Genetically identical identical cells clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

It may occur accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers reported in Nature on November 22, 2007, that they successfully isolated 2 embryonic stem cell lines from cloned embryos made using cells from the skin of an adult rhesus macaque. (nih.gov)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (news-medical.net)
They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (news-medical.net)
These scientists destroyed the embryos and derived stem cell lines. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Most embryos…formed one or two pronuclei at the time of removal from TSA, whereas a slightly higher portion of embryos cleaved…suggesting that some SCNT embryos did not exhibit visible pronuclei at the time of examination… Most cleaved embryos developed to the eight-cell stage…but few progressed to compact morula…and blastocyst. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Activation of embryonic genes and transcription from the transplanted somatic cell nucleus are required for development of SCNT embryos beyond the eight-cell stage…Therefore, these results are consistent with the premise that our modified SCNT protocol supports reprogramming of human somatic cells to the embryonic state. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
A story in News.Com.Au-which runs stories from several Australian newspapers celebrates the cloning breakthrough because it means no embryos are used in the process! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
But it is an important step in research because it doesn't require the use of embryos in creating the type of stem cell capable of transforming into any other type of cell in the body. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The Los Angeles Times has waded in to the junk biology game, assuring us that no embryos are threatened in human cloning-WHEN THE WHOLE POINT OF HUMAN CLONING IS TO CREATE AN EMBRYO! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The end may be in sight for the debate over "harvesting" human embryos for their stem-cells in the pursuit of possible medical cures. (stanguthrie.com)
Apparently adult stem cells--those cells gotten from human body tissues and not embryos--have the potential to be just as versatile for medical research as ESCs--but without the need to kill nascent human life. (stanguthrie.com)
What these scientists can now do is essentially to take any type of cell and turn it into the equivalent of an embryonic stem cell-without needing embryos or egg cells. (stanguthrie.com)
Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D. C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. (benjaminbarber.org)
Shannon Brownlee of U. S. News & World Report writes, "Hall and other scientists split single humans embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a Pandora's box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world" (24). (benjaminbarber.org)
They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enough, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. (benjaminbarber.org)
Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of thirty-two cells each (Brownlee 24). (benjaminbarber.org)
Cloning embryos is different from the genetic process of in vitro fertilization, but still holds many similarities with it. (benjaminbarber.org)

It may also be part of asexual reproduction, which is a process where a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring by itself. (wikipedia.org)
If artificial cloning and natural cloning both lead to the same result, which is the formation of a clone, that is, an organism with identical or nearly identical genes to another organism, then the plight of This creation is very different between the two creatures. (wikipedia.org)
When a male gamete and a female gamete come together, they form a two-cell organism called a diploid. (doterra.com)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
Each of these infectious diseases is designated by the major target cell: human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by an E. equi -like organism. (cdc.gov)
These stem cells are genetically matched to the donor organism, holding promise for studying genetic disease. (eurostemcell.org)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
Producing genetically identical copies of a cell, organism, or DNA molecule. (freezingblue.com)
A cloned embryo-like a natural embryo-is an individual organism, a member of its (in this case, human) species. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Each cell in a sheep (or a human) - bone cells, liver cells, and so on, contains all the DNA information required to 'spell out' the development of the complete adult organism. (creation.com)
Such 'adult' cloning means one can first see what the adult organism is like before cloning. (creation.com)
Totipotency is the ability of a cell to grow into a complete organism. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
DNA is extracted from an organism by breaking its cells, separation of nuclei and rupturing of nuclear envelope. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
The various clones representing all the genes of an organism are called gene library of that organism. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Through reproductive cloning, a new multicellular organism is created, genetically identical to another. (listverse.com)
Microenvironment -The molecules and compounds such as nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding a cell in an organism or in the laboratory, which are important in determining the characteristicsof the cell. (cellmedicine.com)
What surprises many people is that every body cell of an animal - indeed, of any multicellular organism - carries its entire genome. (learner.org)
If it doesn't, daughter cells won't form properly (or at all) and this may have a negative impact on the entire organism. (learner.org)
This is important because male and female sex cells ultimately join to become a fertilized egg, which gives rise to a new organism, or offspring. (learner.org)
Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. (ivy-way.com)
A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA, taken from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher organism, that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloningpurposes. (fullsportpress.net)
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially. (fullsportpress.net)
Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell , the organism (e.g. dominance ), and within the context of a population. (alquds.edu)
The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription. (alquds.edu)

