Genetically cloned embryos clone humans for reproductive. Medical search. Frequent questions

5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
Note that each and every individual "loophole" discussed below that permits human cloning by default (and most bills have literally dozens of such loopholes) thus permits it for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
Robert P. Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology claimed his project is "proof of the principle that 'therapeutic cloning' can work. (wnd.com)
Therapeutic cloning, known as "clone and kill" because the embryo is not transplanted into a surrogate mother for development, is favored by many scientists. (wnd.com)
Therapeutic cloning, as distinct from reproductive cloning, will lead to unprecedented medical advances, say researchers. (wnd.com)
The human embryo is cloned, then used only for research or therapeutic treatments. (wnd.com)
Sen. Sam Brownback, R-Kan., is the sponsor of a bill, S. 1899, that provides a comprehensive ban on human cloning, both "therapeutic" cloning and reproductive cloning. (wnd.com)
If the cloned human organism is to be experimented upon and destroyed, the process is often called "therapeutic cloning. (cbc-network.org)
3. With regard to human tissue cloning, Gregory Stock, a US biophysicist, states 'what real-world dangers do we face that might warrant so premature a repudiation of the therapeutic possibilities inherent in these scientific breakthroughs? (ethicalrights.com)
In therapeutic cloning, the blastocyst is not transferred to a womb. (eurostemcell.org)
Another long-term hope for therapeutic cloning is that it could be used to generate cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (eurostemcell.org)
To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
Chapter four is a brief diversion into "therapeutic cloning" - cloning to provide stem cells or even entire body parts. (blogspot.com)
What deserves greater attention, however, is therapeutic cloning, a (potential) cloning application considered far more important to the biomedical and scientific communities and one far more ethically challenging. (reasons.org)
1] Therapeutic cloning, on the other hand, creates human embryos merely as a source of embryonic stem cells. (reasons.org)
Crudely put, therapeutic cloning looks to generate human embryos solely for the body parts they can provide. (reasons.org)
If biotech scientists have the ability to manipulate the genes of an embryo or gamete cell for non-therapeutic purposes, it could be argued that these genetically modified cells are in fact patentable "inventions," given that the material was not, in that particular sequence, naturally occurring. (nyu.edu)
Therapeutic cloning refers to the production of embryonic stem cells for medicinal reasons, for example regenerative medicine and tissue replacement. (geminigenetics.com)
Therapeutic cloning involves the creation of an early-stage embryo (blastocyst) and the removal of stem cells from the developing embryo. (geminigenetics.com)
In that debate, it was helpful to draw a clear distinction between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. (oxplore.org)
Therapeutic cloning is utilising cloning for the understanding and treatment of human disease. (oxplore.org)
Importantly, therapeutic cloning research continued and ultimately contributed to the development of a new technology -induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology-that holds out immense promise as a way of developing stem cell treatments that are 'customised' to an individual patient and can be created without the destruction of human embryos. (oxplore.org)

A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
At that point - and this is important to understand - there is no more cloning to be done since a new human organism now exists. (cbc-network.org)
If the authors of this bill really meant what they appear to have written, their legislation would ban all human cloning, since as we have seen, biologically, a new human organism, that is, a new human being, comes into existence with the completion of SCNT. (cbc-network.org)
Or to put it the other way around, cloning, not implantation, is what produces a new and distinct human organism. (cbc-network.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
These stem cells are genetically matched to the donor organism, holding promise for studying genetic disease. (eurostemcell.org)
The new organism thus produced is genetically distinct from all other human beings and has embarked upon its own distinctive development. (actionlife.org)
This is cloning, a process in which the body cell that donated the replacement nucleus supplies the chromosomes of the new human organism. (actionlife.org)
Whether the new organism is produced by fertilization or by cloning, each new human organism is a distinct entity. (actionlife.org)
This is the most known form of cloning and involves creating a genetically identical replica of a whole organism. (geminigenetics.com)
The process of reproductive cloning involves the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from a donor organism to be cloned being transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus (genetic material) has been removed. (geminigenetics.com)

The object of reproductive cloning is to implant the cloned embryo into a surrogate mother and permit the human child to develop. (wnd.com)
The resulting embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother, resulting in the birth of an animal genetically identical to the body cell donor. (geminigenetics.com)

