Genetic reassortment reassortant viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

If a single host (a human, a chicken, or other animal) is infected by two different strains of the influenza virus, then it is possible that new assembled viral particles will be created from segments whose origin is mixed, some coming from one strain and some coming from another. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1957 "Asian flu" and 1968 "Hong Kong flu" pandemics, flu strains were caused by reassortment between an avian virus and a human virus. (wikipedia.org)
The reptarenavirus family, responsible for inclusion body disease in snakes, shows a very high degree of genetic diversity due to reassortment of genetic material from multiple strains in the same infected animal. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, H3N2 vaccine strains should be updated to offer a better antigenic match with endemic turkey TR H3N2 avian influenza viruses to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. (health.gov.au)
Due to the ability of the virus to overcome the barriers between species, it is also clear that animal strains may act as a natural source of viral genomes, thus promoting mutations and creating new viral genotypes with unknown virulence. (news-medical.net)
With the goal of identifying genetic changes that could lead to greater person-to-person transmissibility, a number of researchers have introduced mutations in the virus and studied how the mutant strains behaved in animals. (flutrackers.com)
Strains of this clade, and novel reassortants thereof, were transferred to North America ( 3 ). (blogspot.com)
Transcontinental spread of these strains and an earlier HPAI virus (HPAIV) of the goose/Guangdong lineage of subtype H5N1 has been linked to dissemination by migratory wild birds ( 4 ). (blogspot.com)
When we think about ` mixing vessels' for influenza reassortment, our thoughts first go to avian or swine hosts, since both have a long track record of producing new hybrid strains of influenza. (blogspot.com)
Luckily for us, most reassortant viruses are evolutionary dead ends, unable to compete effectively against existing strains. (blogspot.com)
As H3N2 outbreaks among dogs continue in the Guangdong province (located very close to Hong Kong), the areas where is densely populated and with frequent animal trade, there is a continued risk for pets H3N2 CIV infections and for mutations or genetic reassortment leading to new virus strains with increased transmissibility among dogs. (blogspot.com)
Earlier studies suggest that the strains found in humans resulted from interspecies transmission and reassortment between human and bovine rotavirus strains. (scielo.br)
The prominent gastroenteric virus is rotavirus, which is a double-stranded RNA virus with a segmented nature of genome enabling higher reassortment events and generates unusual strains with unique genomic constellations derivative of parental rotavirus strains. (benthamopen.com)
Ample data is available in support of the emergence of new viruses or virus strains which have established in uncommon host species or exhibiting species jumping, making their survival in the bionetwork conceivable. (benthamopen.com)
Molecular characterization of unusual bovine rotavirus A strains having high genetic relatedness with human rotavirus: Evidence for zooanthroponotic transmission. (benthamopen.com)
We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
Globally, influenza virus infections present a potential threat to human and animal health due to frequent reassortant and novel mutant strains [ 7 ]. (springeropen.com)
Furthermore, continuous reassortments among AIV strains have increased the risk of a pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). (usgs.gov)
AI strains are divided into two groups based on the pathogenicity of the virus, or the ability of the virus to produce disease. (usgs.gov)
It has been thought that Eurasian strains of avian influenza viruses enter the United States through the Pacific Flyway (Alaska to Baja California) and that this route is the most likely avenue for emerging Eurasian AIV strains to enter North America. (usgs.gov)
AI viruses from both continents, as well as recombinations of both strains, were isolated in Iceland, sometimes from within a single flock of birds, showing that this region is a hotspot of virus movement and genetic reassortment. (usgs.gov)
Whole-gene analysis of inter-genogroup reassortant rotaviruses from the Dominican Republic: Emergence of equine-like G3 strains and evidence of their reassortment with locally-circulating strains. (cdc.gov)
In China, cases of people co-infected with both H7N9 and seasonal influenza virus strains have been reported during the period of overlapping seasonal and H7N9 epidemics 10 . (nature.com)
However, a new virus, variant H3N2 (H3N2v), associated with pigs and originally discovered in 2011, has cropped up this year in some human outbreaks periodically since July, 2012.1,B Although the strains of influenza circulating globally now are genetically slightly different from those in the current vaccine, the CDC feels that there will be significant cross-reactive protection, so they recommend that the vaccines not be changed. (chestervetclinic.com)

