• Vaccination may be with attenuated or inactivated virus, or with viral proteins produced by genetic engineering techniques. (justia.com)
  • The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Virus particles have a nucleic acid genome and may also carry a few viral proteins, which are enclosed in a capsid of viral proteins or an envelope comprised of a small part of the host cell membrane. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Encephalomyocarditis virus infections in an Australian zoo. (cdc.gov)
  • Future studies will hopefully reveal which human viruses are causally involved in the induction of T1D and this knowledge may provide directions on how to deal with viral infections in diabetes-susceptible individuals in order to delay or even prevent the diabetogenic process. (nih.gov)
  • At present, the control of virus infections is primarily achieved by means of immunization vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Heretofore, only a limited number of virus infections such as smallpox, Asian influenza and herpes keratistis have been susceptible to prevention by chemical antiviral agents. (justia.com)
  • Sulfonamides and antibiotics which have revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections have substantially no effect upon virus infections. (justia.com)
  • Certain infections caused by large viruses, such as lymphogranuloma venereum, psittacosis and trachoma have been successfully treated using antibiotics and sulfa drugs. (justia.com)
  • These compounds are effective against a wide spectrum of virus infections and are useful in both the therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of such infections. (justia.com)
  • In benign infections found in some wild and captive African elephants, these viruses can affect either the skin or the pulmonary system. (wikipedia.org)
  • These anti-viral vaccines are highly effective in curbing virus infections and onset of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • February 12, 1987) observed inhibition of influenza virus in NIH 3T3 mouse cells genetically modified to express the mouse protein Mx. (justia.com)
  • The genomes of two unrelated viruses from a dog and fox each from a different state were sequenced and aligned with previously published genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 38 However, sheep-and goatpox viruses will have subtle genetic changes to their genomes over time which can be identified using genome sequencing. (anipedia.org)
  • Common for these viruses is that their genomes resemble mRNA and act directly as a template for translation upon infection. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Metagenomics is the study of genetic material from environmental samples for detecting microbes, especially pathogens. (warf.org)
  • The single-stranded (+)-RNA viruses comprise the largest group of viruses, which includes pathogens such as Dengue virus, Corona virus and West Nile virus. (fortunejournals.com)
  • In other cases, for example, influenza A virus, animal pathogens have the potential for producing a pandemic event. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although correlations between clinical presentation with T1D and the occurrence of a viral infection that precedes the development of overt disease have been recognized, causalities between viruses and the diabetogenic process are still elusive and difficult to prove in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Enteroviruses (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae ) are among the most common viruses infecting humans worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • These include, but are not limited to, (1) preventing hyperacute rejection, (2) preventing acute vascular rejection, (3) facilitating immune accommodation, (4) inducing immune tolerance, (5) preventing the transmission of viruses from xenografts into humans, and (6) addressing the ethical issues surrounding animal sources for xenografts and the appropriate selection of recipients (given that xenotransplantation remains experimental). (medscape.com)
  • The other important viruses of this group are JC virus (associated with neurological degeneration), BX virus (which suppresses immune system of humans), K virus of mice, etc. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Replication-defective vectors of reticuloendotheliosis virus transduce exogenous genes into somatic stem cells of the unincubated chicken embryo. (org.ua)
  • There is a growing body of information that viruses play a vital role in a broad range of diseases, some of which represent the most serious of man's ills. (justia.com)
  • Arthritis, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, Hodgkin's disease and various immunological diseases and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system have been linked to viruses as the causative agents. (justia.com)
  • One approach to the control of virus-related diseases and, particularly to the spread of such virus diseases, has been to search for medicinal agents or chemotherapeutic agents which are capable of inhibiting the growth of viruses, thereby preventing the spread of disease as well as preventing further damage to cells and tissues of the animal host which have not as yet been infected. (justia.com)
  • Thus, it can be seen that there is a need for new chemotherapeutic agents which are effective against a broad range of virus diseases, and which at the same time, are non-toxic to the host. (justia.com)
  • Studies of the mechanism of Qβ infection can increase our general understanding of the single-stranded (+)-RNA viruses, which can be exploited in the pursuit to treat and prevent diseases caused by pathogenic (+)-RNA viruses. (fortunejournals.com)
  • One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. (lookformedical.com)
