Genetic recombination in bacteria. Medical search. Frequent questions

Conjugation: In this process, the exchange of genetic mate-rial takes place through a conjugation tube between the two cells of bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
Conjugation, the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via cell-to-cell contact. (wikipedia.org)
The final result of conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation is the production of genetic recombinants, individuals that carry not only the genes they inherited from their parent cells but also the genes introduced to their genomes by conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation. (wikipedia.org)
The processes include: transformation, transduction, conjugation and homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
A genetic recombination in bacteria has the potential to form through transformation, conjugation or transduction. (pw.live)

These recombinases promote repair of DNA damages by homologous recombination. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, bacteria also import genes in a process called homologous recombination, first discovered by the observation of mosaic genes at loci encoding antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
The discovery of homologous recombination has made an impact on the understanding of bacterial evolution. (wikipedia.org)
For example, bacterial recombination has been shown to promote the transfer of multi drug resistance genes via homologous recombination that goes beyond levels purely obtained by mutation. (wikipedia.org)
Homologous recombination relies on cDNA transferring genetic material. (wikipedia.org)
Mechanisms for double-stranded breaks The RecBCD pathway in homologous recombination repairs the double-strand breaks in DNA that has degraded in bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins responsible for homologous recombination are collectively called recombinases. (helsinki.fi)
Recombinases exhibit ATP hydrolysis coupled DNA-binding activity and strand exchange activities during homologous recombination. (helsinki.fi)
Homologous recombination produces new genetic combinations for evolution and general way to describe the different steps of homologous recombination is a DSBR model. (helsinki.fi)
Homologous recombination occurs in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells during meiosis crossover and horizontal gene transfer, respectively. (helsinki.fi)
The homologous recombination machineries are remarkably complex and synergistic and much is not known about detailed mechanisms for a majority of the species. (helsinki.fi)
The homologous and repetitive nature of hagA and kgp and the features at the inverted junctions are indicative of specific and stable homologous recombination events, which may underlie the genetic heterogeneity of this species. (kcl.ac.uk)

Bacteria follow an asexual mode of reproduction known as binary fission. (pw.live)

In several ongoing collaborations, we are investigating how the genomes of bacteria isolated from patients with chronic infections change over time. (drexel.edu)
Design features include changes in the genetic code and special ends that enhance recombination, i.e., breaking into genomes and rejoining. (i-sis.org.uk)
Horizontal gene transfer happens when foreign genetic material jumps into genomes, creating new combinations (recombination) of genes, or new genomes. (i-sis.org.uk)
Genetic modification is essentially horizontal gene transfer and recombination, speeded up enormously, and totally unlimited in the source of genetic material recombined to make the GMDNA that's inserted into the genomes plants, animals and livestock to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (i-sis.org.uk)
Here we extend the method to the estimation of the recombination rate in genomes, such as those of many viruses and bacteria, where the rate of recurrent mutation is high. (lancs.ac.uk)
2006). In order to determine the genetic basis for these phenotypic properties, we performed hybrid DNA sequence long reads using Oxford Nanopore and the short paired-end DNA sequence reads of Illumina HiSeq platforms to generate closed circular genomes of the parent and variants. (kcl.ac.uk)

Transduction, the virus-mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Transduction is associated with viral-mediated vectors transferring DNA material from one bacterium to another within the genome. (wikipedia.org)
Transduction in Gram Negative Bacteria (G. Weinstock). (worldscience.co.kr)

The prokaryotic kingdom consists of unicellular microscopic microorganisms called bacteria . (bioexplorer.net)
Bacteria are the unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group, where the organisms lack several organelles and a true nucleus. (pw.live)
understand definitions and principles of the molecular genetics of bacteria · describe molecular genetic processes in prokaryotic organisms · understand relevant molecular genetic methods and their applicability and limitations. (lu.se)

Using genomics to investigate the mechanism, consequences and evolution of genetic recombination, especially in pathogenic bacteria. (drexel.edu)
Most pathogenic bacteria belong to gram negative group. (vivadifferences.com)
Few pathogenic bacteria belong to gram positive group. (vivadifferences.com)
An assessment of the persistence of putative pathogenic bacteria in chloraminated water distribution systems. (cdc.gov)
Isolation and characterization of human pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria associated with plastic litter collected in Zanzibar. (cdc.gov)
Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N6) viruses. (cdc.gov)