Test 2 Study GuideLecture 11: Sexual ReproductionConcepts- Know that asexual reproduction results in genetically Identical offspring- Know that asexual reproduction is genetically the same as cloning. (gradebuddy.com)
With asexual reproduction brewers can genetically modify the yeasts in search of a new/better taste and then reproduce them to the trillions needed without variation occurring. (woodstock-online.com)
So here we summarize references that address this matter for both sexual (fertilization) and asexual (twinning, cloning, etc.) human reproduction. (americanrtl.org)
Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. (listverse.com)

In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg cell divide into a blastocyst ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
After many divisions in culture, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original donor who provided the adult cell - a genetic clone. (eurostemcell.org)
To produce Dolly, the cloned blastocyst was transferred into the womb of a recipient ewe, where it developed and when born quickly became the world's most famous lamb. (eurostemcell.org)
In therapeutic cloning, the blastocyst is not transferred to a womb. (eurostemcell.org)
Instead, embryonic stem cells are isolated from the cloned blastocyst. (eurostemcell.org)
A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
Usually all plants are totipotent but in animals only fertilized egg (zygote) and stem cells in the embryonic blastocyst are totipotent. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Blastocyst -A preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells. (cellmedicine.com)
The blastocyst consists of a sphere made up of an outer layer of cells (the trophectoderm), a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel), and a cluster of cells on the interior (the inner cell mass). (cellmedicine.com)
Human embryonic stem cell -A type of pluripotent stem cell derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (cellmedicine.com)
Inner cell mass -The cluster of cells inside the blastocyst. (cellmedicine.com)

Successful somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) depends on the quality, availability and maturation of the animal's unfertilized oocytes. (nature.com)
Figure 1: Dog cloned by somatic-cell nuclear transfer. (nature.com)
The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
In 1996, Dolly the sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. (bartleby.com)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (news-medical.net)
The first cloned monkeys made with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were born recently, according to Chinese scientists. (bioedge.org)
As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)

Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques. (wikipedia.org)
The main difference between the two is that natural cloning does not involve any human intervention, whereas artificial cloning is a genetic engineering technique. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information. (proprofs.com)
It is a genetic disorder that results from a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. (proprofs.com)
A third view says that cloning will provide for the possibility of improvement by giving birth to children who are free of birth defects, because when any two people create a child through sex there is the possibility for genetic defects. (bartleby.com)
However, since clones are the exact replicas of someone already alive, their genetic dispositions will have already surfaced. (bartleby.com)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
After the birth of Dolly in 1996, the first successfully cloned mammal, excitement filled the scientific community and led to further investigation and development in the field of genetic engineering (Kolata, 1997). (umass.edu)
Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
From that moment forward, nearly all cells in that body have the same genetic makeup. (wptv.com)
When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. (wptv.com)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
Dr Mu-ming Poo, co-author of the research and director of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Neuroscience, says that a population of genetically identical monkeys will be very useful for genetic research and drug development. (bioedge.org)
Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
there is no genetic variability between the parent cell or daughter cell12. (gradebuddy.com)
Now cloning could boost their genetic diversity. (snexplores.org)
Elizabeth Ann is a clone who brings much-needed genetic diversity to her endangered species. (snexplores.org)
Without it yeast could not reproduce with an identical genetic make up and without the identical genetic make up brewers could not control the taste of the quality of their beer. (woodstock-online.com)
Before each cell division a copy of each chromosome is made so that each cell has exactly the same genetic information. (woodstock-online.com)
Clone' means a creature which is an exact genetic 'carbon copy' of another. (creation.com)
DNA cloning has been used in genetic engineering to create plants that offer better nutritional value. (thehealthboard.com)
DNA cloning is being used in gene therapy to create new treatments for genetic disorders. (thehealthboard.com)
Cloning DNA is helpful in getting an insight into an organism's genetic make-up and how this affects and influences the organism's life processes. (thehealthboard.com)
Unlike normal cancers, these cells don't share the same genetic code of the animals they infect. (popsci.com)
But when Murchison sequenced the tumor cells, their genetic makeup didn't match the DNA of their hosts. (popsci.com)
M13 phage has been variously modified to give rise to a MP13 mp series of cloning vectors which can be used for cloning of a wide variety of DNA fragments DNA cloning is an experimental technique that produces identical copies of DNA genetic code sequences. (fullsportpress.net)
Furthermore, because of the antigenic and genetic diversity of 'Norwalk-like viruses'* (NLVs) and the inability to cultivate these viruses in cell lines, developing assays to detect the full spectrum of NLVs associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis was not possible. (cdc.gov)