In 2015, a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus was isolated from a boy in China who had severe pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
The virus was a genetic reassortant of Eurasian avian-like influenza A(H1N1) (EA-H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
The hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and matrix genes of the reassortant virus were highly similar to genes in EA-H1N1 swine influenza viruses, the polybasic 1 and 2, polymerase acidic, and nucleoprotein genes originated from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and the nonstructural protein gene derived from classical swine influenza A(H1N1) (CS H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
In a mouse model, the reassortant virus, termed influenza A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1) virus, showed higher infectivity and virulence than another human EA-H1N1 isolate, influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
In the respiratory tract of mice, virus replication by influenza A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1) virus was substantially higher than that by influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2011(H1N1) virus. (cdc.gov)
however, given the circulation of novel EA-H1N1 viruses in pigs, enhanced surveillance should be instituted among swine and humans. (cdc.gov)
The largest outbreak of classical swine influenza A(H1N1) (CS H1N1) virus occurred in Fort Dix, New Jersey, USA, in 1976 ( 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Human infections with variant influenza subtype H1N1 and H3N2 viruses with matrix (M) genes derived from swine-origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus have occurred continuously since the virus was first detected in 2009, and the number of infections has increased substantially in recent years ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
In addition, the H1N1 virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic has an unusual mix of swine, avian and human influenza genetic sequences. (wikipedia.org)
The virus likely resulted from a reassortment event between circulating human seasonal influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
While this can sometimes result in the emergence of new influenza viruses, genetic sequencing shows that the A(H1N2) virus in the Netherlands is a reassortant of human seasonal flu viruses containing the same hemagglutinin "H1" gene as circulating seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and the same neuraminidase "N2" gene as circulating seasonal A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Human infections with reassortant A(H1N2) viruses have occurred rarely in the past, but these were reassortants with the A(H1N1) virus that circulating prior to emergence of the 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 virus that triggered a pandemic. (cdc.gov)
This is the first reassortant of seasonal 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal A(H3N2) viruses. (cdc.gov)
Previous laboratory experiments with past A(H1N1) reassortants has suggested that these have limited capacity for transmission. (cdc.gov)
Reverse zoonotic transmission of pandemic H1N1 (2009) influenza virus (pH1N1) has been observed in a broad range of animal species. (biomedcentral.com)
These results indicate that the M gene of pandemic H1N1 and the HA gene of canine H3N2 are predominant in the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
The 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain is a reassortant of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses. (virology.ws)
For swine H1, more reassortants were observed in the North American H1 clade compared with the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 clade. (biomedcentral.com)
After the pandemic of 1918 the H1N1 virus circulated widely in the human population until 1957. (health.gov.au)
Since 1977, influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and influenza B viruses have co-circulated and have been widespread globally, varying in frequency temporally and geographically. (health.gov.au)
The H5N1, H5N8, H7N9 and H10N8 avian viruses are all products of avian reassortment, while the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus emerged from swine after years of `fine tuning' as it passed through generations of pigs. (blogspot.com)
Today we've a new study, that appears in the journal Epidemiology & Infection , that finds a new reassortment of the canine H3N2 virus - one that has picked up the M (matrix) gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. (blogspot.com)
After an outbreak of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) virus, we had previously reported the emergence of a recombinant canine influenza virus (CIV) between the pH1N1 virus and the classic H3N2 CIV. (blogspot.com)
In March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) emerged in Mexico and the United States. (duke.edu)
We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
We also worked on the isolation and characterization of novel swine influenza virus subtypes including the H2N3 reassortant virus and the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, and studied their zoonotic potential using nonhuman primate models. (k-state.edu)
The team created 127 reassortant viruses between a duck isolate of H5N1 and a highly transmissible human H1N1 virus. (genomeweb.com)
H1N1 is a type of swine influenza virus (SIV), which is a strain of the influenza family of viruses that circulate in pigs 4 . (scisoc.com)
Once I realized that the genome sequences from the H1N1 swine flu were in the NCBI's virus genome resources database, I had to take a look. (scienceblogs.com)
They all said the California swine virus is most closely related to a swine flu virus from Ohio and very different from other H1N1 viruses that have infected humans. (scienceblogs.com)
In fact, in some cases, it seems like the H1N1 virus is very similar to a virus that caused an outbreak in 2007 at an Ohio country fair (1). (scienceblogs.com)
The sum of the phylogenetic analyses are compelling and support the hypothesis that the California H1N1 swine flu virus may have come from Ohio. (scienceblogs.com)
Genetic Characterization of Triple Reassortant H1N1 Influenza Viruses from Pigs in Ohio, unpublished. (scienceblogs.com)

If any of a virus's genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection). (wikipedia.org)
However when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), the infection can often succeed (multiplicity reactivation) due to reassortment of segments, provided that each of the eight genome segments is present in at least one undamaged copy. (wikipedia.org)
The genome of influenza viruses consist of eight RNA gene segments. (usda.gov)
The segmented nature of the virus genome permits genetic reassortments to occur during co-infection of a host with different influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
This was possible in the lab because the molecular biology of replication is well characterised and that measles virus is polyploid allowing the engineering of a tri-segmented genome that can replicate and be packaged into virions. (virology.ws)
I think beside the benefit of genetic reassortment, having a segmented genome in influenza would probably mean all 8 segments can be made into proteins at the same time, shortening replication time. (virology.ws)
The genome of this pathogen, consisting of 11 segments of double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA), is characterized by genetic variability including point mutations, genomic reassortment, and genome rearrangements that lead to its considerable diversity. (news-medical.net)
MAIN CONCLUSIONS The genetic characterisation of the G10P[14] strain from Honduras suggests that its genome resulted from multiple reassortment events which were possibly mediated through interspecies transmissions. (scielo.br)
Notably, the majority of the emerging viruses enclose RNA genome and these are more prone for insertions/mutation in their genome, leading to evolving viral variants. (benthamopen.com)
IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)