Among the obligately intracellular gram-negative bacteria, a genetically related set is classified among the Protobacteria of the subgroup on the basis of sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene ( 1 , 2 , 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
The main difference is that Gram-positive bacteria contain single-layered cell walls whereas, Gram-negative bacteria contain double-layered cell walls. (bioexplorer.net)

Zoonoses with a wildlife reservoir are typically caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites, whereas fungi are of negligible importance. (cdc.gov)
Clinically, patients with XHIGM have increased susceptibility to infection with a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. (medscape.com)
Aspergillus Nidulans and Other Filamentous Fungi as Genetic Systems (M. Ward). (worldscience.co.kr)
Economic importance of algae, fungi, lichen and bacteria. (successcds.net)
These cells catch and destroy foreign invaders such as bacteria and fungi. (medlineplus.gov)

Evolution in bacteria was previously viewed as a result of mutation or genetic drift. (wikipedia.org)
These inter-host transmission dynamics combine with basic evolutionary parameters such as rates of mutation and recombination, population size and selection, to shape the genetic diversity within bacterial populations. (nih.gov)
Many scientists believe that HGT and mutation are significant sources of genetic variation, the raw material for the process of natural selection, in prokaryotes. (pressbooks.pub)
However, recurrent mutation can produce patterns of genetic diversity similar to those generated by recombination and can bias estimates of the population recombination rate. (lancs.ac.uk)

For an example we need turn only to the previous Nobel Prize in Genetics, awarded to H.J. Muller for his discovery that X-ray irradiation can change the genetic material in living organisms. (nobelprize.org)
Informed by more than 50 years experience and experimentation in teaching genetics, authors Mark Sanders and John Bowman share their excitement about genetics and the dynamism at work in the field with Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach . (biggerbooks.com)
Determining the amount of recombination in the genealogical history of a sample of genes is important to both evolutionary biology and medical population genetics. (lancs.ac.uk)
Restriction-Modification Systems: Genetic Sentries and Useful Systems in the Study of Molecular Genetics (T. Gingeras). (worldscience.co.kr)
established an understanding of the principles underlying the genetics of bacteria. (lu.se)
Molecular Genetics 15 credits, or BIOR19 The Molecular Genetics of Bacteria and Phages 15 credits. (lu.se)

Working with gram positives is much less trivial and basic expertise is available for Lactobillus but basic genetic tools (transformation,…) available for E. coli are not right away applicable to other organisms. (igem.org)
The three clusters of bacteria enclosed in rectangles include organisms designated as Ehrlichia , although. (cdc.gov)
however, the evolution of these organisms correlates well with the clonal divergence of many species that do not have opportunities for genetic recombination because of their intracellular isolation from other organisms. (cdc.gov)
It is now known that bacteria exchange genes over far greater evolutionary distances than is the case for multicellular organisms, and can acquire through recombination (see above) genetic information from organisms which would not normally be considered to be the same species. (imperial.ac.uk)
Transgenic Organisms whose genetic makeup has been altered with material from other unrelated organisms is one. (rosslandtelegraph.com)
If a species is defined, in the traditional manner, as a population of organisms that intrabreeds to form viable off spring, then bacteria do not qualify. (africaspeaks.com)
In sexually reproducing organisms, crossing-over events and independent assortment of individual chromosomes during meiosis contribute to genetic diversity in the population. (pressbooks.pub)
How then do organisms whose dominant reproductive mode is asexual create genetic diversity? (pressbooks.pub)

These plasmids make certain strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (pw.live)

This means that bacteria, rather than simply dividing into two daughter cells, each of which are genetically identical, on occasion acquire genetic material from other, more distantly related strains. (imperial.ac.uk)
in March 2009, their team revealed a TB detector developed from bacteriophages with fluorescent proteins that glow bright green when in contact with drug-resistant strains of TB bacteria. (pitt.edu)
Pathogen isolation is time-consuming and not suitable for rapid detection, albeit it is a compulsory step for genetic typing and antimicrobial susceptibility evaluation of single strains. (bvsalud.org)
Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)