Researchers have been hoping to harness the therapeutic potential of cloning ever since the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. (nih.gov)
When an embryo like this is implanted into a uterus, as with Dolly, the process is called reproductive cloning. (nih.gov)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
In fact, one of the coauthors of the paper announcing Dolly worked in our laboratory for three years prior to going to Scotland to help create the famous clone. (wptv.com)
Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)
Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)
This has led to a lot of interest in SCNT, which is best known as the method used to pioneer whole animal cloning technology, such as Dolly the sheep. (news-medical.net)
Whereas, cloning à la Dolly means using the DNA information from an adult creature to direct the development through to birth of a genetically identical, though younger, individual. (creation.com)
Dolly is not the first reported mammalian clone, but the first one which involved neither forced 'twinning' of an embryo, or implanting an embryonic nucleus. (creation.com)
Sheep Dolly is a clone of its mother. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Ian Wilmut, the cloning pioneer whose research was critical to the creation of Dolly the Sheep, has died, the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh said Monday. (wgnradio.com)
LONDON (AP) - Ian Wilmut, the cloning pioneer whose work was critical to the creation of Dolly the Sheep in 1996, has died at age 79. (wgnradio.com)
Dolly also spurred questions about the potential cloning of humans and extinct species. (wgnradio.com)
He said the legacy of Wilmut's work in cloning Dolly continues to be seen. (wgnradio.com)

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. (wikipedia.org)
In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. (wikipedia.org)
Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
It is a method that involves the production of a group of identical cells or organisms that all derive from a single individual (Grolier 220). (benjaminbarber.org)
The resulting clones are genetically identical organisms containing the recombinant DNA. (thehealthboard.com)
Sex cells, or gametes, are unique to organisms that reproduce sexually. (learner.org)
According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. (ivy-way.com)
Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. (ivy-way.com)
Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. (ivy-way.com)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cells or DNA fragments (molecular cloning). (fullsportpress.net)

For SCNT, the chromosomes of the unfertilized canine oocytes were removed by micromanipulation, and a single donor cell was transferred into each enucleated oocyte. (nature.com)
The use of embryonic stem cells, which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research has attracted controversy. (wikipedia.org)
Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
SCNT is a method of cloning mammalian cells that can be used to create personalized embryonic stem cells from an adult animal or human. (news-medical.net)
But SCNT can also be used to clone human cells for transplant or other therapies. (news-medical.net)
This was the first successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into embryonic stem cells using a cloning technique, SCNT. (news-medical.net)
Another successful attempt at human SCNT was made using cells from two adult males. (news-medical.net)
Although Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, two genetically identical long-tailed macaques, are not the world's first cloned monkeys, they are the first to be born using SCNT. (bioedge.org)
The first successful SCNT monkey clones immediately sparked interest in in the dream of human cloning. (bioedge.org)
Once the SCNT is done, the cloning is over. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The cloning is completed when the SCNT is accomplished. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