This term refers to human influenza viruses that have haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens that are distinct from seasonal influenza viruses and have the potential to cause a pandemic. (who.int)
An example of the evolutionary importance of reassortment is the exchange of RNA segments between mammalian and avian influenza viruses that give rise to pandemic influenza. (virology.ws)
His primary areas of investigation include Virology, Virus, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Pandemic and Influenza A virus. (research.com)
His study in the field of Viral disease also crosses realms of Coronavirus, Pandemic and H5N1 genetic structure. (research.com)
We know the current pandemic flu virus has entirely swine genetic components, although some of those components had been in human and bird viruses further back in time. (scienceblogs.com)
During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread worldwide to 30 countries (as of May 11) by human-to-human transmission, causing the World Health Organization to raise its pandemic alert to level 5 of 6. (duke.edu)
This virus has the potential to develop into the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century. (duke.edu)
Our results highlight the need for systematic surveillance of influenza in swine, and provide evidence that the mixing of new genetic elements in swine can result in the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential in humans. (duke.edu)
The research of her team focusses on the understanding of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emergence, their pathogenesis and the development of new vaccination strategies to cope with antigenic diversity in the context of pandemic preparedness. (erasmusmc.nl)
the swine flu pandemic in 2009 was caused by a novel influenza virus that has obtained the ability to spread between humans by genetic reassortment of avian, human and/or swine flu viruses in pigs 8 . (scisoc.com)
If this virus acquires the ability to spread efficiently from human to human, all of the prerequisites for an influenza pandemic will be fulfilled. (who.int)
The world is currently in Phase 3 of the six-phase pandemic alert system, in which a new influenza virus subtype is causing disease in humans, but is not yet spreading efficiently and in a sustained way among humans. (who.int)
The objectives of the WHO global influenza preparedness plan are to reduce opportunities for human infection, strengthen the early warning system to early detect emergence of a pandemic virus and contain or delay spread at the source. (who.int)
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. (nature.com)
In addition to seasonally occurring human infections, zoonotic infections caused by avian influenza A viruses are a major public health concern and pose a pandemic threat. (nature.com)
Human infections with H7N9 viruses occurred each year and the viruses gained virulence markers that potentially enhance the risk for humans and may have increased their spread into the human population, making this virus a notable pandemic threat 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
2 Co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs in shared habitats provides opportunities for these viruses to reassort and acquire a genetic composition that could facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission with potential pandemic consequences. (who.int)
The pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses gained larger recognition in 1997 when the first known human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China). (who.int)

The new reassortant strain will share properties of both of its parental lineages. (wikipedia.org)
We conducted a systematic literature review to identify reported claimed reassortant influenza A lineages with genomic data available in GenBank, to obtain 646 unique first-report isolates out of a possible 20,781 open-access genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
remained as significant risk factors for the reporting of reassortant viral lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
A phylogenetic estimate of the gaps in genetic surveillance indicates a long period of unsampled ancestry before the S-OIV outbreak, suggesting that the reassortment of swine lineages may have occurred years before emergence in humans, and that the multiple genetic ancestry of S-OIV is not indicative of an artificial origin. (duke.edu)
During the fifth wave of H7N9 epidemics the virus split into two phylogenetically distinct lineages, the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta clades 5 . (nature.com)

Triple reassortant (H3N2) influenza viruses containing gene segments derived from human, swine, and avian influenza viruses, have become endemic in the U.S. turkey population. (usda.gov)
In this study, we performed genetic, antigenic and pathobiological characterization of selected H3N2 virus isolates. (usda.gov)
Because the TR H3N2 viruses in turkeys are endemic and of economic importance, there is the need for continuos monitoring and improvement of vaccination to provide better protection and lower economic losses in turkey production. (usda.gov)
Triple reassortant (TR) H3N2 avian influenza viruses have become endemic in the United States turkey population. (usda.gov)
Antigenically, all turkey isolates were similar, showed lesser cross-reactivity to swine origin viruses and did not react with avian origin H3N2 viruses that were not triple reassortants. (usda.gov)
The TR H3N2 viruses exhibited poor replication and transmissibility in 4-week-old chickens and 2-week-old ducks, indicating their possible species specific preferences in replication and transmission. (usda.gov)
The endemicity of the TR H3N2 viruses in turkeys and associated economic importance underscore the need for their enhanced monitoring and surveillance. (usda.gov)
Since the N6 neuraminidase (NA) genes were clustered with the H5N6 AIV, there is a high possibility that these H3N6 CIVs were generated from a H3N2 CIVs and H5N6 AIVs reassortment case. (flu.org.cn)
Even though isolated 3 months later, the March 2019 isolated H3N2 viruses replicated more efficiently than the November 2018 isolated viruses. (flu.org.cn)
Since avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) was first identified in South Korea in 2008, the novel influenza virus has been reported in several countries in Asia. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we describe the viral dominance of 23 CIV reassortants between pH1N1 and canine H3N2 influenza viruses from a naturally co-infected dog. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, unlike the original canine H3N2 virus, some reassortants showed high pathogenicity in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Conversely, for avian H5 isolates, a higher number of reported reassortants were observed in the European H5N2/H3N2 clade compared with the H5N2 North American clade. (biomedcentral.com)
In July of 2011, in a blog called Korea: Interspecies Transmission of Canine H3N2 , I wrote about a study that reported on a recently emerged canine H3N2 influenza virus that had been observed to infect and sicken domestic cats at an animal shelter in South Korea. (blogspot.com)
Our ongoing routine surveillance isolated another reassortant H3N2 CIV carrying the matrix gene of the pH1N1 virus from 2012. (blogspot.com)
Swine-to-Ferret Transmission of Antigenically Drifted Contemporary Swine H3N2 Influenza A Virus Is an Indicator of Zoonotic Risk to Humans. (cdc.gov)
Assessment of Molecular, Antigenic, and Pathological Features of Canine Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses That Emerged in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study. (biomedcentral.com)
Generation and Characterization of Live Attenuated Influenza A(H7N9) Candidate Vaccine Virus Based on Russian Donor of Attenuation. (cdc.gov)
Detection and Characterization of Clade 1 Reassortant H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Human Cases in Vietnam during 2013. (cdc.gov)
Characterization of Novel Reoviruses [Wad Medani virus (Orbivirus) and Kundal (Coltivirus)] collected from Hyalomma antolicum ticks in India during CCHF surveillance. (cdc.gov)

