Genome half as many chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

It could have been very chaotic, but instead, nearly half of the chromosome is made of alternating blocks of two specific repeating sequences known as satellite DNA . (darkdaily.com)

A reference genome is a separate, already pieced-together genome that serves as a guide, similar to the pictures on the front of puzzle boxes. (nist.gov)
Last year, a team from the Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) consortium, which is made up of experts from dozens of organizations such as NIST, generated the most complete reference genome at the time by using new sequencing technologies to crack previously indecipherable regions of the genome. (nist.gov)
T2T-Y, in combination with the group's previous reference genome, T2T-CHM13, represents the world's first complete genome for the half of the population with a Y chromosome. (nist.gov)
In parallel, multiple technologies and manual finishing were used to produce an 85-Mb reference genome assembly from the more readily available mouse parasite species T. muris (Online Methods and Supplementary Note ). (nature.com)
My genetic analysis showed that I have 3,524,186 individual nucleotide differences, from the "average" genome to which it was compared, reference genome hg19, NCBI build 37. (3quarksdaily.com)
My work with the T2T consortium focuses on exploring how a complete reference genome can improve our ability to study human genetic variation and how it impacts human traits and health. (azolifesciences.com)
I initially joined the T2T consortium in 2021 as part of the team exploring the improvements to genetic analyses afforded by using a complete human reference genome. (azolifesciences.com)
This initial version of the reference genome-published in 2022-while a complete human genome, was from a sample that lacked a Y chromosome. (azolifesciences.com)
Building on the initial reference genome, I led similar analyses of the now complete human Y chromosome sequence. (azolifesciences.com)
The result is an all-encompassing human reference genome, one that could now contain secrets about male fertility. (extension13.com)