The team that isolated the embryonic stem cell lines was led by Dr. Shoukhrat Mitalipov at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. (nih.gov)
The stem cells, the researchers showed, could turn into heart or nerve cells in the laboratory, and had other characteristics of established embryonic stem cell lines. (nih.gov)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
In my opinion there is no question but that the scientific information on stem cell research included in this science text book being used in Illinois schools incorporates some inaccurate scientific facts, and seems to be very partial to the use of human embryonic "stem cell" research. (lifeissues.net)
To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (news-medical.net)
The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (news-medical.net)
Embryonic stem cell line -Embryonic stem cells, which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years. (cellmedicine.com)
We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. (harvard.edu)
The resulting group of genetically identical cells (called a clone) produces a large quantity. (msdmanuals.com)

The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning In the year that has elapsed since the announcement of Dolly's birth, there has been much discussion of the ethical implications of cloning humans. (bartleby.com)
However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. (bartleby.com)
In most countries, it is illegal to attempt reproductive cloning in humans. (eurostemcell.org)
There is now no barrier for cloning primate species, thus cloning humans is closer to reality. (bioedge.org)
Cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society than it was twenty years ago. (benjaminbarber.org)
It is not known when or how cloning humans really became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone humans. (benjaminbarber.org)
There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)
Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. (benjaminbarber.org)
Common answers to the puzzling questions about humans and cloning are still trying to be answered today, and scientists and the public are eager to learn all they can about cloning. (benjaminbarber.org)
For humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. (learner.org)
Humans have genetically determined differences in their N-acetyltransferase activities and are phenotypically classified as rapid or slow acetylators. (cdc.gov)

That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
So when I was recently contacted by an earnest and amiable member of a local school board who was concerned about the questionable manner in which the issue of "stem cell" research - both human embryonic and adult - was presented to the high school students in his district in a currently-used science textbook, I agreed to evaluate that section in the text for him. (lifeissues.net)
My edited analysis of the section on "stem cell research" in this science textbook is copied below. (lifeissues.net)
What is cloning, and what does it have to do with stem cell research? (eurostemcell.org)
This form of cloning is unrelated to stem cell research. (eurostemcell.org)
US researchers have reported a breakthrough in stem cell research, describing how they have turned human skin cells into embryonic stem cells for the first time. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
These moral perils are surely not a reason to oppose adult stem cell research, which deserves vigorous and expanded public support. (eppc.org)
Let us look at a precursory innovation such as stem cell research. (etalkinghead.com)

Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Two separate research teams have figured out how to "reprogram" cells with just a handful of genes to give them the characteristics of embryonic stem cells. (nih.gov)
The egg then "reprograms" the adult nucleus so that the cell behaves like an embryo but has the genes of the adult cell. (nih.gov)
Instead, it supports the idea that cells differentiate through the collective behavior of multiple genes in a network that ultimately leads to just a few endpoints -- just as a marble on a hilltop can travel a nearly infinite number of downward paths, only to arrive in the same valley. (sciencedaily.com)
Again, they found tremendous variability within the apparently uniform cell population: more than 3,900 genes were differentially expressed (turned "on" or "off") between the low- and high-Sca-1 cells. (sciencedaily.com)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
Plasmids are sometimes called plasmid vectors due to their ability to transfer the genes they contain from one cell to another. (freezingblue.com)
The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
In the nucleus of each body cell, DNA is organized into chromosomes, which exist as chromosome pairs - with each member of a pair carrying the same set of genes. (learner.org)
Cells end up being different from one another because different genes within the genome direct their development. (learner.org)
Recently, two N-acetyltransferase genes, Nat-1 and Nat-2, were cloned from rapid (C57BL/6J) and slow (A/J) acetylator mouse strains. (cdc.gov)
In this report, the N-acetylation polymorphism in mice was investigated by transiently expressing the cloned N-acetyltransferase genes in COS-1 cells. (cdc.gov)
Cloning is the method of producing identical genes through different procedures. (fullsportpress.net)
Method of gene cloning is useful in studying the structure and function of genes in detail. (fullsportpress.net)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