Influenza virus subtypes. (who.int)
Although the natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are wild birds, multiple subtypes of AIVs have established epidemics in numerous mammals due to their cross-species spillover. (flu.org.cn)
Most previous evolutionary studies of influenza A have focussed on genetic drift, or reassortment of specific gene segments, hosts or subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
An increase in the number of publicly available genomes of influenza A across all hosts and subtypes has motivated an expanding literature on the algorithmic detection and classification of reassortant viruses [ 20 - 27 ], through phylogenetic analysis or via statistical models of genetic distance. (biomedcentral.com)
Shifting clade distribution, reassortment, and emergence of new subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses collected in Vietnamese poultry from 2012 to 2015. (cdc.gov)
Sporadic human infections with bird flu viruses have occurred with different bird flu virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses are classified into several subtypes based on the structural proteins hemagglutinin (HA/H) and neuraminidase (NA/N), such as H1-H18 and N1-N11 [ 24 ]. (springeropen.com)
Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples to identify subtypes of influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. (biomedcentral.com)

Candidate influenza vaccine viruses (H5N1). (who.int)
It is used to render highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses less dangerous. (who.int)
While H9N2's involvement can be traced back two decades to the emergence of H5N1, since 2013 we've seen a sudden surge in the number of new avian reassortants appearing in China - nearly all carrying the incriminating fingerprints of H9N2. (flutrackers.com)
This page is dedicated to H5N1 Influenza A virus. (vadscorner.com)
His studies in Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 integrate themes in fields like Hemagglutinin and Orthomyxoviridae. (research.com)
His primary scientific interests are in Virology, Virus, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus and Immunology. (research.com)
The various areas that Joseph S. M. Peiris examines in his Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 study include Zoology, Lineage, Clade and Flock. (research.com)
In his papers, Joseph S. M. Peiris integrates diverse fields, such as Virus and H5N1 genetic structure. (research.com)
In his study, which falls under the umbrella issue of Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Genetic analysis, Lung pathology and Chemotherapy is strongly linked to Clade. (research.com)
Joseph S. M. Peiris mainly investigates Virus, Virology, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus and Outbreak. (research.com)
We are lucky this has not yet happened in industrial poultry operations with the highly lethal bird flu virus, H5N1. (scienceblogs.com)
A national biosecurity board that monitors 'dual use' research is apparently worried about an as-yet-published study in which a mutant form of H5N1 avian influenza virus was found to be easily transmissible in ferrets, which are considered good models for flu in humans. (flutrackers.com)
Dr. Paul S. Keim, acting chair of the NSABB, said today that the board is conducting a review of H5N1 virus transmission in mammals, but because of the board's confidentiality rules, he could not give any details. (flutrackers.com)
The H5N1 virus causes human illness relatively rarely, but it is often deadly when it does, with a case-fatality rate of about 60% among cases confirmed by the World Health Organization. (flutrackers.com)
Attenuation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Indonesia following the reassortment and acquisition of genes from low pathogenicity avian influenza A virus progenitors. (cdc.gov)
Identification of molecular markers associated with alteration of receptor-binding specificity in a novel genotype of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Cambodia in 2013. (cdc.gov)
H3N8 viruses are a different influenza A virus subtype and unrelated to H5N1 viruses currently spreading among wild birds and poultry in the United States and globally. (cdc.gov)
Over the past two decades, H7N9 viruses have caused the highest number of human infections with bird flu viruses, and H5N1 viruses have caused the second highest number of human infections . (cdc.gov)
The findings indicate that avian H5N1 subtype viruses have the "potential to acquire mammalian transmissibility by reassortment," the researchers write. (genomeweb.com)
Since the first confirmed human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was reported in Hong Kong SAR (China) in 1997, sporadic zoonotic avian influenza viruses causing human illness have been identified globally with the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region as a hotspot. (who.int)
Between November 2003 and September 2017, WHO received reports of 1838 human infections with avian influenza viruses A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H6N1), A(H7N9), A(H9N2) and A(H10N8) in the Western Pacific Region. (who.int)
Most of the infections were with A(H7N9) ( n = 1562, 85%) and A(H5N1) ( n = 238, 13%) viruses, and most ( n = 1583, 86%) were reported from December through April. (who.int)
6 Thereafter, the number of countries reporting human infections with A(H5N1) virus increased, especially between 2003 and 2008. (who.int)
As of September 2017, outbreaks associated with A(H5N1) viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds have occurred in more than 60 countries, and sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) viruses have been reported in 16 countries. (who.int)
7 In addition to A(H5N1), other novel zoonotic influenza viruses infecting humans have emerged, including A(H5N6), A(H7N9), A(H10N8), A(H6N1) and a novel A(H1N2) variant. (who.int)

