Genetic and reproductive reproductive techniques. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Centre for Genetics Education offers an overview of prenatal testing , as well as fact sheets about preimplantation genetic diagnosis , screening tests during pregnancy, and diagnostic tests during pregnancy . (medlineplus.gov)
New technology can be a catalyst for our thinking about issues of life, and we can think of the examples like assisted reproductive technologies, life sustaining technology, organ transplantation, and genetics, which have been stimuli for research into bioethics in the last few decades. (eubios.info)
Recent advances in techniques and understanding in the fields of genetics, embryology and reproductive biology have opened up new ways to treat a wide range of medical problems. (springer.com)
This entry addresses these philosophical concerns as well as the more widely discussed ethical implications of contemporary genetics and reproductive technologies. (encyclopedia.com)
The contemporary science of genetics provides, not only an understanding of heritable traits, but also the capability to diagnose the probability or certainty of transmitting to offspring genetic conditions such as sickle-cell anemia. (encyclopedia.com)
A conceptual question is prompted by the rapid advances in genetics: What constitutes genetic disease? (encyclopedia.com)

It is used to detect genetic changes in embryos that were created using assisted reproductive techniques (ART) such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF). (medlineplus.gov)
To perform preimplantation testing, a small number of cells are taken from these embryos and tested for certain genetic changes. (medlineplus.gov)
Should Genetic Manipulation of Human Embryos Be Banned? (bartleby.com)
Does the U.S. prohibit genetic manipulation of human embryos? (bartleby.com)
Twenty-nine countries prohibit genetic manipulation of human embryos except the U.S. (Adams 529). (bartleby.com)
The Fertility Center at Massachusetts General Hospital offers preimplantation genetic testing (PGD) that helps detect and prevent serious and life-threatening genetic diseases in embryos. (massgeneral.org)
The IVF/PGT procedure is for couples who wish to prevent the passage of genetic abnormalities to their unborn children and those who want their embryos tested for genetic abnormalities while undergoing IVF. (massgeneral.org)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
A team of researchers removed part of the gene responsible for a genetic blood condition (beta thalassemia), and implanted the modified DNA into non-viable human embryos (IVF cast-offs). (adelaidereview.com.au)
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) involve manipulation of sperm and ova or embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)

It is reproductive technology used primarily in infertility treatments. (medicalxpress.com)
They range from new options for infertility treatment and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to stem-cell-based therapies for debilitating diseases. (springer.com)
Assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility . (wikipedia.org)
ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility . (wikipedia.org)
Infertility is a reproductive health indicator (5). (who.int)
Infertility triggers loss of feelings of motherhood and fatherhood, and a sense of loss of productivity and genetic continuity (10). (who.int)

2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
embryo that undergoes genetic manipulation prior to In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF), which is done by combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish then transferring that embryo to a uterus. (bartleby.com)
A small number of cells are removed from the growing embryo for biopsy and then sent to a specialized laboratory to perform the indicated genetic test. (massgeneral.org)
More attention should be give to Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis-the technique of testing the genes of the in vitro human embryo. (metanexus.net)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
As selection intensity increases through reproductive methods like embryo transfer and artificial insemination, it can result in a fewer number of parents to provide the next generation of breeding animals. (icbf.com)
For assisted reproductive techniques, oocytes and sperm are collected from the intended parents or donors, and an embryo or the gametes are transferred to the woman's reproductive tract after culture in vitro. (msdmanuals.com)

Patients carrying abnormal genetic traits often face reproductive challenges. (massgeneral.org)
This first set of ABs and ILs of eggplant will be extremely useful for the genetic dissection of traits of interest for eggplant, and represents an elite material for introduction into the breeding pipelines for developing new eggplant cultivars adapted to the challenges posed by the climate-change scenario. (frontiersin.org)
Inbreeding depression particularly affects less visible traits like reproductive and health traits, along with the more visible, growth, lactation and survival. (icbf.com)