This achievement by an international team of genetic researchers is expected to open the door to significant insights in how variants and mutations in the Y chromosome are involved in various diseases and health conditions. (darkdaily.com)
After decades of attempts, genetic scientists led by the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium -a team of researchers funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-have finally "generated the first truly complete sequence of a human Y chromosome," which is "the final human chromosome to be fully sequenced," of the 24 human chromosomes, SciTechDaily reported. (darkdaily.com)
Sugar's genome, sequenced with newer techniques, had 3 million genetic variants from Twilight's, notably in genes governing sensory perception, signal transduction, and immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers at the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California, have decoded in draft form the genetic information on human chromosomes 5, 16 and 19. (sciencedaily.com)
April 13, 2000 -- U.S. Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson announced today that researchers at the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California, have decoded in draft form the genetic information on human chromosomes 5, 16 and 19. (sciencedaily.com)
Institute researchers will continue to improve both the completeness and accuracy of the genetic information as they produce the final sequence of the chromosomes over the next several years. (sciencedaily.com)
The first attempt to determine the building blocks of our genetic code took place 20 years ago, but there were still significant gaps left in the sequences of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (cnn.com)
Having a complete Y chromosome genetic reference may help scientists and doctors further explore this potential link. (cnn.com)
Little wonder, because the genome is a person's entire genetic code contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of virtually every cell in the body. (bbc.co.uk)
Dr Clifford Reid, CEO of Complete Genomics said: 'As soon as we can sequence thousands of genomes then we can understand for the first time, the genetic basis of disease that will enable us to develop new diagnostics for the detection of disease and new therapeutics for the treatment of disease. (bbc.co.uk)
The results of a study published in Nature demonstrate that this advance improves DNA sequencing accuracy for the chromosome, which could help identify certain genetic disorders and potentially uncover the genetic roots of others. (nist.gov)
And because 99.9% of our species' genetic code is shared, any human genome would closely match a reference. (nist.gov)
More than 62 million letters of genetic code later, the authors had spelled out the GIAB Y chromosome front to back. (nist.gov)
There are certainly aspects of fertility and some genetic disorders that are connected to genes in the Y chromosome," Zook said. (nist.gov)
Chromosomes are tiny structures inside the cells that carry genetic information. (tepapa.govt.nz)
The new study suggests that this is partly due to the great white's genome stability - genetic adaptations which help preserve its genome. (zmescience.com)
Not only were there a surprisingly high number of genome stability genes that contained these adaptive changes, but there was also an enrichment of several of these genes, highlighting the importance of this genetic fine-tuning in the white shark," said Mahmood Shivji, who is the director of NSU's Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center. (zmescience.com)
But before the chromosome pairs get split apart, a sort of genetic reshuffling occurs. (eogn.com)
Evo2 can save genealogical information for each genome so users may review the progression of the genetic algorithm to see how certain genes have evolved over time. (modulusfe.com)
Evo2 features a built-in karyogram that allows visualization of genomes while genetic algorithms are evolving. (modulusfe.com)
Surprisingly, we observed a third subpopulation comprising P. knowlesi infections that were almost identical to each other throughout much of the genome, indicating separately maintained transmission and recent genetic isolation. (cdc.gov)
As the scientists could detect similar levels of genetic diversity within the Przewalski's horse genome than in the genomes of several domestic breeds, this suggests that the Przewalski's horses are likely genetically viable and therefore worthy of conservation efforts. (wun.ac.uk)
Almost half of the human genome is made up of mobile genetic elements, which includes endogenous proviruses and other sequences derived from retroviruses such as retrotransposons, retroposons, and processed pseudogenes. (virology.ws)
In the first half of the quarter, we will introduce elements of classical genetics, including chromosome behavior, Mendel's principles of segregation and independent assortment, and genetic linkage. (evergreen.edu)
Groundbreaking research led by a global group of over 100 researchers will enable a more in-depth exploration of human genetic variation as fully sequencing the Y chromosome, a feat that has challenged scientists for years, has been accomplished for the first time. (azolifesciences.com)
Here we undertake a genome-scale analysis of these interactions in a genetically diverse population to systematically identify global genetic-epigenetic interaction, and reveal constraints imposed by chromatin structure. (elifesciences.org)
With 176 samples profiled for genotype, gene expression, and open chromatin, we used regression modeling to infer genetic-epigenetic interactions on a genome-wide scale. (elifesciences.org)
Our results demonstrate that statistical interactions between genetic variants and chromatin accessibility are common throughout the genome. (elifesciences.org)
Yet the interacting effects that genetic and epigenetic factors produce on gene transcription are rarely studied at a genome-wide scale, leaving us without global information on a key step between the genetic code and the phenotype. (elifesciences.org)
Understanding the scope and landscape of these interactions on a genome-wide scale is a vital step towards deciphering the genetic regulation of gene expression and, in turn, the mechanisms of non-coding variation on phenotypic outcomes. (elifesciences.org)
Now that we have this 100 percent complete sequence of the Y chromosome, we can identify and explore numerous genetic variations that could be impacting human traits and disease in a way that we weren't able to do before," says Dylan Taylor, a geneticist at Johns Hopkins University and one of the study authors. (extension13.com)
During fertilization the egg and sperm join together, forming a cell with a full complement of chromosomes that now forms the genetic blueprint for the new individual. (familyeducation.com)
Each genetic variant was associated with a more than 50% increase in risk for RLS, with the combined allelic variants conferring more than half of the risk. (tum.de)
Analysis of peel tissue indicated similar metabolic differences in the protective layer surrounding the pulp and suggested a distinct genetic regulation of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways between the genome groups. (bvsalud.org)
Three main genetic etiologies for RSTS have been identified, accounting for approximately half of all cases. (medscape.com)
In addition to the approximately 2300 tests for individual genetic disorders, recent advances in technology have enabled the development of clinical tests which quickly and economically analyze the entire human genome. (cdc.gov)