In this study, we isolated 23 distinct viral genotypes of influenza reassortants by using a nasal swab of a co-infected dog and characterized the genotypes of the reassortants. (biomedcentral.com)
He interconnects Lineage, Viral replication and Tropism in the investigation of issues within Influenza A virus. (research.com)
The concepts of his Influenza A virus study are interwoven with issues in Viral replication and Microbiology. (research.com)
At irregular intervals, there are more dramatic changes in the viral proteins, called 'antigenic shift', which are a result of either direct introduction of avian influenza viruses into the human population or a re-assortment between human and avian viruses which is believed to occur in intermediate hosts such as pigs. (health.gov.au)
Five AIVs from Norway, including three from common gull ( Larus canus ), were analyzed along with 10 available AIV genomes from gulls in Eurasia to search for evidence of intracontinental and intercontinental reassortment of gene segments encoding the internal viral proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
She then integrated the Viroscience Department for her post-doctoral studies, which have focused on the pathogenesis, virulence and transmissibility of influenza A viruses, with special emphasis on genetic and phenotypic viral factors involved in the emergence of new pandemics. (erasmusmc.nl)
Sánchez EG, Riera E, Nogal M, Gallardo C, Fernández P, Bello-Morales R, López-Guerrero JA, Chitko-McKown CG, Richt JA, Revilla Y. Phenotyping and susceptibility of established porcine cells lines to African Swine Fever Virus infection and viral production. (k-state.edu)

Pigs are well known as genetic mixing vessels for human and avian influenza viruses ( 1 , 2 ), and swine influenza viruses (SIVs) occasionally infect humans ( 3 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Viruses are also transmitted between pigs and humans, and from poultry to humans. (powershow.com)
There is now increasing evidence that animal rotaviruses can infect humans, either through direct transmission of the virus or by contributing one or several genes to reassortants with essentially a human strain genetic background. (news-medical.net)
Different examples of identical or (almost identical) transfer of animal rotaviral segments of the virus to humans are described in the literature. (news-medical.net)
Most of these viruses refer to segments isolated from cattle or pigs, which have been detected primarily in developing countries with a close cohabitation of humans and animals. (news-medical.net)
Though the virus has circulated in poultry in many countries since 2003, it has not gained the ability to spread easily in humans. (flutrackers.com)
Host species that frequently come in contact with humans are viewed as being more likely to pick up, reassort, and spread flu viruses than those that live remotely in the wild. (blogspot.com)
Influenza A viruses that cause epidemics and pandemics in humans, mammals and domestic poultry evolve directly or indirectly from the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Hitherto reports confirm infection of humans through rotaviruses of animal origin, exclusively via direct transmission or through gene reassortments between animal and human strain of rotaviruses. (benthamopen.com)
We show that it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. (duke.edu)
Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
surveillance focused on the subset of avian influenza viruses that pose significant risk of infecting humans, including certain viruses of low pathogenicity in poultry. (nationalacademies.org)
In humans the virus can cause several different syndromes. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
This mosquito-borne virus can also infect humans by arthropod blood-feeding or by contact with infected animal fluids and tissues. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
Like humans who unwittingly carried SARS-CoV-2 on airplanes from Wuhan to Seattle and from Wuhan and Italy to Belgium and soon from virtually everywhere else to virtually everywhere else in early 2020, infected wild birds are often asymptomatic, so they can migrate carrying the virus. (thebulletin.org)
Among the influenza viruses, types A and B cause severe tragic effects in humans. (springeropen.com)
The common feature shared by most of the diseases is that they are zoonotic viruses, which means they can infect both animals and humans. (scisoc.com)
Most of the zoonotic infection cases also involve 'intermediate hosts' that connect between natural hosts - which are reservoirs of different viruses - and humans. (scisoc.com)
Humans are immunologically naive to H7 subtype viruses and possess little to no pre-existing, humoral immunity 12 . (nature.com)

Other kinds of nonhereditary genetic change Antigenic shift Horizontal gene transfer Alberts, B. (wikipedia.org)
Our study indicated that H3 CIVs were undergoing an evolution process, through both genetic mutations and gene reassortment, at an incredible speed. (flu.org.cn)
In total 97 different plaques were purified, and then genotypes of the viruses were established based on the eight gene segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M, and NS) that originated from pH1N1 or cH3N2 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
There are various ways to achieve genetic variation and gene expression, and viruses explore all aspects of this space. (virology.ws)
His studies deal with areas such as Lineage, Gene, Genetic diversity, Outbreak and Chemokine as well as Influenza A virus. (research.com)
Dr. Richard and her team found subtype-specific secondary RNA structures in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza viruses that might be implicated in the emergence of HPAIV. (erasmusmc.nl)
We identified an atypical BSE case with a causative mutation ("genetic BSE"), used gene-editing approaches to develop the first prion protein knock-out cattle that are resistant to prion infection, and provided valuable information on host range of animal prions essential for risk analysis. (k-state.edu)

Poultry and swine fall into that category, particularly in Asia, where the human-animal interface is particularly close (see EID Journal: Predicting Hotspots for Influenza Virus Reassortment ). (blogspot.com)

Reassortment happens when two or more influenza viruses infect a single host and swap genetic material. (cdc.gov)
Influenza B and C are human viruses do not infect birds. (powershow.com)
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the Orthomyxoviridae family infect various species, including mammals and birds. (biomedcentral.com)
This increases the risk of Spillover as there is a greater chance for the mutated virus within wild animals, which could infect another animal species, to be transmitted. (scisoc.com)
Influenza viruses infect millions of people worldwide and result in ~290,000-650,000 influenza-related deaths each year 1 . (nature.com)