This is the list of organisms that are found in the lower reproductive tract of sexually mature women who are not immunocompromised. (wikipedia.org)
A partial description of pathogens that can be found in the lower and upper reproductive tract of women can be found in the article sexually transmitted disease. (wikipedia.org)
For example, Candida is a normal inhabitant of a healthy reproductive tract but an overgrowth of this organism can cause candidiasis. (wikipedia.org)
This is the list of the normal flora that are found in the lower reproductive tract of sexually mature women who exhibit no symptoms of illness and who are not immunocompromised. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers at Baylor College say they've found the genetic reason for two common male reproductive tract birth defects in a genome-wide study. (medicaldaily.com)
Carossino's main research interest was identifying host genetic factors associated with persistent equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion's reproductive tract. (thehorse.com)
His main research included a USDA-funded project to identify host genetic factors associated with persistent equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion's reproductive tract. (thehorse.com)

Diagnostic testing can be performed before birth or at any time during a person's life, but is not available for all genes or all genetic conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
This event triggered differing opinions about the genetic manipulation of diseased genes. (bartleby.com)
These are the terms for the process of manipulating the genes, usually outside organisms natural reproductive process. (bartleby.com)
Even the healthiest couples could pass on genes that would make their child susceptible to high cholesterol, cancer, schizophrenia, depression, or whatever other diseases there are waiting to be triggered by the genetic demons perching in the family tree. (discovermagazine.com)
The genetic study showed promising results in "silencing" the genes that translate into tau protein, the primary component behind dementia. (medicaldaily.com)
Intensive management is required to prevent inbreeding, but even so, infant mortality and disease susceptibility is high and certain genetic lineages have produced offspring with severe facial deformities and retinol colobomas, thus it is thought that the population would benefit from the introduction of new genes. (vin.com)
Assisted breeding techniques can augment the genetic management of a population by introducing new genes into a captive population without translocating animals. (vin.com)
At a basic level, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique allows speci fic genes to be manipulated. (adelaidereview.com.au)
In studies like the one mentioned above, the modi fied genes could not be passed on to offspring because they aren't present in reproductive cells (the germ line). (adelaidereview.com.au)
As breeders usually check pedigrees when planning matings, genomic inbreeding can provide a further insight into the genetic make-up of the animals, as while there may be an overlap in the pedigree of two animals, the reality may be that these animals have no genes in common. (icbf.com)

It should remain illegal in most cases for genetic manipulation to be used in choosing a baby's gender. (bartleby.com)
Genetic manipulation or modification is the process of scientists changing a person's DNA before birth to help benefit that person's life. (bartleby.com)
The benefits of genetic manipulation outweigh the repercussions and the full extent of those benefits is yet to be seen. (bartleby.com)
Genetic manipulation, sometimes referred to as genetic engineering or genetic enhancement, is one of these fictions that have become a reality for scientists. (bartleby.com)
is to outline the concept of genetic manipulation, which is an all-inclusive term that describes the deliberate manipulation of the genetic material by biochemical techniques. (bartleby.com)
The idea of genetic modification and manipulation has dominated movie themes for many years. (bartleby.com)
However, with today's developing technology, both the dangers and benefits of genetic manipulation are coming to life. (bartleby.com)
The genetic manipulation is done through processes of Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). (bartleby.com)
No genetic manipulation is involved. (newmars.com)
If genetic manipulation to correct defects is ethically permissible, what, if anything, would be wrong with alterations intended to provide genetic enhancement? (encyclopedia.com)
The prospect of genetic enhancement using the techniques of recombinant DNA manipulation can allow for more precision and wider applications than older approaches such as selective sperm banking. (encyclopedia.com)
A new and cheap gene-editing technique has brought the possibility of the genetic manipulation of human reproductive cells closer than ever before. (adelaidereview.com.au)

Mating of related individuals may also lead to increased embryonic mortality and prevalence of genetic defects. (icbf.com)
Mitochondrial disease is an umbrella term that encompasses a host of clinical syndromes and features caused by in excess of 300 different genetic defects affecting the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. (bvsalud.org)

Recent research also has thrown lights upon a significant role of orexins, especially orexin A, in regulation of male reproductive functions owing to their receptor expressions in vital testicular cells, such as Leydig cells, Sertoli cells as well as spermatozoa at different developmental stages, even in the epididymis and penis. (researchgate.net)

One popular IVF technique, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, was hardly tested on animals, and introduced without an experimental phase. (bioedge.org)