The Horse Genome Project mapped 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, and released the full map in 2009. (wikipedia.org)
It encompasses 31 pairs of autosomes and one sex chromosome pair. (wikipedia.org)
The three chromosomes sequenced by Department of Energy researchers contain more than 300 million base pairs, or an estimated 11 percent of the total human genome. (sciencedaily.com)
It is made up of six billion letters, or three billion base pairs of DNA, half of which come from each parent. (bbc.co.uk)
In the nucleus of each body cell, DNA is organized into chromosomes, which exist as chromosome pairs - with each member of a pair carrying the same set of genes. (learner.org)
In terms of chromosome pairs, all animals of the same type are alike - that is, their body cells contain the same number and arrangement of chromosomes. (learner.org)
The human genome, for example, consists of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. (learner.org)
The genome of a fruit fly consists of eight chromosomes arranged in four pairs. (learner.org)
For humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. (learner.org)
When sperm fertilizes egg, these singles unite to reform pairs, with half the genome coming from each parent. (learner.org)
That was not surprising to learn, given that they have 41 pairs of chromosomes, whereas humans have only 23. (zmescience.com)
As humans, our DNA is coiled into 23 pairs of chromosomes - 46 chromosomes in total. (eogn.com)
Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomes, and the final pair are sex chromosomes (XX or XY). (eogn.com)
The team filled in more than 30 million 'letters' in the DNA sequence to assemble the Y chromosome in its entirety: all 62,460,029 base pairs. (extension13.com)
For one, the Y chromosomes were vastly different sizes, ranging from 45.2 million to 84.9 million base pairs in length. (extension13.com)
Most cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (familyeducation.com)
When an egg cell or sperm cell is produced, during the process of meiosis, the chromosome pairs line up and one from each pair is randomly assigned to the gamete. (familyeducation.com)
One of the chromosome pairs are the sex chromosomes, which determine gender. (familyeducation.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells), every normal human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
There are 22 pairs of nonsex (autosomal) chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

Humans typically have a pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (cnn.com)

The researchers published their findings in the journal Nature titled, " The Complete Sequence of a Human Y Chromosome . (darkdaily.com)
The researchers "applied new DNA sequencing technologies and sequence assembly methods, as well as knowledge gained from generating the first gapless sequences for the other 23 human chromosomes," SciTechDaily reported. (darkdaily.com)
Researchers are in the process of sequencing the genome of seven additional horses. (wikipedia.org)
To date the researchers have sequenced a working draft of the three chromosomes, leaving some scattered gaps in less gene-rich areas. (sciencedaily.com)
The information on chromosomes 5, 16 and 19 is available freely without restrictions to researchers in academia and industry through the public database, GenBank. (sciencedaily.com)
Now, the same group of researchers has filled in the missing information, publishing a complete Y chromosome sequence Wednesday in the journal Nature . (cnn.com)
Researchers in the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) at The University of Manchester have created the tRNA Neochromosome - a chromosome that is new to nature. (manchester.ac.uk)
Led by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), a team of researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and many other organizations used advanced sequencing technologies to read out the full DNA sequence of the Y chromosome - a region of the genome that typically drives male reproductive development. (nist.gov)
The researchers pitted their complete Y chromosome sequence, named T2T-Y, against the most widely used reference genome's Y chromosome parts, which are riddled with stretches of absent code. (nist.gov)
Genome Insider: Methane Makers in Yosemite's Lakes Meet researchers who sampled the microbial communities living in the mountaintop lakes of the Sierra Nevada mountains to see how climate change affects freshwater ecosystems, and how those ecosystems work. (doe.gov)
But with two projects, communities are forming to generate high quality genomes to benefit researchers. (doe.gov)
Researchers have counted the number of chromosomes in our Drymoanthus species. (tepapa.govt.nz)
The great white's genome was decoded by an international team of researchers, including those at the Nova Southeastern University's (NSU) Save Our Seas Foundation Shark Research Center, Guy Harvey Research Institute (GHRI), Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, and Monterey Bay Aquarium. (zmescience.com)
By comparing the genome in the 700,000 year old horse with the genome of a 43,000 year old horse, six present day horses and a donkey, the researchers could estimate how fast mutations accumulate through time and calibrate a genome-wide mutation rate. (wun.ac.uk)
Alongside a team of more than 100 researchers, you have fully sequenced the Y chromosome, T2T-Y, for the first time. (azolifesciences.com)
In a second study led by University of Washington geneticist Pille Hallast, researchers went one step further, using the reference sequence to assemble human Y chromosomes from 43 male individuals, half of whom represented African lineages. (extension13.com)
Ultimately, as the complete, accurate and gapless assembly of diploid human genomes becomes routine, we expect that 'reference genomes' will become known simply as 'genomes'," the researchers conclude . (extension13.com)

The Department of Energy began the Human Genome Project in 1986 to map and determine the complete DNA sequence of the human genome. (sciencedaily.com)
Last year, scientists unveiled the most complete gapless sequence of the human genome ever produced - but it was missing one small piece: the Y chromosome. (extension13.com)