In this process genes from two or more influenza viruses are mixed in different combinations, resulting in hybrid viruses with genetic characteristics of each parent virus. (who.int)
The real time RT-PCR targeted specific sequences of HA and NA genes for pH1N1 or cH3N2 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
I am an editor for Virus Genes and serve on editorial boards for other scientific journals. (k-state.edu)

Recent infection with yellow fever virus was confirmed in all four organ recipients by identification of yellow fever virus RNA consistent with the 17D vaccine strain in brain tissue from one recipient and seroconversion after transplantation in three recipients. (cdc.gov)
NSP1 and NSP5 were AU-1-like and NSP3 was T6, which suggests that multiple reassortment events occurred in the evolution of the strain. (scielo.br)
However, AIV also frequently infects domestic poultry and wild ducks in Europe and Africa and migrating wild birds that use the east Atlantic flyway may also risk introducing Eurasian strain viruses to North America via this route. (usgs.gov)
In 2013, an avian H7N9 virus strain emerged in China that caused hundreds of human infections. (nature.com)
How does that get explained as a new strain of the virus? (scienceblogs.com)

Applications of modern biotechniques in deciphering the genomic data at a higher pace have added voluminous information on virus biology, although there is quiet perceptive paucity on knowing the connotation of virus evolutions. (benthamopen.com)

In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. (nature.com)

This increase in reassortant avian viruses appears to coincide with recent evolutionary changes in H9N2, which include increased mammalian adaptation. (flutrackers.com)

We report a severe human infection with a reassortant influenza virus in China and the results of genetic, infectivity, and virulence investigations of the novel virus. (cdc.gov)
On Thursday, March 22, 2018, the Netherlands reported a human infection with an influenza A(H1N2) virus. (cdc.gov)
This study suggests that continuous monitoring of influenza infection in companion animals may be necessary to investigate the potential of the emergence of novel influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
April 14, 2023 - The National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China reported a confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H3N8) virus "H3N8 bird flu" on March 27, 2023. (cdc.gov)
This is the third human infection with H3N8 bird flu virus and first fatality ever reported. (cdc.gov)
Based on what is currently known, this human case of H3N8 virus infection is not thought to pose a risk to the health of the U.S. public at this time. (cdc.gov)
According to a statement from the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , the third human infection with H3N8 virus occurred in an adult in China who reportedly had a history of exposure to live poultry and wild birds (which had been observed around the home). (cdc.gov)
In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. (nature.com)

Additionally, this virus does not have markers associated with resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral drugs, and thus should be susceptible to treatment with currently licensed and available flu antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir. (cdc.gov)
Type A influenza viruses are further classified according to their combinations of haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (i.e. specific proteins on the virus surface), e.g. (who.int)
Influenza viruses are successful human pathogens because of their ability to vary their two external proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Mutations cause a gradual change in these proteins called 'antigenic drift', which results in annual epidemics of influenza. (health.gov.au)
She completed her PhD in 2010 in France under the supervision of Prof. Bruno Lina studying the resistance of influenza A viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors. (erasmusmc.nl)
The surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) involved in receptor binding and virus release are used to classify IAVs. (biomedcentral.com)
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are classified by a combination of two groups of proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin proteins (H), of which there are 18 (H1-H18), and neuraminidase proteins (N), of which there are 11 (N1-N11). (usgs.gov)
Currently, there is no licensed H7N9 vaccine available and people infected with H7N9 viruses are only treated therapeutically with neuraminidase inhibitors. (nature.com)
However, H7N9 is quickly acquiring resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 13 which is leading to an unreliable public health strategy to combat this virus. (nature.com)

Novel (new) subtype of human influenza A virus. (who.int)
During 2014-2015, after massive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) on the Korean Peninsula, subtype H5N8 viruses (group A clade 2.3.4.4) caused outbreaks among wild birds and domestic poultry in central Asia, Russia, and central Europe ( 1 , 2 ). (blogspot.com)
The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)

The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)

Aiding and abetting H9N2 in the creation of new viable avian reassortant viruses has been the common practice of housing together many different species of birds and poultry at live bird markets ( LBMs ), where viruses that might never meet up normally in the wild are provided an ideal environment to reassort. (flutrackers.com)
Add in transport and trade of poultry between markets ( LPTs ), and what might have remained local, isolated, outbreaks of a novel avian virus are provided additional opportunities to become regional - or even international - threats. (flutrackers.com)
We've a new study and analysis published yesterday in Frontiers of Public Health of the impact of both H9N2's genetic contributions, and the influence of LBMs and the poultry trade, on the evolution and geographic spread of H7N9 in China. (flutrackers.com)
We describe a novel reassortant of HPAIV A(H5N8) within group B clade 2.3.4.4, which causes lethal infections in hundreds of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. (blogspot.com)
The chapter concludes with an example of a low-pathogen avian influenza outbreak in a group of commercial poultry farms and the steps the industry took to contain further spread of the virus, minimize the risk of exposure, and monitor and prevent further infections. (nationalacademies.org)
H3N8 viruses have been sporadically detected in poultry in China and some have been found to be genetically closely related to the human cases reported in 2022 [ 3 ]. (cdc.gov)
Most human infections with avian influenza A viruses have resulted from direct contact with, or close exposure to, infected birds/poultry. (cdc.gov)
It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses emerged that featured a polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin (HA) and were lethal for poultry 7 , 8 . (nature.com)
Avian influenza viruses occur naturally among wild aquatic birds and cause occasional outbreaks in domestic poultry and other animal species. (who.int)