In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg cell divide into a blastocyst ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
After many divisions in culture, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original donor who provided the adult cell - a genetic clone. (eurostemcell.org)
To produce Dolly, the cloned blastocyst was transferred into the womb of a recipient ewe, where it developed and when born quickly became the world's most famous lamb. (eurostemcell.org)
Instead, embryonic stem cells are isolated from the cloned blastocyst. (eurostemcell.org)
A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)

Reproductive cloning provides options for people with mitochondrial disease and for couples where the male has no viable sperm to create a child genetically related to himself. (ethicalrights.com)
The egg is artificially stimulated to divide and behave in a similar way to an embryo fertilised by sperm. (eurostemcell.org)
Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)
Advances in the biotechnology industry have increased scientists' understanding of the human genome and enhanced their ability to genetically modify eggs, sperm, and human embryos. (nyu.edu)
Normally, the embryo comes into being through sexual conception, in which the female egg cell is fertilized by a male sperm cell. (actionlife.org)
During fertilization, the sperm s point of entry determines the future dorsal side (shaded) and ventral side (unshaded) of the embryo. (asu.edu)
The prospective ventral side of the embryo forms on the side where the sperm enters while the prospective dorsal side forms opposite the sperm s point of entry. (asu.edu)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. (bartleby.com)
Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)
Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)
The primary cloning technique is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT). (cbc-network.org)
This is junk biology since implanting isn't the act of asexual reproduction: SCNT cloning is. (cbc-network.org)
Dolly, named after country singer Dolly Parton, was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, using a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (cyprus-mail.com)
Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)

The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning In the year that has elapsed since the announcement of Dolly's birth, there has been much discussion of the ethical implications of cloning humans. (bartleby.com)
Several authors have attempted to outline some of the ethical objections to cloning while at the same time minimizing the role religion plays in this debate. (bartleby.com)
The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
This technique is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
It is the policy of Washington state that research involving the derivation and use of human embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, and human adult stem cells from any source, including somatic cell nuclear transplantation , is permitted upon full consideration of the ethical and medical implications of this research. (cbc-network.org)
Wilmut, along with Keith Campbell from the animal sciences research institute in Scotland, generated news headlines and heated ethical debates in 1996 when they created Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. (cyprus-mail.com)
After a chapter covering the science of cloning, we get to start applying those ethical rules. (blogspot.com)
Clonaid's claim to have produced the first human clones propelled the ethical debate about human cloning to the headlines last December. (reasons.org)
This raises ethical concerns for people who believe that the destruction of a fertilized embryo is morally wrong. (healthline.com)
This issue was considered by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs in its report entitled Human Cloning: Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research (hereafter the Andrews Report , after the Chair of the Committee, Mr Kevin Andrews, MP) released in September 2001. (edu.au)
The report arose out of a recommendation for the Committee to review the report of the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the NHMRC entitled Scientific, Ethical and Regulatory Considerations Relevant to Cloning of Human Beings (hereafter the AHEC Report ). (edu.au)
There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)
The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D. C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. (benjaminbarber.org)
Shannon Brownlee of U. S. News & World Report writes, "Hall and other scientists split single humans embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a Pandora's box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world" (24). (benjaminbarber.org)
Although we cannot clone a human yet, this experiment occurred almost two years ago and triggered almost an ethical emergency. (benjaminbarber.org)
Bioethics tends to be dominated by discourses concerned with the ethical dimension of medical practice, the organization of medical care, and the integrity of biomedical research involving human subjects and animal testing. (erudit.org)
Accounting for the work of Jacques Derrida, and with reference to Michel Foucault's deliberations about biopower, Cary Wolfe has rightly questioned the entrenched discursive features of bioethics as a discipline according to which the boundary between the human and the non-human remains "an ethical (non)issue" (Wolfe, 2009). (erudit.org)

2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
A United Nations ad hoc committee has opened discussions on the merits and morality of cloning human beings, addressing many new questions that arise when considering the impact of such practice. (wnd.com)
The first ever meeting of the Committee on an International Convention Against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings last week hosted national delegates and experts from Syria, Chile, Israel, Spain and the United States, among others. (wnd.com)
And now Washington joins the infamous list with Senate Bill 5594, a thoroughly disingenuous piece of legislation that purports to outlaw the cloning of human beings, but by manipulating language and redefining terms, actually permits human cloning and gestation of the resulting cloned embryos through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)
human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)
Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
Can Human beings be Cloned? (irfi.org)
We face a problem today even greater than the one in this book and it involves the duplication of human beings in a society that has always been known for its diversity. (benjaminbarber.org)