This breakthrough will make it possible for other research teams to gain further understanding of the functions of the Y chromosome and how specific gene variants and mutations contribute to specific health conditions and diseases. (darkdaily.com)
We show that although the nascent Y chromosome encompasses nearly half of the linkage group, there has been no perceptible degradation of Y chromosome gene content or activity. (nature.com)
The dominant theoretical model for the early stages of sex chromosome evolution 3 , 4 , 5 predicts that recombination will be selected against in the region between a sex determining gene and a nearby locus with alleles of sex-specific effect. (nature.com)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In adding so much sequence that was previously missing, we discovered 41 additional genes on the Y chromosome, many of which are part of gene families known to be involved in sperm regulation. (azolifesciences.com)
Local regulatory mechanisms within the genome and their interaction with chromatin structure give rise to subtle variations in gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
In a genome-wide association study we found highly significant associations between RLS and intronic variants in the homeobox gene MEIS1, the BTBD9 gene encoding a BTB(POZ) domain as well as variants in a third locus containing the genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase MAP2K5 and the transcription factor LBXCOR1 on chromosomes 2p, 6p and 15q, respectively. (tum.de)
In a genome-wide association study we found highly significant associations between RLS and intronic variants in the homeobox gene MEIS1, the BTBD9 gene encoding a BTB(POZ) domain as well as variants in a third locus containing the genes encoding mitogen-activated protei. (tum.de)
Comparison of our mouse exon-skipping events to previously detected human exon-skipping events on chromosome 22 by Hide et al.2001, has revealed that mouse and human exon-skipping events were never observed together within an orthologous gene-pair. (uwc.ac.za)
The APTX gene is found on chromosome 9 . (medlineplus.gov)
Recessive traits carried on autosomal chromosomes can be expressed only when two copies of the gene for that trait are present, one on each of the pair of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
An X-linked (sex-linked) gene is one that is carried on an X chromosome. (msdmanuals.com)
Among males, almost all genes on the X chromosome, whether the trait is dominant or recessive, are expressed because there is no paired gene to offset their expression. (msdmanuals.com)
A gene with incomplete penetrance is not always expressed even when the trait it produces is dominant or when the trait is recessive and present on both chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

But most of this research is based on analysing sections of DNA, not the entire genome. (bbc.co.uk)
It is able to fit the coding instructions for an entire genome - six billion characters long - onto three small rectangular silicon plates just a few centimetres across. (bbc.co.uk)
What surprises many people is that every body cell of an animal - indeed, of any multicellular organism - carries its entire genome. (learner.org)
When this happens, it is necessary to pass the entire genome to the resulting two daughter cells in order to ensure that each gets a complete set of chromosomes. (learner.org)
In order for the offspring to resemble its parents, its first cell must receive the entire genome from its two parents. (learner.org)
Sex cells are produced from special body cells that contain the entire genome. (learner.org)
But we can now see the entire genome from end to end for the first time," McCoy says . (extension13.com)

Scientists have fully sequenced the Y chromosome for the first time, uncovering information that could have implications for the study of male infertility and other health problems. (cnn.com)

As horses share over 90 hereditary diseases similar to those found in humans, the sequencing of the horse genome has potential applications to both equine and human health. (wikipedia.org)
Further, nearly half of the chromosomes in the horse genome show conserved synteny with a human chromosome, far more than between dogs and humans. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
Over recent years the full genome sequence of a few ancient humans and archaic hominins has been characterised, but none have dated back to before 70,000 years ago. (wun.ac.uk)
Bornaviral sequences were found in the genomes of humans, non-human primates, rodents, and elephants. (virology.ws)

Not as whole chromosomes, but as short pieces that can be assembled back together, like a puzzle. (wun.ac.uk)
Gains and losses of whole chromosomes, termed aneuploidy , is seen in at least half of all tumors. (lu.se)

During prophase, chromosomes synapse and a small amount of DNA is exchanged between homologous chromosomes through a process known as "crossing over. (modulusfe.com)

This study aimed to identify regions of the genome affecting resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in a Creole goat population naturally exposed to a mixed nematode infection (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum columbianum) by grazing on irrigated pasture. (nih.gov)
This study is the first to have identified regions of the genome linked with nematode resistance in a goat population using a genome scan. (nih.gov)

For viruses with an RNA genome, the nucleic acid must enter the nucleus (perhaps accidentally for viruses without a nuclear phase) and be converted to a DNA copy by reverse transcriptase encoded by endogenous retroviruses. (virology.ws)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