Clade 2.3.4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at the Russia-Mongolia border in 2016 but had new polymerase acidic and nucleoprotein segments. (blogspot.com)
In late May 2016, a group B clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 virus was detected in dead and hunted wild birds at Lake Uvs-Nuur, at the Russia-Mongolia border ( 5 ). (blogspot.com)
Regional and country-specific analyses are important as case fatality, demographic characteristics, seasonality and the clade or subclade of viruses have been observed to vary across regions. (who.int)

This A(H1N2) reassortant virus is thought to pose a health risk similar to other seasonal influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)

The similar temporal pattern in AIV prevalence found in dabbling ducks and gulls, the relatively high virus prevalence detected in gulls and the evidence of intracontinental reassortment in AIVs from gulls indicate that gulls that interact with dabbling ducks are likely to be mixing vessels for AIVs from waterfowl and gulls. (biomedcentral.com)

In 2014, in PLoS Path: Genetics, Receptor Binding, and Transmissibility Of Avian H9N2 researchers found evidence of Chinese H9N2 viruses binding preferentially to alpha 2,6 receptor cells - the type commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract - rather than to alpha 2,3 receptor cells which are found in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. (flutrackers.com)
They tested the viruses' virulence in mice and transmissibility to guinea pigs, which both have avian and mammalian types of airway receptors, and found that some reassortments were transmissible by airborne droplet, although they were not lethal. (genomeweb.com)

Animal rotaviruses are considered potential reservoirs for genetic exchange with human rotaviruses. (news-medical.net)
Most domestic animal species can play a role in the spread of the virus by acting as natural reservoirs of the virus or as intermediate or end hosts. (news-medical.net)
The nocturnal bats have been accepted harbouring many pathogenic viruses and serving as natural reservoirs. (benthamopen.com)
Wild birds, in particular certain species of waterfowl and shorebirds, are considered to be the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses. (usgs.gov)

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge. (nature.com)
From 2013 to 2017, the H7N9 virus led to annual epidemics. (nature.com)

The interactions between pathogens and their hosts involve complex and diverse processes at the genetic, biochemical, phenotypic, population, and community levels, while the distribution and abundance of microorganisms in nature and their microbial processes are affected by both biotic and abiotic factors that act at different scales. (nationalacademies.org)
Indeed, while it is hypothesised that there are likely to be biases in the reporting of reassortants from different hosts and geographical regions, to our knowledge there is no statistical or quantitative evidence in the literature to suggest a strong bias towards certain hosts over others. (biomedcentral.com)
Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. (biomedcentral.com)
In the past, avian flu viruses have crossed species barriers by reassorting with mammal-infective viruses in intermediate livestock hosts. (genomeweb.com)
The intermediate hosts can amplify the pathogen transmission and/ or introduce a genetic variation 7 . (scisoc.com)

My lab established the first reverse genetics system for SIVs, made seminal contributions to the development of a modified live SIV vaccine (sold in the U.S. as Ingelvac Provenza™), and contributed to understanding the virulence of the reconstructed 1918 "Spanish Flu" virus in livestock. (k-state.edu)
it encapsulates much of the recent research on the flu viruses, their virulence factors, and approaches to their detection. (chestervetclinic.com)

Mutation is an important source of RNA virus diversity that is made possible by the error-prone nature of RNA synthesis. (virology.ws)
Genetic Diversity and Protective Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine. (cdc.gov)

Neonatal and susceptible young growing pigs are exposed to viruses that are shed by carriers, including sows, or through exposure to the virus in their environment. (news-medical.net)
Interspecies Transmission from Pigs to Ferrets of Antigenically Distinct Swine H1 Influenza A Viruses with Reduced Reactivity to Candidate Vaccine Virus Antisera as Measures of Relative Zoonotic Risk. (cdc.gov)

He and his team introduced various mutations into the virus and watched their effects on its ability to attach to human respiratory tract cells. (flutrackers.com)
They found that with as few as five single mutations, the virus could bind to nasal and tracheal cells, according to the story. (flutrackers.com)

However, the biological and evolutionary consequences of giving measles virus a tri-segmented have not really been explored but would shed light on this process. (virology.ws)
Evolutionary biology has become one of the imperative determinants explaining the origin of several viruses which were either identified decades back or are recognized lately using metagenomic approaches. (benthamopen.com)

Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. (health.gov.au)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) in collaboration with multiple partners conducts research into the ecology of avian influenza virus and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses leading to several significant findings towards early detection and response to HPAI. (usgs.gov)
The USGS National Wildlife Health Center, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), the University of Iceland, and other partners, has explored the ecology and movement of AI viruses in the North Atlantic region since 2010. (usgs.gov)

These are influenza viruses that have been cultured either in eggs or cells (i.e. isolated) directly from clinical specimens and have not been modified. (who.int)
Adult specimens were frozen in liquid nitrogen for later virus testing in Fort Collins, Colorado. (the-medical-dictionary.com)

Is the residence time of a pathogen sufficient to allow genetic exchange or change to occur? (nationalacademies.org)