Many of these accurate definitions can also be used in bills and treaties concerning related issues, e.g., human embryonic stem cell research, human genetic engineering, abortion, the use of abortifacients, conscience clauses, IVF and other artificial reproductive technology research and regulation, etc. (lifeissues.net)
It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
The bill purports to promote stem-cell research, while outlawing the cloning of a human being. (cbc-network.org)
While stem-cell research holds enormous potential for treating or even curing some diseases, the cloning of a human being is morally and ethically unacceptable…Any attempt to clone a human being is in direct conflict with the public policies of this state. (cbc-network.org)
In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
What is cloning, and what does it have to do with stem cell research? (eurostemcell.org)
This form of cloning is unrelated to stem cell research. (eurostemcell.org)
Inevitably most people will remember him for Dolly the sheep although his recent work was focused on fundamental and applied stem cell research as a tool for the study of human disease. (nottingham.ac.uk)

A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
Moreover, in Myriad Genetics , the Supreme Court found that an identical provision was inapplicable in a discussion on real and synthetic human genes, noting that the "Act does not even mention genes, much less isolated DNA. (nyu.edu)
The word "cloning" refers to a variety of procedures that may be used to create biological copies that are genetically identical to the original. (geminigenetics.com)
Asexual reproduction is a natural method used by certain plants, bacteria, and single-celled creatures to create genetically identical offspring, i.e. clones. (geminigenetics.com)
Humans and other mammals may produce natural clones, commonly referred to as identical twins. (geminigenetics.com)
When a fertilised egg separates into two or more embryos with almost identical DNA, these twins are created. (geminigenetics.com)
The twins share common genes with their parents, but are genetically identical to each other. (geminigenetics.com)
Pet cloning is the process where a genetically identical twin is created of your original animal companion. (geminigenetics.com)
The surrogate mum carries the cloned pet for the gestation period and once ready, gives birth to the clone who will be an identical genetic twin to the original pet whose skin sample was used to make the nucleus of the donor egg cell. (geminigenetics.com)
The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. (benjaminbarber.org)
Reproductive altruism might have occurred to ensure some of the genetically identical daughters survive. (bvsalud.org)

It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
British scientist Ian Wilmut, whose research was central to the creation of the cloned animal, Dolly the Sheep, has died at the age of 79, the University of Edinburgh said on Monday. (cyprus-mail.com)
The cloning of 'Dolly The Sheep' in 1996 by the Rosalind Institute in Scotland, UK, is the most recognised example of reproductive cloning. (geminigenetics.com)
Professor Campbell was instrumental in the creation of Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, a breakthrough which paved the way for the successful cloning of many other mammal species. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Dolly the Sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult derived somatic cell, was born in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
It seems that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, and the authors have allowed themselves to over-interpretate their interesting results,' said Professor Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute, in Edinburgh, leader of the team, which cloned Dolly the sheep. (irfi.org)

That is what New Jersey legislators did when they passed and then Governor James McGreevey signed S-1909 last year, a law that was sold to the public as outlawing human cloning but which actually permits the creation of cloned human life, and its implantation and gestation up to and including the very moment prior to the emergence of the cloned baby from the birth canal. (cbc-network.org)
Many people feared that allowing research on cloning techniques would lead to the creation of cloned babies. (oxplore.org)

The second way to reproduce is a strictly human invention - known as "asexual" reproduction - or more commonly, cloning. (cbc-network.org)
Cloning of a human being" means asexual reproduction by implanting or attempting to implant the product of nuclear transplantation [e.g., an embryo] into a uterus or substitute for a uterus with the purpose of producing a human being. (cbc-network.org)

a) Note, again, the reference to only sexual human reproduction - "the moment of conception" - i.e., fertilization. (lifeissues.net)
Thus, while Ramsey agreed that there is a human being present immediately at fertilization, he did not agree that it was also a human embryo or a human person - the classic "pre-embryo" argument. (lifeissues.net)
Australia's federal cabinet moved this week to ban the use of leftover in-vitro fertilization embryos for research, provoking speculation that renowned Australian scientists may immigrate to countries where embryo research is permitted. (wnd.com)
For example, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis ("PGD") has grown to be a common service at fertility clinics, allowing couples undergoing in vitro fertilization to test multiple embryos for genetic disorders before deciding which one to implant. (nyu.edu)
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) initially introduced by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s to treat female infertility caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes. (asu.edu)
Many sources state that cloning is just simply an extension of in vitro fertilization, but the root of cloning goes further than that. (benjaminbarber.org)
Cloning embryos is different from the genetic process of in vitro fertilization, but still holds many similarities with it. (benjaminbarber.org)