Chesi and colleagues investigated whether individual genes on chromosome 13 would impact disease initiation or progression. (aacr.org)
Recent improvements in mouse genome sequencing have permitted the current study to explore the occurrence of exon skipping in mouse genes orthologous to human genes on chromosome 22. (uwc.ac.za)

The result was thanks to years of work through the preferred " chain termination " (aka, Sanger Sequencing) method developed by Fred Sanger and a $2.7 billion contribution from the Human Genome Project , according to a study published in the African Journal of Laboratory Medicine ( AJLM ). (darkdaily.com)
Massively parallel or next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies eliminated the need for multiple personnel working on a genome by automating DNA cleavage , amplification , and parallel short-read sequencing on a single instrument, thereby lowering costs and increasing throughput," the AJLM paper noted. (darkdaily.com)
The Joint Genome Institute, established in 1997, is one of the largest publicly funded human genome sequencing centers in the world. (sciencedaily.com)
Advances in nanotechnology have allowed it to miniaturise the components needed for genome sequencing. (bbc.co.uk)
Complete Genomics has published its first genome, in what is called a proof of concept trial, and now plans to scale up its sequencing programme. (bbc.co.uk)
Using them both as guides for sequencing a diverse group of over 1,200 separate genomes, they found that T2T-Y drastically improved the outcomes. (nist.gov)
Our fascination for these majestic, but also fearsome creatures deepens now that scientists have completed the first genome sequencing of the iconic apex predator. (zmescience.com)
Illumina is one of the few companies licensed by the FDA to perform whole genome sequencing (WGS) for medical diagnosis-other consumer products such as Ancestry.com , National Geographic's Geno 2.0 , and 23andMe , provide only a limited analysis. (3quarksdaily.com)
Genome sequencing (GS) is an enhanced and novel cytogenetic tool to define the contribution of chromosomal abnormalities in human diseases. (ku.dk)
Understanding of P. knowlesi population genetics has been gained by microsatellite genotyping ( 13 , 14 ) and whole-genome sequencing ( 15 , 16 ). (cdc.gov)
A total of 298 offspring from the two half-sib families used in our previous study to validate the significant BCWD QTL on chromosome Omy19 were genotyped with RAD-seq (restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing), and 7,849 informative SNPs were identified. (usda.gov)
While it would be terrific if we could sequence an entire chromosome all at once and without any errors, our current genome sequencing technology does not allow that. (azolifesciences.com)
How did the team approach sequencing the chromosome? (azolifesciences.com)
The technology that allowed us to complete the Y chromosome-called long-read sequencing-allows us to sequence fragments of DNA that are much longer: up to hundreds of thousands of letters long. (azolifesciences.com)
That said, even with the advantages that long-read sequencing provides, there were whole teams of people focused on developing algorithms to put together the most challenging regions of the chromosome, and manually checking that everything was assembled correctly afterward. (azolifesciences.com)
Led by genomicist Arang Rhie from the US National Human Genome Research Institute, the aptly named Telomere-to-Telomere consortium used advanced sequencing techniques and newly developed bioinformatic algorithms to stitch long stretches of DNA together, finally mapping the Y chromosome in full. (extension13.com)
A new era of personalized medicine beckons if sequencing technologies keep advancing, allowing whole genomes - not just select sections - to be sequenced cheaply. (extension13.com)
But genome sequencing could exacerbate healthcare disparities if historical injustices and the lack of diversity in research studies aren't resolved. (extension13.com)

Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these sequences entered the primate genome over 40 million years ago. (virology.ws)
Analyses of these interactions has previously been limited, obscuring their regulatory context, and the extent to which they occur throughout the genome. (elifesciences.org)
We study how aneuploidy affects the transcriptome and proteome as well as the role of chromatin architecture in in the context of aneuploidy, using NGS-based methods as well as cytogenetic analyses of chromosomes. (lu.se)

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is reduced by half: a cell with 46 chromosomes produces four gametes, each containing just 23 chromosomes, one from each pair. (eogn.com)
One exception to this is the gametes (sex cells) -eggs and sperm - these contain one chromosome from each pair (half the amount). (familyeducation.com)