A technological 'world first' happened when Scottish scientists recently performed the world's first true 'cloning' of a mammal. (creation.com)

General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)
WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)

1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
Another similar attempt was performed in 2011 when scientists from the Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine cloned the near-extinct Esfahan Mouflon. (umass.edu)
Scientists have used cloning technology to transform human skin cells into embryonic stem cells, an experiment that may revive the controversy over human cloning. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The method described on Wednesday by Oregon State University scientists in the journal Cell, would not likely be able to create human clones, said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, senior scientist at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)
These scientists experimented eagerly in aims of learning how to clone human. (benjaminbarber.org)
The lamb's cloning was the first time scientists were able to coax a mature adult cell into behaving like a cell from a newly fertilized embryo in order to create a genetically identical animal. (wgnradio.com)
Dolly's creation prompted other scientists to clone animals including dogs, cats, horses and bulls. (wgnradio.com)
In recent years, scientists have proposed bringing back the woolly mammoth by using a mix of gene editing and cloning. (wgnradio.com)
Dolly's creation was part of a broader project by scientists to create genetically modified sheep that could produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. (wgnradio.com)

Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning, a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. (wikipedia.org)
However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production, affinity tagging, single-stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools. (wikipedia.org)
Generation and characterization of infectious molecular clones of transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C viruses. (harvard.edu)
DNA cloning - also known as molecular cloning, gene cloning and recombinant DNA technology - refers to the process of creating multiple copies of an isolated DNA fragment or fragments by in vitro or in vivo methods. (thehealthboard.com)
The contributions in this book provide the reader with a perspective on how pervasive the applications of molecular cloning have become. (fullsportpress.net)
During the early 1990s, breakthroughs in cloning and sequencing of Norwalk virus and Southampton virus ( 15--18 ) led to the development of sensitive molecular assays (e.g., reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]), nucleotide hybridization probes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that used baculovirus-expressed viral antigens ( 19--33 ). (cdc.gov)

Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)

if a desirable animal was produced, they could thaw the frozen cells and make more copies. (wptv.com)
Clone is, therefore, an exact carbon copy or copies of a single living parent. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cell cloning is the formation of multiple copies of the same cell. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cloning forms millions of copies of the same microbe. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cancer stems from mutated cells continually making copies of themselves inside an individual. (popsci.com)

Retrieved on December 04, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cloning-Human-Cells.aspx. (news-medical.net)

A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
4]Ethical = yeast reproduces asexually, this means there is no variation, every cell is exactly the same unless a mutation occurs. (woodstock-online.com)
Cloning occurs naturally in asexually reproducing mi-crobes and vegetatively multiplying plants. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Body cell reproduction thus occurs throughout an animal's life span and is the dominant form of cell reproduction during a life cycle. (learner.org)
Before the first occurs, all of the chromosomes are duplicated just as they are in body cell reproduction, but what happens next is different: the two duplicated strands remain attached to each other as the members of each chromosome pair move alongside each other. (learner.org)
Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells. (ivy-way.com)

the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytesAlternation of Generations:Animals are composed of almost entirely diploid, somatic cells. (gradebuddy.com)
Asexually reproducing lower animals like Amoeba proteus also produces clones. (yourarticlelibrary.com)

In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)

Cloning has been proposed as a means of reviving extinct species. (wikipedia.org)
depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (i.e. cloning soldiers for warfare). (wikipedia.org)
Cloning, the process of producing a genetically identical individual using the DNA of another individual, has been used over the past decade to revive extinct species. (umass.edu)
Another experiment, accomplished in 2009, was to clone the Bucardo, an extinct wild goat indigenous to mountainous regions of Spain. (umass.edu)
Cloning has been suggested as a method by which extinct human populations, like Neanderthals, could be revived. (thehealthboard.com)
How can DNA cloning be involved in resurrecting extinct species? (thehealthboard.com)

However, identical twins (whether occurring naturally, or as in the recent media report of 'human cloning', from manipulation during in vitro fertilization procedures) result from a 'doubling up' of the DNA information at a very early stage of development in the womb. (creation.com)