Wild aquatic birds constitute the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIVs). (biomedcentral.com)
Our results support that intercontinental reassortment is rare in AIVs from gulls in Eurasia. (biomedcentral.com)

His work carried out in the field of Virus brings together such families of science as Transmission, Cytokine, Outbreak and Microbiology. (research.com)
In 2011, there was an outbreak of H3N8 viruses among harbor seals in New England that caused deaths in 162 seals [ 7 ]. (cdc.gov)
In addition, an avian H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in an animal shelter in New York that led to one human case 11 . (nature.com)

Avian rotaviruses represent a diverse group of intestinal viruses, which may induce subclinical manifestations. (news-medical.net)
Indications are that bats can also harbour rotaviruses, and help in virus spread. (benthamopen.com)

however, H3N8 viruses of a different genetic lineage have been detected in U.S. wild birds and some mammals in the past. (cdc.gov)

These are influenza viruses developed and modified by reverse genetics by WHO Collaborating Centres and the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) for influenza vaccine development. (who.int)
This process occurs in nature but can also be done in a laboratory using "classical" reassortment or reverse genetics. (who.int)
Next, we determined the effects of single nucleotide variations on M splicing by generating mutant viruses harboring the 55C/T variant through reverse genetics. (biomedcentral.com)

Genetically and antigenically divergent influenza A(H9N2) viruses exhibit differential replication and transmission phenotypes in mammalian models. (cdc.gov)

While these viruses are known to circulate widely in North America, their occurrence is rare. (cdc.gov)
With the on-going European outbreaks of HPAI there is a risk of moving these viruses to North America as well. (usgs.gov)
This research has demonstrated the importance of the migratory bird flyways in this region to the intercontinental movement of viruses between Europe and North America. (usgs.gov)

These are wild-type influenza viruses that WHO has selected as representative of important groups of influenza viruses on the basis of extensive antigenic and genetic studies and comparisons with viruses from many countries. (who.int)

In particular, reassortment occurs among influenza viruses, whose genomes consist of eight distinct segments of RNA. (wikipedia.org)
These segments act like mini-chromosomes, and each time a flu virus is assembled, it requires one copy of each segment. (wikipedia.org)
The Yanagi group in Japan managed to segment the naturally nonsegmented measles virus into three segments and the recovered viruses were viable in vitro. (virology.ws)

Offers a good introduction with figures on the concept of reassortment (as well as recombination). (wikipedia.org)
In domestic birds, however, some AI viruses can be more pathogenic and mutation or recombination of a virus acquired from wild birds can increase disease potential. (usgs.gov)

These 'shifts' result in the emergence of a new influenza virus. (health.gov.au)

Candidate influenza vaccine viruses (seasonal). (who.int)
These are influenza viruses approved by WHO as suitable for making influenza vaccine. (who.int)
Most are modified in seasonal vaccine virus reassortment laboratories by "classical" reassortment from WHO-recommended viruses. (who.int)
This is a non-patented laboratory technique that is often used to make (seasonal) candidate vaccine viruses. (who.int)
These are influenza viruses that have been genetically modified to grow better in eggs for optimal vaccine production. (who.int)
These are influenza viruses prepared from candidate influenza vaccine viruses by individual manufacturers for the manufacturer's specific vaccine-production process. (who.int)
WHO-recommended viruses for vaccine use. (who.int)
These are wild-type influenza viruses that are recommended by WHO as the basis for an influenza vaccine. (who.int)
The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001. (health.gov.au)
i am sharing that that the influenza vaccine can make seasonal non-influenza respiratory viruses more aggressive, an effect known as "vaccine derived virus interference" as is established in the scientific literature already as you can see from such example above. (xn--rvz.wtf)
For ASFV, we are developing subunit and modified live virus vaccine candidates as well as point-of-need diagnostic tools (PenCheckTM) to protect swine from this devastating disease. (k-state.edu)
Newcastle disease virus-based H5 influenza vaccine protects chickens from lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus. (k-state.edu)

To monitor the epidemiology of canine influenza viruses (CIVs) in Liaoning, China, we performed three surveillances in November 2018, March 2019, and April 2019. (flu.org.cn)

The virus has not been detected beyond this one person and current seasonal flu vaccines would likely offer protection against this virus. (cdc.gov)
The greater the change in these proteins, the less likely it is that the virus will be recognised by immune cells primed by exposure to earlier infections or vaccines, and the greater the epidemic potential. (health.gov.au)
Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. (nature.com)

Anatomy7

Organisms56

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes22

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care4

Geographicals1

Strains26

H1N137

Genome10

Pandemic18

Lineages5

H3N217

Characterization4

Subtypes9

H5N125

Viral7

Humans19

Gene7

Influenza Virus Reassortment1

Infect5

Genes3

Strain5

Genomic1

Eurasian1

Avian viruses1

Infection8

Neuraminidase8

Subtype4

Pathogenicity1

Poultry10

Clade3

Seasonal influenza viruses1

Vessels1

Transmissibility2

Reservoirs4

H7N92

Hosts5

Virulence2

Diversity2

Pigs2

Mutations2

Evolutionary2

Surveillance3

Specimens2

Occur1

AIVs2

Outbreak3

Rotaviruses2

Lineage1

Reverse genetics3

Mammalian1

North America3

Antigenic1

Segments3

Recombination2

Result in the emergence1

Vaccine12

20181

Vaccines3