The horse genome was first sequenced in 2006. (wikipedia.org)
The horse genome is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome. (wikipedia.org)
Mapping the horse genome may also assist in the development of expression arrays to improve treatment of equine lameness, lung disease, reproduction, and immunology. (wikipedia.org)
One result of the mapping of the horse genome was locating the mutation that creates the Leopard complex (Lp) spotting pattern seen in breeds such as the Appaloosa. (wikipedia.org)

The full Y chromosome sequence "fills in gaps across more than 50% of the Y chromosome's length, [and] uncovers important genomic features with implications for fertility, such as factors in sperm production," SciTechDaily noted. (darkdaily.com)
The more detailed information provided by the new Y reference sequence will make it easier to study conditions and disorders linked to the chromosome, such as lack of sperm production that leads to infertility. (cnn.com)
When the egg and sperm (each with 23 chromosomes) then fuse during reproduction , an embryo with a complete set of 46 chromosomes is formed. (eogn.com)
This means that each egg and sperm produced has a different mixture of chromosomes from the parent. (familyeducation.com)
Biological men are XY, so sperm can either carry an X or Y chromosome. (familyeducation.com)

We resolve chromosomal sequences and infer sex chromosome-specific parasite genes and new potential drug targets. (nature.com)
In these couples, this protocol significantly increased the diagnostic yield of chromosomal abnormalities per couple (11.7%) in comparison to chromosome analysis (8.0%, chi-square test p = 0.000751). (ku.dk)

Chromosomes all contain sections of very repetitive DNA, but well over half of the Y chromosome is like that," said study co-author Justin Zook, who leads NIST's Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) consortium. (nist.gov)
While GIAB has not yet produced a benchmark for the Y chromosome specifically, the consortium has studied one genome extensively, accumulating the largest collection of Y chromosome data prior to the new study. (nist.gov)
Genome Insider: A Shrubbier Version of Rubber Hear from the consortium working on understanding the guayule plant's genome, which could lead to an improved natural rubber plant. (doe.gov)

Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements in mammalian genomes. (virology.ws)
Filoviruses are ancient and integrated into mammalian genomes. (virology.ws)

Decoding the white shark genome is providing science with a new set of keys to unlock lingering mysteries about these feared and misunderstood predators - why sharks have thrived for some 500 million years, longer than almost any vertebrate on earth" said Dr. Salvador Jorgensen, a Senior Research Scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, who co-authored the study. (zmescience.com)
Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes. (virology.ws)
Sequences from ancestral single-stranded DNA viruses in vertebrate genomes: the parvoviridae and circoviridae are more than 40 to 50 million years old. (virology.ws)

Chromosomes are structured such that domains with a similar chromatin signature cluster spatially, a phenomenon first appreciated by traditional microscopy studies. (biomedcentral.com)
The work should be of interest to colleagues in the fields of evolutionary biology, chromatin biology and genome biology. (elifesciences.org)

Here we test this model using whole genome and transcriptome resequencing data in the guppy, a model for sexual selection with many Y-linked colour traits. (nature.com)

In an elegant process called meiosis, each sex cell receives one member of each chromosome pair-23 total. (learner.org)
Evo2 simulates every natural process from mate selection to DNA packaging and complete meiosis (cell division that reduces chromosomes by half). (modulusfe.com)

Therefore, in this system, current models of sex chromosome evolution predict that recombination would be selected against between the sex determining locus and linked loci involved in colouration. (nature.com)
This process would shrink the pseudoautosomal region in favour of expanding X- and Y-specific regions, creating a male supergene on the Y chromosome containing multiple colouration loci and thereby resolving sexually antagonistic selection. (nature.com)
The P. knowlesi parasite has a ≈25 megabase genome of 14 chromosomes ( 11 , 12 ), haploid in blood stage infections and recombining in a brief diploid stage after male and female parasites mate in the mosquito vector, so informative studies require analysis of loci throughout the genome. (cdc.gov)
Here, we identified loci associated to multi-environmental yield-related traits under stripe rust stress in 244 wheat accessions from Sichuan Province through genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 44,059 polymorphic markers from the 55 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful tool to identify loci associated to target traits based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) using natural populations. (biomedcentral.com)
Whole genome QTL scanning of three families with approximately 270 informative microsatellite loci per family spaced at an average interval size smaller than or equal to 10cM along the rainbow trout chromosomes was conducted. (usda.gov)
A genome-wide quantitative trait loci (QTL) scan was performed on 383 offspring from 12 half-sib families. (nih.gov)