The findings, published in the May 22 issue of Nature, give a glimpse into how that collective behavior works, and show that cell populations maintain a built-in variability that nature can harness for change under the right conditions. (sciencedaily.com)
They began by examining populations of seemingly identical blood stem cells, and found that a cell marker of "stemness," a protein called Sca-1, was actually present in highly variable amounts from cell to cell -- in fact, they found a 1,000-fold range. (sciencedaily.com)
Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (harvard.edu)
Cell-based therapies -treatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or depleted adult cell populations or tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)

Not just bacteria, but also some of the plant, amphibian and reptile species reproduce in this way, by 'cloning' themselves without the need for both a mother and father. (creation.com)
How do body cells reproduce? (learner.org)

Nondisjunction in meiosis can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells, which is the cause of Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome. (proprofs.com)
7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
Diploid-a cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n chromosomes) 3. (gradebuddy.com)
In terms of chromosome pairs, all animals of the same type are alike - that is, their body cells contain the same number and arrangement of chromosomes. (learner.org)
When this happens, it is necessary to pass the entire genome to the resulting two daughter cells in order to ensure that each gets a complete set of chromosomes. (learner.org)
Prior to cell division, all of the chromosomes of the parent cell duplicate. (learner.org)
Cloning vectors in yeast include yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). (fullsportpress.net)

Plant cell has the ability of forming whole fertile plant which is called 'totipotency', under in vitro culture conditions. (intechopen.com)
Many sources state that cloning is just simply an extension of in vitro fertilization, but the root of cloning goes further than that. (benjaminbarber.org)
Cell culture -Growth of cells in vitro on an artificial medium for experimental research. (cellmedicine.com)
These results suggest that B. miyamotoi remains genetically stable when cultured and passaged in vitro. (cdc.gov)

This question had been asked by embryologists since 1886 ( Rauber, 1886 ), and Spemann ( Spemann, 1938 ) had demonstrated by an egg ligation experiment that the nuclei of an eight-cell frog embryo are developmentally totipotent. (biologists.com)
Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. (ivy-way.com)

Cloning entails taking the nucleus - the compartment that contains the DNA - from an adult cell and putting it into an egg from which the original nucleus has been removed. (nih.gov)
After being inserted into the egg, the adult cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the host cell. (eurostemcell.org)
For example, stem cells could be generated using the nuclear transfer process described above, with the donor adult cell coming from a patient with diabetes or Alzheimer's. (eurostemcell.org)
Embryonic stem cells are immortal, and have the potential to develop into any type of adult cell, even after months growing in culture dishes. (news-medical.net)
The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)

The experiment resulted in the birth of a Bucardo that was genetically identical to the donor cell. (umass.edu)
Those were spindle removal, donor cell fusion, and cytoplast activation. (news-medical.net)
Gene cloning involves separation of specific gene or DNA fragments from a donor cell, attaching it to small carrier molecule called vector and then replicating this recombinant vector into a host cell. (fullsportpress.net)

Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)

Cloning is of several types-cell cloning, gene cloning, microbial cloning, plant cloning and animal cloning. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
6/3/2017 · Gene cloning- Steps involved in gene cloning Gene cloning. (fullsportpress.net)
10/21/2011 · What is the application of gene cloning in The chimeric DNA or rDNA formed by cloning is stable and can be used to propagate and sequence the DNA. (fullsportpress.net)
Gene Cloning and Its Medical Uses Qasim Munye 18th September 2014 Respond In its simplest form, for example in the treatment of single gene (monogenic) disorders, gene therapy can be considered the replacement of a defective gene in an individual with a functional "wild type" version of the gene to reverse the pathology. (fullsportpress.net)

i) Multiplication of cells having rDNA (recombinant DNA) and obtaining the required product like enzyme, hormone, antibody, etc. in good quantity, e.g., insulin, monoclonal antibodies. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
The transfected cells are cultured and proliferation of the recombinant DNA takes place. (thehealthboard.com)