He led efforts to develop cloning, or nuclear transfer, techniques that could be used to make genetically modified sheep. (cyprus-mail.com)
Numerous biological components, including genes, cells, tissues, and even complete creatures like sheep, have been cloned by researchers, and now cat, dog and equine cloning is widely and reliably available via international companies such as our partner, ViaGen Pets & Equine. (geminigenetics.com)
He then moved to PPLTherapeutics, the company that was spun out from Roslin Institute, where that procedure and his expertise led to the birth of cloned and genetically modified sheep, pigs and cattle. (nottingham.ac.uk)
For example, in sheep less than one embryo in 300 develops normally. (irfi.org)
Even the world's most famous sheep clone, Dolly, who died recently suffered from problems linked to this gene. (irfi.org)

your supposed cloning ban actually authorizes human cloning, implantation, and gestation through the ninth month. (cbc-network.org)

… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
Most of the current technologies that closely resemble actual genetic selection focus on testing the embryo or fetus to screen for several undesirable physiological genetic characteristics. (nyu.edu)

Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)
Many nations oppose human reproductive cloning as "inherently unethical. (wnd.com)
During one recent meeting, scientists disagreed on such basic issues as whether it would be unethical for a human embryo to begin its development in an animal's womb, and whether a mouse would be better or worse off with a brain made of human neurons. (real-agenda.com)
This report is bad news for the unethical charlatans who have been preying on people by claiming they are able to clone people's loved ones,' said Gerald Schatten of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, who led the new study in April 11, 2003 issue of the journal Science. (irfi.org)

The embryo is thus formed and implanted into the woman's uterus. (benjaminbarber.org)

In the light of this information, Congress could settle for less stringent restrictions on embryo cloning studies, which scientists favor. (irfi.org)

2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
3] An international research team genetically engineered pig cells that lacked a functional form of the gene that codes for a key enzyme involved in the production of the cell surface sugars that cause HAR. (reasons.org)
If you cannot or do not want to get into the heavy research, I am about to give you a detailed report on the state of genetic engineering, human-animal cloning and gene splicing. (real-agenda.com)
Every gene in the human body is encoded as deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA"), and Myriad Genetics confronted the issue of whether a naturally occurring segment of DNA was eligible for patent. (nyu.edu)
[10] While one can consequently interpret Myriad in a way that limits the scope of the Act, it leaves open the question of the patentability of modified human gametes and embryos and the altered or synthetic gene sequencing which could potentially be encompassed within those gametes and embryos. (nyu.edu)
On e of the wardens protecting these animals in Chillingham Cattle Park, Denene Crossley, states how "being isolated, they've managed to essentially purify their gene pool, to the point where they're natural clones of each other. (geminigenetics.com)
Molecular cloning refers to the production of multiple copies of a DNA fragment or gene. (geminigenetics.com)
Gene cloning refers to the identification and duplication of a single gene or a DNA segment, for the intention of investigating its function or creating a particular protein. (geminigenetics.com)
The researchers also say finding that the gene works in a different way in humans from animals such as rats and mice has raised questions about large areas of medical research. (irfi.org)
Dr John Parrington, a cloning expert at University College London, pointed out that more than one gene behaved in a way that might cause problems in a growing cloned human embryo. (irfi.org)
In some countries, such as the UK, certain forms of gene editing research on human embryos are legal if the embryos are not implanted into a woman, and are destroyed after 14 days of development. (oxplore.org)
An application has already been lodged with the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to perform gene editing in compliance with these standards. (oxplore.org)
We propose that the parallel distinction should be drawn, and emphasised, in discussions of GE: we should distinguish between the gene editing of embryos for research purposes, and for reproductive purposes. (oxplore.org)

Reproductive cloning is defended as a means of providing children for infertile couples or for homosexual pairs. (wnd.com)
An Italian fertility doctor, Dr. Severino Antinori announced his intention to clone humans, so that he can help infertile couples to have children. (irfi.org)

Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
When you think about genetically modified organisms it is always tempting to believe that such organisms are created and experimented with only in industrialized countries, where high tech labs are available. (real-agenda.com)
Recognizing this trend, Congress passed section 33 of the America Invents Act ("AIA") [8] in 2011, resulting in, among other things, a prohibition on patents for inventions "directed to or encompassing a human organisms. (nyu.edu)
In addition to this normal process, we have developed laboratory techniques with which to manipulate the procreation of new human organisms. (actionlife.org)
Church proposed to use DNA from extinct species to clone and breed new organisms from those species. (asu.edu)

WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)

B. Population/Area of Focus: Healthcare worker, surgeon, and medical students C. Key Terms: Computer-aided design, Additive manufacturing, SLA- Stereolithography, Personalized dosage forms Thesis Statement: Despite the many limitations of 3D printing, its technology is beneficial to the medical field by providing precise visuality of human tissue and organ and can shorten surgery time. (proficientwriters.net)
Conclusion A. 3D printing technology has applications in medicine because it makes it possible to visualize human tissue and organs and because it helps speed up surgery. (proficientwriters.net)
It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
When I set out to write this article my first challenge was how to present the information in a concise, yet shocking enough to wake up people who still believe that cloning humans for organ harvesting, splicing animal and human genes and making food out of human DNA or tissue is just science fiction. (real-agenda.com)

I knew and had great respect for the famous Protestant theologian and bioethicist Paul Ramsey, and used much of his work concerning the use of human subjects in research in my own. (lifeissues.net)
The "pros" and "cons" of human cloning research have already been dealt with at length in the literature, so they will not be reviewed here. (lifeissues.net)
Rather, after having published analyses of dozens of state, national, federal and international legislative attempts to ban human cloning research, I simply wish to offer seriously considered suggestions for the use of scientifically accurate language and definitions to be used in such endeavors in order to prevent loopholes which would result in much human cloning not being really banned. (lifeissues.net)
The first day of debate provoked strong arguments both in favor of freedom of research and in favor of a ban on human cloning. (wnd.com)
The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
Recent and ongoing research suggests an alternative approach that can achieve the same goal (repair of damaged or diseased organs) without destroying human embryos. (reasons.org)
In fact, the research team oversaw the birth of four normal, healthy piglets with organs suitable for human transplants. (reasons.org)
In 15 years of research I have not been able to get a significant grasp on what genetically engineering humans, fish, soy, corn, milk and other products could mean for humankind. (real-agenda.com)
In the ongoing debate about cloning human embryos for research, and about destroying them in order to harvest their stem cells, it is important to keep some basic facts in mind. (actionlife.org)
This major breakthrough in embryo research has provided large numbers of women the possibility of becoming pregnant, and subsequent advances have dramatically increased their chances. (asu.edu)
His research blossomed after he came to Roslin Institute where in a series of papers he put the intellectual framework into the method of mammalian cloning that ultimately led to the birth of Dolly in 1996. (nottingham.ac.uk)
There he continued his research on the cloning and genetic modification of livestock. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Much of this research was presented and discussed at the annual meeting of the International Embryo Transfer Society where he will be remembered as an enthusiastic participant in discussions on current topics. (nottingham.ac.uk)
They were optimistic based on the research carried out into human genetics. (irfi.org)
On April 11, 2003, Washington Post Staff Writer, Rick Weiss, reported 'New research suggests that it may be a lot harder to clone people than to clone other animals, an unexpected scientific twist that could influence the escalating congressional debate over human cloning and embryo research. (irfi.org)
But opponents of human embryo research were afraid that the new research not only identifies previously unrecognized hurdles to human cloning, but also points the way to overcoming those hurdles. (irfi.org)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and embryo research have posed many challenges to the different timeframes of science, ethics and law. (edu.au)
This article from Dr Chris Gyngell, Prof. Julian Savulescu and Dr Tom Douglas (Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics) argues that we should edit embryos for research, not for reproduction. (oxplore.org)
A vital question is whether we should allow this type of research - the editing of human embryos that will never be implanted into a woman, or indeed leave a petri-dish. (oxplore.org)
Some may fear that it will be impossible to pursue this research without also opening the door to objectionable reproductive uses of GE. (oxplore.org)
In cloning, a distinction between reproductive applications and research enabled clearly beneficial research to proceed while controversial applications were set aside. (oxplore.org)
While there is widespread agreement that GE should not be used for reproductive purposes, its use in research should be encouraged. (oxplore.org)
Using GE on human embryos would be valuable in medical research for at least three reasons. (oxplore.org)