It is the first time scientists have written a eukaryotic genome from scratch. (manchester.ac.uk)

Scientists have engineered a chromosome entirely from scratch that will contribute to the production of the world's first synthetic yeast. (manchester.ac.uk)
They're found throughout most of the world's oceans, grow up to half the length of a bus, have more than 300 razor-sharp, triangular teeth arranged in seven rows, can detect a seal from two miles away, and are the top of the food chain. (zmescience.com)

My genome is very similar to every other person's, but it is not identical to anyone's. (3quarksdaily.com)
Even though half of a person's genes come from each parent, some traits are more likely to be inherited from the mother or father . (familyeducation.com)
The baby's parents, in turn, inherited half of their genes from each of their own parents so one-quarter of each person's genes, therefore, come from their grandparents. (familyeducation.com)

Viewed on the iPad, my genome sequence consists of two similar but not identical, parallel lines of the letters, one from each chromosome. (3quarksdaily.com)
Normally, each pair consists of one chromosome from the mother and one from the father. (msdmanuals.com)

Decoding the white shark's genome is a great breakthrough that will help conserve the species. (zmescience.com)
All endemic human malaria parasite species originated as zoonotic crossover infections from nonhuman primates ( 1 - 3 ) and now cause approximately half a million human deaths annually ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Sometimes enough molecules survive so that the full genome sequence of extinct species can be resurrected. (wun.ac.uk)

The sex chromosomes of the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) have been of interest for more than a century, following early reports that many sexually selected colour traits are passed through the patriline on the Y chromosome 8 , 9 . (nature.com)
On each chromosome are regions, DNA sequences, that code for the proteins that determine our traits. (familyeducation.com)

Disease-linked genes on this chromosome include those for colorectal cancer, basal cell carcinoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, salt-resistant hypertension and a type of dwarfism. (sciencedaily.com)

The latter half of 2022 was characterized by the circulation of sublineages of BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 (e.g. (cdc.gov)

Diploid (2n): 2 sets of chromosomes. (mindmeister.com)

The $15 million project was funded by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (wikipedia.org)

We show that stable 3D genome structure is an effective tool to guide searches for regulatory elements and, conversely, that regulatory elements in genetically diverse populations provide a means to infer 3D genome structure. (elifesciences.org)

A machine-learning analysis tool and gamut of other advanced programs helped the team identify and assemble the pieces of the chromosome. (nist.gov)
Why was a complete sequence of the Y chromosome difficult to assemble? (azolifesciences.com)
Likewise, it is also very hard to assemble parts of a chromosome that are very similar to each other, and the Y chromosome is filled with these types of sequences. (azolifesciences.com)

All involved in this great international labor of discovery are tremendously excited, delighted, and even a little surprised, by how swiftly it is now racing towards its wonderful, revolutionizing goals," said Dr. Elbert Branscomb, director of the Joint Genome Institute and chief scientist for the Energy Department's human genome program. (sciencedaily.com)

When you find variation that you haven't seen before, the hope is always that those genomic variants will be important for understanding human health," said Adam Phillippy, PhD, a senior investigator and head of the Genome Informatics Section at the National Human Genome Research Institute, in a press release. (darkdaily.com)
Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions. (tum.de)

Recently, genes on the Y chromosome have been implicated in aggressive forms of common cancers in men, while Y chromosome loss has been found to drive the growth of bladder cancers . (extension13.com)

Sex chromosomes evolve once recombination is halted between a homologous pair of chromosomes. (nature.com)
The dominant model of sex chromosome evolution posits that recombination is suppressed between emerging X and Y chromosomes in order to resolve sexual conflict. (nature.com)
Sex chromosomes are typically thought to evolve as recombination is halted between a homologous pair of chromosomes in one sex. (nature.com)
Although we have a detailed understanding of the evolutionary consequences of the loss of recombination for sex chromosome evolution 1 , 2 , we still do not understand the evolutionary forces acting to halt recombination in the first place. (nature.com)
Thanks to the randomness of chromosome segregation and a process called recombination, siblings' genomes are not always 50 percent the same. (eogn.com)
In all cases, recombination could lead to integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome. (virology.ws)