Plant tissue culture includes techniques to propagate plants via somatic cells by using small parts called as explant on artificial growth mediums under sterile conditions. (intechopen.com)
Cell culture flasks used to propagate stem cells. (nih.gov)

After the two parts are joined, the plasmid with the DNA insert is inserted into host bacterial or mammalian cells. (thehealthboard.com)

This Iranian wild sheep was cloned using the same method as Folch et al. (umass.edu)
She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)
They put the nucleus of one (mammary) cell from an adult sheep, A, containing its DNA information, into an egg cell from another sheep, B, which first had its nucleus (with its DNA) removed. (creation.com)
This one cell could then start to grow and divide in the womb of another sheep, C, as if it were a fertilized egg. (creation.com)
Notice that you need the machinery in the egg cell from B to express the information from sheep A. Thus, Jurassic Park's becoming a reality would require not just a complete, uncorrupted batch of dino DNA, but also a live egg from a female dinosaur! (creation.com)
Wilmut set off a global discussion about the ethics of cloning when he announced that his team at the university's Roslin Institute for animal biosciences had cloned a lamb using the nucleus of a cell from an adult sheep. (wgnradio.com)

It is possible to clone entire gene fragments, random portions of DNA fragments or specific DNA sequences. (thehealthboard.com)
Inclusion of a polylinker in a plasmid vector thus permits cloning of restriction fragments generated by cleavage of DNA with multiple different restriction enzymes. (fullsportpress.net)

In a similar way, identical twins, which each carry the same DNA information, are constructed virtually alike as far as their physical characteristics are concerned. (creation.com)
Every parent of identical twins knows, however, that each is a unique human being. (creation.com)
Monozy-gotic identical twins are also clones as they are formed by split up of the early 2 or more celled embryo into two equal parts. (yourarticlelibrary.com)

Zygote: the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization7. (gradebuddy.com)

In order to accomplish this, the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and private organizations should provide funds for cloning-based conservation programs to repopulate endangered species that cannot be saved through traditional conservation methods. (umass.edu)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
And more than a dozen strains of cancerous cells drift in seawater , infecting several species of mussels and clams. (popsci.com)

Although the simple use of the word 'clone' may have negative connotations, many people have resigned themselves to the idea of cloning cows that produce more milk or using a cloned mouse for use in controlled experimentation. (bartleby.com)
Unlike some movies, cloning in real life doesn't produce a full grown exact replica of someone. (bartleby.com)
The parent's cells divide and produce offspring that are genetically identical to itself. (doterra.com)
When the cloning process is used in this way, to produce a living duplicate of an existing animal, it is commonly called reproductive cloning. (eurostemcell.org)
That way when these so-called haploid cells come together at fertilization, they produce one cell with the full complement of DNA. (wptv.com)
in which abnormal plasma cells multiply and produce excessive amounts of an antibody that damages organs. (msdmanuals.com)
More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell, usually an egg or sperm, that combines with another gamete to produce a diploid zygote during sexual reproduction6. (gradebuddy.com)
A multicellular diploid plant (a sporophyte) will produce haploid cells called spores through meiosis. (gradebuddy.com)
They produce clones. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
A number of celltypes come from mesenchymal stem cells, includingchondrocytes, which produce cartilage. (cellmedicine.com)
This signal results in the generation of B-cell clones that produce antibodies against antigens located at the basement membrane zone (BMZ), initiating a type II Gell and Coombs hypersensitivity reaction. (medscape.com)