However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. (bartleby.com)

article: Now, he's done it again by signing up as a co-sponsor (along with Senators Orin Hatch and Dianne Feinstein) of what could be called the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimization Act of 2003 (S. 303) . (lifeissues.net)
The cloning "bans" being supported in his article could likewise be called "the Human Cloning Legalization and Legitimazation Acts of 2003" (e.g. (lifeissues.net)
from nationalreview.com Let's call it "stealth human-cloning legalization. (cbc-network.org)

More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
Following two postdoctoral positions he joined the Roslin Institute in Scotland in 1991, where he applied his previous experience to the production of mammalian embryos by nuclear transfer. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The researchers then used these cells as the source of genetic material to clone pigs with organs that lacked the sugar groups responsible for HAR. (reasons.org)
1) It allows researchers to investigate the role of particular genes play in early human development. (oxplore.org)

Dolly's creation triggered fears of human reproductive cloning, or producing genetic copies of living or dead people, but mainstream scientists have ruled this out as far too dangerous. (cyprus-mail.com)

Many politicians, religious leaders, and bioethicists believe that any destruction of the pre-implanted embryo or fertilized egg is akin to murder. (jcpa.org)

There are also naturally occurring clones among animal populations. (geminigenetics.com)
As well as their distinctive white markings and long curved horns, these cattle are special because they are now considered a herd of naturally occurring clones. (geminigenetics.com)

Although the simple use of the word 'clone' may have negative connotations, many people have resigned themselves to the idea of cloning cows that produce more milk or using a cloned mouse for use in controlled experimentation. (bartleby.com)
It has not yet been " ensouled " - and so is not yet a " person " - i.e., a human subject to be protected from abuse in experimentation. (lifeissues.net)

One such approach, called "xenotransplantation" (the transplantation of living cells, tissues, and organs from one species to another species), turns to pigs as a source of organs for human transplants. (reasons.org)

Can biotechnology firms claim genetically modified, or GM, human embryos as intellectual property rights? (wnd.com)
Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)

To create iPSCs, scientists genetically reprogram the adult stem cells so they behave like embryonic stem cells. (healthline.com)

Cloning could also be used by IVF couples to create more embryos for IVF procedures, and to create embryos, or help create a child, to be a donor of stem cells for a sick sibling or relative, and create children for homosexual couples that are genetically related to one or both of them (the latter situation would apply to female homosexuals). (ethicalrights.com)

A third view says that cloning will provide for the possibility of improvement by giving birth to children who are free of birth defects, because when any two people create a child through sex there is the possibility for genetic defects. (bartleby.com)
The reality of genetic defects passed on to the cloned child ought to be discussed, according to Fernando Zegers-Hochschild, director of the Unit of Reproductive Medicine at Clinica Las Condes in Santiago, Chile. (wnd.com)

Given this fanfare, the debate has tended to focus on reproductive cloning-the use of cloning to generate a human being-and its bizarre societal and familial side effects. (reasons.org)

a) It would seem that Saunders uses the "potential" argument here quite appropriately, but it is critical that the term be understood properly in order to deflect any misunderstandings or misinterpretations - especially if the term were to be used in any U. N. treaty on human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
If the term "potential" were to be incorporated into a U. N. treaty on human cloning, it would be necessary to clarify its use as referring to an already existing human being/person. (lifeissues.net)
Thus to use the phrase "of an existing or previously existing human being" to refer to the product of human cloning would not be a scientifically accurate description of the cloned or genetically engineered human embryo -- thus creating yet another loophole in the bill or treaty. (lifeissues.net)
The committee is expected to "define a negotiation mandate" for a possible treaty to ban human reproductive cloning. (wnd.com)
France and Germany originally proposed that human reproductive cloning be banned under a treaty to be negotiated at the U.N. (wnd.com)

It defines the term "cloning of a human being" inaccurately. (cbc-network.org)

Couples would not make a frivolous decision to clone a child, just as they do not make such decisions about undergoing IVF treatment. (ethicalrights.com)
Cloning allows one to propagate one's genes, and Richard Dawkins would argue that we create a greater bond to those genetically related to us-in this way cloning may be preferred by some couples over adoption. (ethicalrights.com)