In some cases, the DNA repair capability provided by recombination during transformation facilitates survival of the infecting bacterial pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
This pathway, called "natural transformation," is a major mechanism of gene transfer across bacteria and has a profound effect on genome evolution, including spreading antibiotic resistances and other virulence determinants. (drexel.edu)
We have developed a novel method for mapping genes in bacteria, exploiting natural transformation in combination with genome-wide deep sequencing. (drexel.edu)

59:4024-4030, 1993) indicates the presence of hybrid transposons and provides evidence for extensive recombination, both between transposon genes and between transposon and mer genes, within these natural populations of bacteria. (lincoln.ac.uk)

We are now using advanced optical mapping technology to reproduce these maps in the absence of genetic variation, in order to disentangle the role of chromosome structure from the potential for genetic incompatibilities ("speciation genes") skewing our results. (drexel.edu)

The cells undergo horizontal gene transfer in which the genetic material is transferred. (wikipedia.org)
Horizontal gene transfer and recombination go hand in hand. (i-sis.org.uk)
By enhancing both the rate and scope of horizontal gene transfer and recombination, GM has also increased the chance of generating new disease-causing viruses and bacteria [1, 2]. (i-sis.org.uk)
In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation, is an important way to introduce genetic diversity. (pressbooks.pub)

Today, genetic exchange, or gene transfer is viewed as a major driving force in the evolution of prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
Typically, when we consider genetic transfer, we think of vertical gene transfer, the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. (pressbooks.pub)
Vertical gene transfer is by far the main mode of transmission of genetic information in all cells. (pressbooks.pub)
When prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduce asexually, they transfer a nearly identical copy of their genetic material to their offspring through vertical gene transfer. (pressbooks.pub)

[15] [19] This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide ). (wikipedia.org)
Once IgM B cells are engaged with antigens, B cells start the secondary antibody repertoire generation by undergoing 2 genetic alterations to improve specificity and avidity of the antibody to specific microorganisms. (medscape.com)

A few viruses that infect bacteria have been carefully studied as laboratory model systems, but bacterial virus are very diverse and as a group they have many proteins with unknown functions. (wikiversity.org)
As a microbiologist, Hatfull focuses primarily on bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria. (pitt.edu)

In nature, that's how, once in a while, new viruses and bacteria that cause disease epidemics are generated, and how antibiotic and drug resistance spread to the disease agents, making infections much more difficult to treat. (i-sis.org.uk)

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria . (wikipedia.org)
In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not. (wikipedia.org)
2) The direct bactericidal activity of HAMLET, a human milk protein-lipid complex, against various bacterial species as well as its adjuvant activity in sensitizing bacteria to a broad range of common antibiotics to provide novel therapeutic strategies against respiratory and other infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. (lu.se)

They are very picky eaters - a specific type of phage will usually attack only a specific type of bacteria, often just a specific strain. (lu.se)

Insights into the genetic diversity of the bacteriophage population and the evolutionary mechanisms that give rise to it can be obtained using comparative genomic analyses. (wikiversity.org)
The first step is generation of Ig diversity by recombination of Ig heavy chain, known as class-switch recombination (CSR), switching from IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE. (medscape.com)
Genetic diversity is also introduced during sexual reproduction , when the genetic information from two parents, each with different complements of genetic information, are combined, producing new combinations of parental genotypes in the diploid offspring. (pressbooks.pub)
The occurrence of mutations also contributes to genetic diversity in a population. (pressbooks.pub)
Genetic diversity of offspring is useful in changing or inconsistent environments and may be one reason for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction. (pressbooks.pub)
The realization of the vastness of bacterial diversity and the development of novel experimental techniques have propelled molecular microbiology into a new era of investigation This course provides insights into how genes are organized and regulated in bacteria and in their viruses. (lu.se)