A perfect example is Robert Edwards accepting the Nobel Prize in Physiology for developing the first successful in-vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques with his colleague, Patrick Steptoe, in 1978. (discovermagazine.com)
To reduce the possibility of passing along a genetic disorder, patients must undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). (massgeneral.org)
In vitro fertilization is the technique of letting fertilization of the male and female gametes (sperm and egg) occur outside the female body. (wikipedia.org)

2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)

Of course biology is science, even Science except perhaps all those new bio-techniques that are now so automated they re really just engineering, or even off-the-shelf technology look at all those adverts in Nature ! (concatenation.org)
At the same Festival, a Making Science Available discussion produced a chain of cliches, where several science journalists explained how they knew all about genetic modification - when it was transparently clear to a few of us that they would score less than zero in a first-year university biology exam. (concatenation.org)

p57(KIP2) and IGF2/H19 gene loci are linked during early human embryogenesis by examining trophoblast samples from ART pregnancies and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) cases and matched naturally conceived controls. (nih.gov)
Preimplantation testing, also called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is a specialized technique that can reduce the risk of having a child with a particular genetic or chromosomal disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
The University of Pennsylvania offers an explanation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis . (medlineplus.gov)
Dr. Irene Souter discusses preimplantation genetic testing with patients. (massgeneral.org)
Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see preimplantation genetic diagnosis ). (wikipedia.org)
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has become an assisted reproductive technique for couples who are at risk that enables them to have unaffected baby without facing the risk of pregnancy termination. (koreamed.org)
Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) All procedures used to diagnose genetic disorders, except ultrasonography, are invasive and involve slight fetal risk. (msdmanuals.com)

Newborn screening is used just after birth to identify genetic disorders that can be treated early in life. (medlineplus.gov)
Predictive testing can identify mutations that increase a person's risk of developing disorders with a genetic basis, such as certain types of cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Disorders that produce extreme mental damage or fatal genetic disease can cause great havoc in affected families. (wikisummaries.org)
Characterizing sensitivity and coverage of clinical WGS as a diagnostic test for genetic disorders. (cdc.gov)

Our study, together with previous historical and genetic data, suggests that T. infestans was originally a sylvatic species, with large quantities of DNA and heterochromatin, inhabiting the Andean region of Bolivia. (cdc.gov)
We are pleased to announce the 4th edition of the Workshop on Reproductive Biotechnology and Cryobanking in Aquatic Species , within the framework of the project EBB (European Blue Biobank). (ualg.pt)
Previous studies in other species have linked semen quality and reproductive fitness with inbreeding. (vin.com)
Retaining genetic diversity is a primary concern for species conservation. (vin.com)
Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
Gene drives allow humans to change the genetic makeup of a species by changing the DNA of a few individuals that then spread the modification throughout an entire population. (vox.com)
Genetic Diversity is defined as the variation in the amount of genetic information within and among individuals of a population, a species or a breed. (icbf.com)

Douglas Bevis's description of amniocentesis, the removal of amniotic fluid from pregnant women, led to the procedure becoming a standard diagnostic tool to check fetal maturity, health, and genetic abnormalities. (wikisummaries.org)

5. Most countries in the African Region have no specific regulations and policies governing genetic manipulations for assisted conception, treatment and research. (who.int)

Normalized and routine, thousands of children are able to be born free of genetic diseases. (discovermagazine.com)
This information is critically important when creating breeding strategies, to avoid the mating of animals that are carriers for genetic diseases. (icbf.com)

The term also includes any reproductive technique involving a third party e.g a sperm donor. (medicalxpress.com)
The JAX Sperm Cryopreservation method was developed by our reproductive science experts and has become the industry standard. (jax.org)
Sperm Cryopreservation techniques were developed by JAX scientists and are an essential tool for efficient colony management. (jax.org)
JAX Sperm Cryo Services enables you to conserve resources when you are not actively using a model and to ensure your valuable strains are protected from unfortunate events, including natural disasters, facility failures, disease outbreaks, breeding cessation and genetic drift. (jax.org)

Some forms of ART are also used in fertile couples for genetic reasons. (medicalxpress.com)