  • Capripoxviruses are large brick-shaped, double stranded DNA viruses, morphologically indistinguishable from orthopoxviruses, measuring 295 by 265 nm. (anipedia.org)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne transplacentally transmissible flavivirus, is an enveloped virus with an ~10.8 kb plus-strand RNA genome that can cause neurological disease. (mdpi.com)
  • Encephalomyocarditis virus disease of pigs associated with a plague of rodents. (cdc.gov)
  • They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides , and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C . Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons . (lookformedical.com)
  • Orlando: Academic Press, Inc., 1986, Vol. 119(C). The interferons do not act directly against the virus, rather, they stimulate the antiviral response of the immune system. (justia.com)
  • Murnane TG , Craighead JE , Mondragon H , Shelokov A . Fatal disease of swine due to encephalomyocarditis virus. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a neurocutaneous disease caused by the reactivation of the virus that causes varicella (chickenpox). (bvsalud.org)
  • The first case of a fatal form of the disease was documented in 1990, though tissue samples from as early as the 1980s have since tested positive for the virus, and localized skin lesions in wild African elephants were recorded in the 1970s. (wikipedia.org)
  • These viruses are neither closely related to the EEHVs, nor the known cause of any disease symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • To celebrate 100 years of this seminal discovery, one of the first to show that a virus could cause a human disease, an international symposium was held on the 20 November 2009, in Vienna, Austria ( http://www.meduniwien.ac.at/100yearspolio ). (springer.com)
  • Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that produces multi-systemic disease in dogs and other terrestrial carnivores [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A third disease caused by a capripoxvirus, lumpy skin disease of cattle, can also elicit protective immunity against sheep- and goatpox in sheep and goats, as illustrated by the Kenyan sheep- and goatpox vaccine which is derived from a lumpy skin disease virus that was isolated from sheep. (anipedia.org)
  • 55 The difference in the geographical distribution of lumpy skin disease from that of sheep- and goatpox, as well as the fact that no sheep- or goatpox viruses have been isolated from cattle, suggests that sheep- and goatpox viruses do not cross from small ruminants to cattle. (anipedia.org)
  • Importance: Live vaccines (measles-mumps-rubella [MMR] and varicella-zoster virus [VZV]) have not been recommended after solid organ transplant due to concern for inciting vaccine strain infection in an immunocompromised host. (bvsalud.org)
  • Just over hundred years ago, Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper identified a virus, later termed poliovirus, as the causative agent of poliomyelitis. (springer.com)
  • In 1909, Landsteiner and Popper reported the identification of a virus, subsequently called poliovirus (PV), as the causative agent of poliomyelitis [ 20 ]. (springer.com)
  • TNX-1800 is a preclinical stage synthetic-derived live attenuated chimeric horsepox virus vaccine engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) gene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Each vaccine acts primarily against a specific virus and is not heterophilic in the protection it offers. (justia.com)
  • Virus neutralization assays were used to evaluate potential antigenic differences between this strain and a vaccine strain and mixed ANOVA test was used to compare the titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Years later, with declining immunity, the varicella zoster virus (VZV) can reactivate and cause herpes zoster, an extremely painful condition that can last many weeks or months and significantly compromise the quality of life of the affected person. (bvsalud.org)
  • Papovaviruses are one of the four important dsDNA viruses (e.g. papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses and pox viruses) which produce tumour in many animals. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Hence, vaccines do not provide a practical solution against the wide array of infectious viruses, even when limited as for example, solely to respiratory viruses. (justia.com)
  • With this favorable immune backdrop, genetic engineering of OVs and rational combinations further potentiate OVs as cancer vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prophylactic vaccines are against the hepatitis B virus, which can cause liver cancer, and against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, which are responsible for about 70 percent of cervical cancer cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One method of providing virus resistance is by use of vaccines. (justia.com)
  • The (+)-RNA viruses have been used in the development of vaccines, as imaging tools and in virus inactivation studies [4, 5]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • To be informative nomenclature needs to take other criteria such as molecular-based data that enable clear differentiation between these two viruses into consideration. (anipedia.org)
  • Simian Virus-40 3. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • The term papova is derived from the first two letters of the three prototypes, papilloma virus, polyoma virus and simian vacuolating virus-40 (SV40). (biologydiscussion.com)
  • A program of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing began in 2005, aiming to test blood samples from around a thousand elephants for antibodies to the virus in order to help identify carriers and possible transmission patterns. (wikipedia.org)