This clonal nature leads to random mutations that occur during DNA replication that potentially helps bacteria evolve. (wikipedia.org)
DNA Replication in Bacteria (L. Parks). (worldscience.co.kr)
DNA replication in the parent bacterium marks the beginning of cleavage. (pw.live)

An example of streptococci bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes , known to cause rheumatic fever, tonsillitis, strep throat, and other respiratory infections. (bioexplorer.net)
Another example of this bacteria is Streptococcus bovis, which causes urinary tract infections. (bioexplorer.net)

They are formed when the bacterium divides into two planes to form a square of four bacteria called a tetrad . (bioexplorer.net)
One bacterium divides into two daughter cells. (pw.live)

The following points highlight the three main processes involved in the genetic recombination of bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
Bacterial recombination undergoes various different processes. (wikipedia.org)
be able to describe molecular genetic processes in bacteria. (lu.se)
The immune system consists of a large number of molecules and processes, and immunodeficiencies can therefore be caused by genetic alterations at many loci. (lu.se)

Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. (wikipedia.org)
The organism that develops from the fertilized ovum receives certain of the parents' characters through these genes, and the genetic material in the fertilized egg, that is to say, all these genes combined, determines the development of the organism. (nobelprize.org)
This organism infects a plant and injects part of its own DNA into the host's cells to create a tumour that feeds the bacterium. (rosslandtelegraph.com)
The first organism to evolve on Earth was probably a single-celled organism, similar to modern bacteria. (pw.live)

Interestingly, cytoplasmic genetic elements have been shown to have very different inheritance patterns to classic Mendelian nuclear chromosomes. (nature.com)

In the lab you use the gram staining procedure, a differential staining technique, as a first step in identifying the type of bacteria on a slide. (nursingtermpaper.com)

Another fascinating feature of bacteria is protective cell wall, which is made up of a special protein called peptidoglycan. (pw.live)
This particular protein is found nowhere else in nature than in the cell walls of bacteria. (pw.live)

Under favorable conditions, Escherichia coli or E. coli produces about two million bacteria every 7 hours . (pw.live)

A naturally occurring bio technical engineer that skips husbandry and uses genetic modification directly is the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (rosslandtelegraph.com)

What constitutes a species has long been a source of debate in biology, and particularly so for bacteria. (imperial.ac.uk)
To provide students with the opportunity to be exposed to the current state of understanding of the molecular biology of bacteria. (lu.se)

Another example of diplococcus strain is Moraxella catarrhalis that is a gram-negative bacterium that causes infections of the respiratory system . (bioexplorer.net)
Patients with antibody deficiencies are especially susceptible to encapsulated bacteria, which cause pyogenic infections. (lu.se)

The impact of natural selection, or demographic process such as rapid population growth and bottlenecks, can be inferred from examining the distribution of genetic variation within a species. (imperial.ac.uk)
This is a genetic variation on the trait of height. (yahoo.com)
We study the consequences of migration in terms of shared genetic variation and show by simulation that the previously used summary statistic, the allelic mismatch distribution, can be insensitive to even large changes in microepidemic and migration rates. (nih.gov)
What are three ways sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into offspring? (pressbooks.pub)

Without the renewal such a constant recombination of characters involves, an animal or plant species would not be able to survive the struggle for existence. (nobelprize.org)
As part of the Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) studies, scientists have collected large numbers of bacteria of the species S. pneumoniae from ear infection (otitis media) and asymptomatic carriage. (imperial.ac.uk)
This, together with predominantly clonal inheritance, means that the biological species concept of Mayr can therefore not be applied to bacteria. (imperial.ac.uk)
We tested this using publicly available MLST data from the Neisseria , which frequently undergo recombination both within and between currently recognised species. (imperial.ac.uk)
Work is underway to apply this to other bacteria, and to investigate how such fuzzy species may emerge. (imperial.ac.uk)
A stochastic neutral model incorporating heightened local transmission has been previously shown to fit closely with genetic data for several bacterial species. (nih.gov)

Hatfull was recognized for his contributions to the fields of site-specific recombination, mycobacterial genetic analysis, and bacteriophage evolution as well as for his work in educating undergraduates and high school students in science. (pitt.edu)