This process allows people to clone living things of any sort. (bartleby.com)
If it is to be brought to birth, the process is usually called "reproductive cloning. (cbc-network.org)
The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
When the cloning process is used in this way, to produce a living duplicate of an existing animal, it is commonly called reproductive cloning. (eurostemcell.org)
Though pet cloning may be considered a relatively new technology, the process of cloning as defined above is first documented in 1885, where Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch demonstrated artificial embryo twinning on a sea-urchin. (geminigenetics.com)
During the process of harvesting embryotic stem cells, the embryo is destroyed. (healthline.com)

There's a hodge-podge of moral issues here, but the main questions seem to be about the psychology of a potential clone's parents rather than the morality of cloning itself. (blogspot.com)

This involves fertilizing an embryo in a laboratory instead of inside the female body. (healthline.com)
The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. (benjaminbarber.org)

Perfect Copy: Unravelling the Cloning Debate (Ikon, 2002) is an exploration of the ethics of cloning by Nick Agar , who lectured me in Bioethics and the ethics of genetic technologies when I was at Vic . (blogspot.com)
The prospect of using abortion to winnow out the failures gets us straight into the abortion debate, and thus brings those disputes about what "human life" means into sharp focus. (blogspot.com)
and the general public debate about reproductive cloning. (edu.au)
This debate is in many ways similar to the debate around cloning. (oxplore.org)

According to them this difference arose about 70 million years ago to help control the size of babies in the wombs of very early human ancestors. (irfi.org)

There are now two ways to create new mammalian life, including humans. (cbc-network.org)

7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
The genetically modified egg now has 46 chromosomes, the full human compliment. (cbc-network.org)

Thus if by "potential" one means "potency" - i.e., that the early human embryo already exists with a human nature that is already there, and has its own inherent power or capacity (provided by that human nature) to simply grow bigger and bigger through all the usual developmental stages through birth, then such a statement stands as accurate - both scientifically and philosophically. (lifeissues.net)
On the other hand, if by "potential" one means that the human embryo is not a human being or human person yet , but might be later once it has been born (i.e., a "baby"), then that statement is both scientifically and philosophically incorrect. (lifeissues.net)

While it's entirely morally unproblematic to grow an organ in a vat (or at least, no more problematic than harvesting the stem cells in the first place), the easiest and most technologically feasible way to get parts is to grow an entire human being. (blogspot.com)

Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
My question regarding genetic engineering deregulation was then: What would happen if scientists who are provided with unlimited money and resources have no legal liability to realize their experiments cloning humans and literally engineering new species? (real-agenda.com)
Elizabeth Ann is a clone who brings much-needed genetic diversity to her endangered species. (snexplores.org)

Action by various states, nations and international organizations was spurred by the November announcement by Massachusetts-based Advanced Cell Technology that it had successfully cloned human embryos. (wnd.com)
Cloning should become just another reproductive technology when it is accepted as safe. (ethicalrights.com)
Currently cloning is very much an experimental technology with a high failure rate and a propensity to produce sickly, short-lived clones. (blogspot.com)
Stem cell technology in humans derives from earlier and complementary work in animal studies. (edu.au)

The embryo is then allowed to mature in the laboratory for a few days before being transferred to a surrogate mum. (geminigenetics.com)
They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enough, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. (benjaminbarber.org)
In this laboratory study, we raised two groups of first instar nymphs belonging to two clones of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, on fava beans Vicia faba. (bvsalud.org)

Those two factors make attempts to clone humans for reproductive purposes ethically troubling. (reasons.org)
The new work by scientists in Pittsburgh provides an explanation for why hundreds of attempts to clone monkeys have all failed despite successes in several other mammals. (irfi.org)

Anatomy32

Organisms26

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Health Care1

Therapeutic23

Organism13

Surrogate mother2

Blastocyst5

Sperm7

SCNT8

Ethical17

Beings11

Stem cell res12

Identical13

Dolly the S6

Creation of cloned2

Asexual reproduction2

Fertilization7

Sheep5

Gestation1

Fetus3

Unethical4

Woman's uterus1

Scientists favor1

Gene13

Infertile couples2

Organisms5

Ethically unacceptable2

Tissue4

Research23

Idea of clonin1

Legalization3

Nuclear2

Researchers2

Copies1

Destruction1

Naturally2

Experimentation2

Pigs1

Biotechnology2

Adult stem1

Donor1

Genetic defects2

Generate1

Treaty5

Defines1

Couples2

Process6

Morality1

Involves2

Debate4

Wombs1

Mammalian1

Chromosomes2

Scientifically2

Morally1

Species3

Technology4

Laboratory3

Attempts to clone2