Carrier testing is used to identify people who carry one copy of a gene mutation that, when present in two copies, causes a genetic disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
This type of testing is offered to individuals who have a family history of a genetic disorder and to people in certain ethnic groups with an increased risk of specific genetic conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
This type of testing is offered during pregnancy if there is an increased risk that the baby will have a genetic or chromosomal disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
These tests can be helpful to people who have a family member with a genetic disorder, but who have no features of the disorder themselves at the time of testing. (medlineplus.gov)
Presymptomatic testing can determine whether a person will develop a genetic disorder, such as hereditary hemochromatosis (an iron overload disorder), before any signs or symptoms appear. (medlineplus.gov)
The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on promoting health and reproductive habits. (wikipedia.org)
Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal genetic disorder that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. (genome.gov)

Knowledge of the genetic structure of insect populations (including the evaluation of gene flow between domestic and sylvatic populations), as well as their domestication and spreading capabilities, are essential tools for effective vector control ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
However, the practicalities involved in the concept of introducing genetic material from animals in range countries to individuals in captivity, have prevented these techniques from revolutionizing the captive management of closed populations. (vin.com)

Then, the cells are used for genetic analysis, and the amniotic fluid is examined by various biochemical techniques. (wikisummaries.org)

A recent UNESCO draft document, although rather vague and deficient in itself, probably does the best job of at least initially identifying and describing some of these new reproductive technologies in relatively simple form, with a few generalized helpful sketches online. (lifeissues.net)
Just as with IVF, the babies are shown to be as healthy as babies born without assistive reproductive technologies. (discovermagazine.com)
Through application of new genetic knowledge and reproductive technologies the major change will be to mankind itself. (sanevax.org)
Finally, EFF has also built on its existing work opposing police surveillance technologies by highlighting the dangers these technologies pose to those seeking reproductive care. (eff.org)

Although scientists regularly swear that reproductive cloning is unethical because it is unsafe, almost none of them grasp the nettle of whether it would be ethical if it were safe. (bioedge.org)

According to the comparative technique, "checking hypotheses regarding the trait's occurrence across organisms apart from the animals whose behavior the researcher attempts to comprehend is included. (tutorialspoint.com)

There are also four subspecies of ostriches that are separated by a gradient of genetic differentiation making them an ideal system for studying reproductive isolation and mate compatibility. (lu.se)

It is also referred to as genetic modification or genetic engineering. (bartleby.com)
Are efforts to improve human intelligence, appearance, or other attributes by genetic means essentially different from the traditional methods of education, physical or mental training, or behavior modification (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems 1982)? (encyclopedia.com)

Studies are still identifying specific variables that contribute to developing breast cancer and new therapies and prevention techniques. (news-medical.net)
Genetic therapies for the first molecular disease. (cdc.gov)

Women diagnosed during their reproductive years are often advised to consider fertility preservation. (fredhutch.org)

This groundbreaking technology allows us to test for many known genetic abnormalities. (massgeneral.org)
Amniocentesis, then, is a technique that may be used to allow physicians to examine the health and the presence or absence of genetic abnormalities in human fetuses before they are born. (wikisummaries.org)

Cutting-edge laboratory techniques were used to reveal the genetic and molecular signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

Assisted reproductive technology ( ART ) is a general term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. (medicalxpress.com)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
pregnancy rates with this technique are lower than those with retrieval of multiple oocytes, but costs are lower and success rates are increasing. (msdmanuals.com)

Usually, sixteen-week-old fetuses are used because it is a generally safe time to carry out the procedure, samples of amniotic fluid large enough for detailed analysis can be obtained without harming the fetus, and an adequate time period is available for completion of necessary genetic and biochemical studies soon enough for elective abortion, if necessary. (wikisummaries.org)

The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)

Writing in the current issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics, D. Elsner, of the University of Melbourne, argues that the right to reproductive freedom outweighs the possible harm done to cloned childen. (bioedge.org)

5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
The technique was only moderately successful, with a small number of the modified cells surviving. (adelaidereview.com.au)

Because breast cancer can be hereditary , first-degree relatives of people with genetic mutations are advised to also get tested. (fredhutch.org)
Having two genetic mutations is extremely rare and unusual. (fredhutch.org)
Due to her two genetic mutations, she decided to have a double mastectomy to lower her risk as much as possible. (fredhutch.org)