  • UW-Madison researchers have developed a genetic rescue assay that discriminates the activities of wild type DDX41 from those of human myeloid malignancy-associated germline and somatic DDX41 mutants. (warf.org)
  • Viruses have been divided into seven groups in the Baltimore classification, which is based on the nature of their genome and the replication hereof [2]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • The virus therefore requires a mechanism for transporting incompletely spliced and unspliced mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for either protein expression or for encapsidation of the full-length or genomic mRNA. (peerj.com)
  • The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) derived from the 5'-nontranslated region of the encephalomyocarditis virus exerts high-efficiency protein translation and is functional in a variety of cell culture systems. (ectrx.org)
  • certainly, it is difficult to recover live virus on tissue culture from scab material, but the presence of the virus within type A inclusion protein could protect the virus in the environment although this has not yet been proven. (anipedia.org)
  • Recombinant Human IFN-beta Protein Binding Activity Recombinant Human IFN‑ beta (Catalog # 8499-IF) exhibits anti-viral activity in HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. (bio-techne.com)
  • The use of experimental animal models is therefore indispensable, and indeed more insight in the mechanism by which viruses can modulate diabetogenesis has been provided by studies in rodent models for T1D such as the biobreeding (BB) rat, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse or specific transgenic mouse strains. (nih.gov)
  • This invention relates to the production of virus-resistant transgenic animals. (justia.com)
  • Data from experimental animals as well as in vitro studies indicate that various viruses are clearly able to modulate the development of T1D via different mechanisms, including direct beta-cell lysis, bystander activation of autoreactive T cells, loss of regulatory T cells and molecular mimicry. (nih.gov)
  • Verlinde JD , Tongeren V . Human infection with viruses of the Columbia SK group. (cdc.gov)
  • Enteroviruses are common human viruses associated with various clinical syndromes, from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis). (cdc.gov)
  • Measured in anti-viral assays using HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cells infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. (bio-techne.com)
  • [19] Benchaibi M, Mallet F, Thoraval P, Savatier P, Xiao JH, Verdier G, Samarut J, Nigon V. Avian retroviral vectors derived from avian defective leukemia virus: role of the translational context of the inserted gene on efficiency of the vectors. (org.ua)
  • when available, complete virus information is given, using the following convention: GenBank accession number, country of origin/strain name/year of isolation-host species. (cdc.gov)
  • The molecular biology of RNA tumor virus. (org.ua)
  • They rely on their target cell for molecular building blocks, energy sources and host factors to replicate, since viruses are gene poor compared to their host [1]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (lookformedical.com)
  • The first is the direct oncolysis of cancer cells by the virus, which is, in most cases a mixture of apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death, often with one as predominant for a particular OV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic engineering of T cells greatly increases the scope and potency of T-cell therapy: T-cell receptor (TCR) transfer allows targeting of intracellular cancer antigens, whereas chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow targeting of surface cancer or lineage-specific antigens. (ashpublications.org)
  • [7] Knight JB, Si ZH, Stoltzfus CM. A base-paired structure in the avian sarcoma virus 5' leader is required for efficient encapsidation of RNA. (org.ua)
  • Artificial insemination is not believed to be a transmission factor, notes that when multiple calves of a single bull or cow elephant died at different times (even at the same facility) they nearly all had distinct strains of the virus, yet when two calves died or became infected at the same time at the same facility the pairs have always had identical virus strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grobler DG , Raath JP , Braack LE , Keet DF , Gerdes GH , Barnard BJ , An outbreak of encephalomyocarditis-virus infection in free-ranging African elephants in the Kruger National Park. (cdc.gov)
  • In African elephants, related forms of these viruses, which have been identified in wild populations, are generally benign, occasionally surfacing to cause small growths or lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • This form of the virus was originally believed to occur naturally in African elephants (occasionally producing skin nodules), and to be transmitted to Asian elephants within captivity, but more extensive studies have since largely disproved this concept because several other species/types of EEHV (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression of Rous sarcoma virus-derived retroviral vectors in the avian blastoderm: potential as stable genetic markers. (org.ua)
  • Here is a list of viruses that are found in animals: 1. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • 24, 56 The source of environmental contamination occurs from infected animals shedding the virus. (anipedia.org)
  • The infection of the virus induces vesicular lesions in animals. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Genetic distances were estimated by the Kimura 2-parameter method. (cdc.gov)