought that the original integrated proviruses were linear molecules with two LTRs. (ukessays.com)

When the banana plants are stressed, the eBSV recombines to produce a functional episomal viral genome and infectious viral particles and as a result the plant develops disease symptoms. (nature.com)

We explored non-human sequence data from whole-genome sequencing of blood from 8,240 individuals, none of whom were ascertained for any infectious disease. (jcvi.org)

Efficient treatment regimens that successfully eliminate cell populations carrying intact proviruses are not available due to the incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms that allow the virus to remain quiescent within the host genome. (washington.edu)

Twenty-five of the 213 non-induced isolates, when sequenced, had fully intact genomes when compared to those that did reactivate. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Her laboratory has been exploring repurposing cancer drug therapies that target epigenetic machinery to reactivate latent HIV provirus. (joebidenbio.com)
They were able to reactivate latent provirus in about one-quarter of human cells donated by HIV patients. (joebidenbio.com)

To address this question, we determined the fraction of HIV-1 proviruses within the AMBI-1 clone that expresses unspliced cell-associated RNA during ART and compared this fraction to 33 other infected T cell clones within the same individual. (frontiersin.org)
Banana cultivars are polyploid clones derived from Musa accuminata (A genome) or/and Musa balbisiana (B genome). (nature.com)

A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. (wikipedia.org)
CRISPR/Cas9 editing of endogenous banana streak virus in the B genome of Musa spp. (nature.com)
Presence of the integrated endogenous banana streak virus (eBSV) in the B genome of plantain (AAB) is a major challenge for breeding and dissemination of hybrids. (nature.com)
It also restricts germplasm movement of genotypes with the B genome worldwide due to this potential activation of eBSV into the episomal infectious form of virus. (nature.com)
The first non-retroviral endogenous virus described was bornavirus, a virus with a negative-stranded RNA genome. (virology.ws)
1% of proviruses are induced to release infectious virus after maximum in vitro activation. (wustl.edu)
Colombo, MP, Melvold, RW & Wettstein, PJ 1987, ' Inheritance of a mutant histocompatibility gene and a new mammary tumor virus genome in the B6.KH-84 mouse strain ', Immunogenetics , vol. 26, no. 1-2, pp. 99-104. (elsevierpure.com)
Wettstein, Peter J. / Inheritance of a mutant histocompatibility gene and a new mammary tumor virus genome in the B6.KH-84 mouse strain . (elsevierpure.com)
This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
in this form, the virus is known as a provirus. (joebidenbio.com)
Eliminating latent provirus is therefore essential for eradicating the virus. (joebidenbio.com)
Richert-Pöggeler , KR , Noreen , F , Schwarzacher , T , Harper , G , Hohn , T ( 2003 ) Induction of infectious petunia vein clearing (pararetro) virus from endogenous provirus in petunia. (cambridge.org)
16. Does GO:0019066 translocation of virus into host cell for host proteins or the viral proteins that escort the genome into the cell? (geneontology.org)

However, rarer intact proviruses almost always reinitiate viral rebound if ART stops. (nature.com)
Therefore, assessing therapies to prevent viral rebound hinges on specifically quantifying intact proviruses. (nature.com)
Both assays admitted similar ratios of intact to total HIV DNA, but IPDA found ~40-fold more intact proviruses. (nature.com)
The model also demonstrates how misclassification can lead to underestimated efficacy of therapies that exclusively reduce intact proviruses. (nature.com)
We conclude that sensitive multi-probe assays combined with specific nfl-verified assays would be optimal to document absolute and changing levels of intact HIV proviruses. (nature.com)
Few of the fast decaying first-phase cells were found in circulating CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses. (cbirt.net)

The integrated viral genome (or provirus) instructs the cell to produce new viral gemomes (RNA) and new viral proteins. (rkm.com.au)
13. Should there be "escort functions" for A2 and similar proteins that escort the genomes into the host & protect the genome from degradation? (geneontology.org)

For an genomes thought to have arisen through organism with a very high mutation rate, an homologous recombination have recently been efficient recombination mechanism provides at discovered in nature (3). (cdc.gov)

Proviruses may account for approximately 8% of the human genome in the form of inherited endogenous retroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
More than 10% of HML-2 proviruses are human-specific, having integrated subsequent to the Homo-Pan divergence, and, of these, 11 are currently known to be polymorphic in integration site with variable frequencies among individuals. (tufts.edu)

However, higher fractions and levels of RNA were found in cells with proviruses containing multiple drug resistance mutations, including those contributing to rebound viremia. (frontiersin.org)
When retroviral DNA is integrated into the DNA of germ line cells, it is passed on to future generations in Mendelian fashion as an endogenous provirus . (virology.ws)
It turns out that the size of the nucleus is related to the size of the cell, such that large genomes give rise to large nuclei and large cells. (blogspot.com)
The barrier to curing HIV-1 is thought to reside primarily in CD4(+) T cells containing silent proviruses. (nih.gov)
In contrast, the cells bearing single integration events decreased in frequency over time on therapy, and the surviving cells were enriched for HIV-1 integration in silent regions of the genome. (nih.gov)
Instead, they discovered cells in the blood that had a complete HIV genome and degraded over a two-week period. (cbirt.net)
The remaining infected cells with complete HIV genomes degraded even more slowly after three months on therapy, with a half-life of roughly 19 months. (cbirt.net)

9. What happened to capsid formation around genome via self-assembly? (geneontology.org)

all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes. (wikipedia.org)
The viral RNA genome is converted to DNA in the cell. (rkm.com.au)
Increased expression of the most recent HML-2 proviruses has been observed in tissues and cell lines from several types of cancer, including breast cancer, for which expression may provide a meaningful marker of the disease. (tufts.edu)
He reported that in cell culture assays, 810 induced declines in integrated HIV DNA in concert with increases of dead-end, unintegrated circularized HIV genomes (known as 2-LTR circles). (natap.org)
One of the things that Gregory works on is the correlation between cell size and genome size. (blogspot.com)
Dr. Ho's research program focuses on understanding HIV-1 persistence and HIV-1-induced immune dysfunction using single-genome and single-cell approaches on clinical samples. (yale.edu)

In 1972 the late geneticist Susumu Ohno coined the term "junk DNA" to describe all noncoding sections of a genome, most of which consist of repeated segments scattered randomly throughout the genome. (blogspot.com)

Interestingly, enJSRV-26, a provirus that integrated in the sheep germ line less than two hundred years ago, possesses the unique ability to escape JLR. (gla.ac.uk)

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