Consequently, a smaller number of animals get selected which can lead to a reduction in genetic diversity in a population. (icbf.com)
It is very important to maintain genetic diversity for the future survival of the breed. (icbf.com)

while other major crops in the genus Solanum and in the family Solanaceae, like tomato, potato, pepper, tobacco, and petunia, have been widely studied from the genetic and genomic points of view, developments in eggplant genomics have lagged behind. (frontiersin.org)

This finding, together with historical reconstruction ( 6 ) and genetic analyses ( 7 ), suggests that central Bolivia may be the site of origin and dispersal of T. infestans throughout South America. (cdc.gov)
I use a combination of comparative analyses and experimental and genetic analyses on ostriches. (lu.se)

The comments call on the federal government to improve protections for a wide range of services that fall under the umbrella of "reproductive health care" and ensure medical providers aren't put in a position where they feel compelled to report their patients. (eff.org)

But that breakthrough in genetic engineering technology doesn't just go away. (discovermagazine.com)
Level up and this technology allows for the more precise study of genetic disease using animal models. (adelaidereview.com.au)

The Human Genome Initiative, a "big science" project launched by the U.S. government to map and sequence the entire human genome, has heightened concerns about the privacy and confidentiality of genetic information, the uses to which such information might be put, and the possibility of stigmatizing individuals or groups because of their genetic constitution. (encyclopedia.com)

A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
It has recently also come to mean a member of such a group and, in particular, an organism that is a genetic copy of another organism. (who.int)

CRISPR gene drives combine the gene drive idea with the CRISPR gene editing technique. (vox.com)
The technique is called CRISPR/Cas9. (adelaidereview.com.au)

Having earlier discovered the reproductive function of NPF in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the research team wondered about its role in other biological processes, particularly in energy homeostasis. (tsukuba.ac.jp)

But in order to become a part of medical history, parahuman reproduction and human genetic engineering must circumvent the recalcitrance of an antiquated culture. (lifeissues.net)
People wishing to reproduce by cloning should be able to do so, provided that there is no reasonable alternative, and trials of HRC [human reproductive cloning] as an experimental medical procedure should not be prohibited. (bioedge.org)
Our work falls into different categories: reproductive techniques, diagnosis, medical research, healthcare and delivery, access to treatments and living and education. (geneticalliance.org.uk)
Medical records-based chronic kidney disease phenotype for clinical care and 'big data' observational and genetic studies. (cdc.gov)

However, you can follow some general selection and management guidelines to ensure reproductive success throughout their lives. (msucares.com)
The genetic engineering of people could have lots of things go wrong with it, and it's just unnatural, so we probably shouldn't do it," says the general consensus. (discovermagazine.com)

From the recreation of dinosaurs in Jurassic Park and the creation of a superhero in SpiderMan, the idea of genetic alterations has been made to seem as if it were to be limited to the silver screen. (bartleby.com)

as well as diagnostic techniques, drug development and tissue transplantation. (who.int)

Some of our patients already know they are at risk-either because of their age or from the prior birth of an affected child or through previous genetic testing. (massgeneral.org)
To analyze a wide variety of polymorphisms in patients with endometriosis is important since this disease has a strong genetic component. (koreamed.org)
Outcomes of large panel genetic evaluation of breast cancer patients in a community-based cancer institute. (cdc.gov)

A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases5

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes8

Information Science1

Named Groups2

Health Care1

Genetics6

Embryos10

Infertility6

Embryo8

Traits3

Tract7

Genes10

Manipulation12

Defects2

Male reproductive1

Intracytoplasmic sperm inj1

Fertilization3

Cloning of human beings5

Biology2

Preimplantation genetic7

Disorders4

Species7

Fetal1

Manipulations1

Diseases2

Sperm4

Fertile couples for genetic1

Disorder7

Populations2

Biochemical techniques1

Technologies4

Scientists1

Organisms1

Isolation1

Modification2

Therapies2

Fertility1

Abnormalities2

Molecular1

Pregnancy3

Fetuses1

Nuclear3

Harm1

Cells3

Mutations3

Diversity2

Genomic1

Analyses2

Health1

Technology2

Possibility1

Organism2

CRISPR2

Processes1

Medical4

General2

Alterations1

Diagnostic techniques1

Patients3

Involves1