The evolutionary origin of this horse, which shows striking physical differences compared to domesticated horses, as well as an extra-pair of chromosomes, remained a mystery. (wun.ac.uk)

Here, we review current insights into the trans-acting factors that enable the genome to flexibly adopt different functionally relevant conformations. (biomedcentral.com)

The Y chromosome was a particularly hard nut to crack because it is unusually repetitive. (cnn.com)
The Y chromosome contains lots of repetitive sequences - including a few long palindromes - that have made it largely 'unreadable' until now. (extension13.com)

Such sequences are highly mutated and typically comprise only fragments of the viral genome, and therefore cannot give rise to infectious virus. (virology.ws)

Details about the chromosomes' draft sequence are expected to be published this summer as part of scientific articles describing the entire draft sequence. (sciencedaily.com)
The first draft of the human genome was published nearly a decade ago. (bbc.co.uk)
The publication of the first draft of the human genome in 2000 was quite different. (bbc.co.uk)
We produced a 75.2-Mb high-quality draft genome assembly from a clinically isolated adult male T. trichiura using Illumina technology. (nature.com)
We knew we had an incomplete picture up until now," says John Hopkins University computational biologist Rajiv McCoy in what could be considered a slight understatement, given the previous draft of the Y chromosome was missing more than half of its bases. (extension13.com)

Nevertheless, more than half of the Y chromosome sequence was still unknown until the new findings from the T2T study, SciTechDaily reported. (darkdaily.com)
Even though the guppy sex chromosomes are a classic model for the study of sexual conflict and sex chromosome divergence, little is actually known about the pattern of divergence between the X and Y chromosomes. (nature.com)
Our study identified 10 genomic regions affecting the average fibre diameter, coefficient of variation of the average fibre diameter, percentage of fibres with diameters over 30 µm, greasy fleece weight, staple length, average curvature of fibres, percentage of continuous medullated fibres and percentage of kemp fibres located on five goat chromosomes (1, 2, 5, 13 and 19). (cambridge.org)
The objective of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with BCWD resistance and spleen size using both genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and QTL mapping approaches. (usda.gov)
Consistent with our previous study, there was no spleen size QTL derived from the dam on chromosome Omy19 in mapping family 2012474. (usda.gov)

The human Y chromosome now has a full and complete sequence. (darkdaily.com)
In 1977, the first complete genome of an organism was sequenced. (darkdaily.com)
Complete Genomics, says it will sequence one thousand complete genomes between June 2009 and the end of the year and one million over five years. (bbc.co.uk)

This new analysis will allow us to better understand the regions of the Y chromosome that have regulatory functions and may encode mRNA and proteins. (cnn.com)
There were also striking structural differences: the precise sequences of genes were conserved (so they still encoded the right proteins) but sometimes larger sections of DNA were flipped, oriented in the opposite direction along the Y chromosome. (extension13.com)

Intra-tumor heterogeneity reflects cancer genome evolution and provides key information for diagnosis and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Ultimately, cancer genome evolution takes place at the single-cell level, and it is the cellular complexity and its dynamics that give rise to both intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. (biomedcentral.com)

A human sequence is about 6 billion nucleotides long, with half inherited from one parent and half from the other, and a few new mutations that arose on their own, probably less than 100. (3quarksdaily.com)

Anatomy59

Organisms7

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes179

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science10

Health Care1

Repeating sequences1

Reference genome10

Genetic36

Pairs21

Pair of sex chromosomes1

Researchers17

Sequence of the human genome2

Gene15

Entire genome7

Fully sequenced the Y chromosome1

Humans5

Whole chromosomes2

Homologous chromosomes1

Regions of the genome2

Nucleus2

Genes on chromosome2

Sequencing18

Analyses3

Gametes2

Horse genome4

Sperm5

Chromosomal2

Consortium3

Mammalian2

Vertebrate3

Chromatin2

Transcriptome1

Meiosis2

Loci7

Eukaryotic1

World's2

Person's3

Consists2

Species3

Traits2

Acute myelogen1

20221

Diploid1

NHGRI1

Infer1

Assemble3

Joint Genome In1

Variants2

Cancers1

Recombination6

Evolutionary1

Functionally1

Repetitive2

Typically1

Draft5

Study5

Complete3

Proteins2

Heterogeneity2

Mutations1