Given the importance of Kgp and HagA to protease activity and haemagglutination, respectively, in this bacterium, genomic changes at this locus may account for most of the phenotypic alterations of the variants. (kcl.ac.uk)
Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)

We can even learn about microscopic life, such as bacteria and viruses , or figure out how humans became humans. (yahoo.com)

We apply the method to sequence data from viruses, bacteria, and human mitochondrial DNA. (lancs.ac.uk)

On average, the diameter of a spherical bacterial cell ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 µm and between 0.25 and 1 µm for rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria. (bioexplorer.net)
The diagram of bacteria mentioned below that show the structure of the typical bacterial cell with different parts. (pw.live)
The components of the bacterial cell wall form an important basis by which bacteria can be divided. (pw.live)

But before we elaborate on its use, let us know in detail the structure of bacteria, their classification, and the bacteria diagram. (pw.live)

The aim of this study was to identify, clone, produce and analyze the functionality of novel recombinases from bacteria and viruses. (helsinki.fi)

GMDNA contains genetic material and combinations of genetic material that have never existed. (i-sis.org.uk)
Natural evolution created new combinations of genetic material at a predominantly slow and steady pace over billions of years. (i-sis.org.uk)

Although most bacteria make us sick, they have a long-term relationship with humans and are very important to our survival. (pw.live)
Not all the bacteria are harmful to the humans. (pw.live)
Just like us humans are infected by viruses, bacteria are also infected by viruses. (lu.se)

Circumstantial evidence pointed to a similarity of the genetic mechanisms throughout the entire plant and animal kingdoms. (nobelprize.org)

It produces a far more predictable result than other genetic recombination. (rosslandtelegraph.com)

I research the evolution and epidemiology of bacteria using a combination of laboratory work and theoretical approaches. (imperial.ac.uk)

Complementary DNA sequences transport genetic material in the identical homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
A coalescent-based method for detecting and estimating recombination from gene sequences. (lancs.ac.uk)
The extremely high level of recombination detected in both HIV1 and HIV2 sequences demonstrates that recombination cannot be ignored in the analysis of viral population genetic data. (lancs.ac.uk)

21. In Bacteria Sexual Reproduction Occurs By. (iubians.com)

the scientific basis of genetic engineering is still not fully understood and relies on lengthy hit-and-miss tests to get results. (jesus-is-savior.com)

However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (wikipedia.org)
In such cases, bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics because there are differences in the genetic material. (pw.live)

These bacteria have evolved in close association with ticks, mites, chiggers, fleas, other arthropods, and fish flukes into six genetically defined clusters ( 1 , 2 , 8 - 11 ) ( Table 1 and Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Considering the arrangement of bacteria, they may either be in pairs ( diplo ), in grape-like clusters ( staphylo ), or chains ( strepto ). (bioexplorer.net)

Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that leads to misshapen red blood cells, affecting their ability to carry oxygen throughout the body. (biologyeye.com)

A typically gram-negative bacterium causes a sexually transmitted infection called gonorrhea . (bioexplorer.net)

Anatomy12

Organisms32

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Phenomena and Processes122

Disciplines and Occupations6

Information Science4

Health Care10

Conjugation5

Homologous recombination12

Binary Fission1

Genomes6

Transduction3

Prokaryotic3

Pathogenic6

Gram-negative2

Fungi5

Mutation4

Genetics6

Organisms8

Plasmids1

Strains4

Transformation3

Transposons1

Chromosome structure1

Horizontal gene tra4

Gene transfer4

Microorganisms2

Infect bacteria2

Viruses and bacteria1

Antibiotic3

Phage1

Diversity6

Replication3

Streptococcus2

Divides2

Processes4

Organism4

Mendelian1

Type of bacteria1

Protein2

Coli1

Modification1

Biology2

Infections2

Variation4

Species6

Bacteriophage1

Locus2

Microscopic1

Mitochondrial1

Bacterial cell3

Diagram1

Recombinases1

Combinations2

Humans3

Mechanisms1

Produces1

Laboratory1

Sequences3

Sexual1

Relies1

Antibiotics2

Clusters2

Sickle Cell Di1

Typically1