Coined by Herbert J. Webber, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. (wikipedia.org)
In particular, the efficiency of the process will have to be improved before the technique could be applied in the clinic using human cells. (nih.gov)
This process allows people to clone living things of any sort. (bartleby.com)
The findings also help explain why the process of differentiating stem cells into specific lineages in the laboratory has been highly inefficient. (sciencedaily.com)
We can use this process to clone the last male White rhino to create a male that would successfully mate with the remaining females, and thus resolve the captive breeding issue. (umass.edu)
After that, the question becomes not whether to clone, but what to do with the embryo that was created through the cloning process. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
This continuous process allows a population of cells to increase in number or maintain its numbers. (cellmedicine.com)
Differentiation -The process whereby an unspecialized early embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. (cellmedicine.com)
It is critical that this orderly and precise process happens every time a body cell divides. (learner.org)
After that first body cell forms, body cell reproduction is the process by which animals grow and develop, and by which new cells are produced and worn-out cells replaced. (learner.org)
In an elegant process called meiosis, each sex cell receives one member of each chromosome pair-23 total. (learner.org)
The process involves two cell divisions. (learner.org)

Artificial cloning has been achieved in higher animals. (yourarticlelibrary.com)

Yet, in both experiments, all three groups of cells retained characteristics of stem cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Thus, one could know the characteristics of the animal being cloned. (wptv.com)
Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
The insertion of the fragment into the cloning vector is carried out by treating the vehicle and the foreign DNA with a restriction enzyme that creates the same … 6/5/2017 · Cloning vector-characteristics and types Cloning vector. (fullsportpress.net)
Characteristics of a cloning vectors. (fullsportpress.net)
6/5/2017 · Cloning vector-characteristics and types Cloning vector. (fullsportpress.net)

The work in this paper is not a stepping stone to establishing methods for obtaining live born human clones," commented Professor Robin Lovell-Badge, of the Francis Crick Institute, in London. (bioedge.org)

Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Positional cloning of a gene involved in the pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome. (medscape.com)

The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (news-medical.net)

The resulting cells were pluripotent and could be differentiated into insulin-producing beta cells to restore the function of the pancreas in the donor. (news-medical.net)
As if it were induced pluripotent stem cells, which really do turn skin into stem cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
And so by consensus, the new cells are being called induced pluripotent stem cells. (stanguthrie.com)
In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)
Feeder layer -Cells used in co-culture to maintain pluripotent stem cells. (cellmedicine.com)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

In this procedure, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced by the nucleus of a cell from another adult. (eurostemcell.org)

Sexual reproduction involves flowers, which house the plant's reproductive organs and are responsible for making the necessary cells and structures for new offspring. (doterra.com)
The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. (benjaminbarber.org)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)

This zygote then undergoes repeated cell division (cleavage) and slowly becomes a fetus, after undergoing blastulation and gastrulation. (gradebuddy.com)
Embryonic germ cells -Cells found in a specific part of the embryo/fetus called the gonadal ridge that normally develop into mature gametes. (cellmedicine.com)
These cells give rise to the embryonic disk of the later embryo and, ultimately, the fetus. (cellmedicine.com)

Among the obligately intracellular gram-negative bacteria, a genetically related set is classified among the Protobacteria of the subgroup on the basis of sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene ( 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
These bacteria have evolved in close association with ticks, mites, chiggers, fleas, other arthropods, and fish flukes into six genetically defined clusters ( 1 , 2 , 8 - 11 ) ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Medical Applications: In medicine, cloned bacteria plays important role for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones and antibiotics. (fullsportpress.net)

Anatomy31

Organisms21

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes72

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Embryos26

Organism26

Asexual4

Blastocyst11

Somatic cell16

Genetic33

Dolly17

Organisms13

SCNT11

Embryonic stem9

Group of genetically identical cells2

Humans11

Stem cell res8

Genes15

Mammal1

19972

Scientists12

Molecular7

Reproductive cloning of huma5

Copies5

20231

Occurs6

Produces2

Genomes2

Extinct6

Naturally1

Populations6

Reproduce2

Chromosomes8

Vitro4

Nuclei3

Adult cell5

Donor cell3

Embryo or fetus2

Gene Cloning4

Recombinant2

Propagate2

Mammalian cells1

Sheep6

Fragments2

Twins3

Diploid cell1

Species4

Produce13

Process12

Artificial1

Characteristics6

Human clones1

Positional2

Therapeutic potential1

Pluripotent6

Nucleus of a cell1

Involves3

Fetus3

Bacteria3