• DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2D gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes the fourth-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In yeast, this polymerase subunit is associated with the polymerase under suboptimal growth conditions and may have a stress protective role. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dissociable sigma (σ) factor subunit directs the RNAP to different sets of genes to allow their expression in response to various cellular needs. (nih.gov)
  • According to the short sequences (1.1 kb in total) obtained from envelope phospholipase (open reading frame [ORF] 011) and RNA polymerase subunit RPO147 (ORF056) genes, F14.1158H is most closely related to PPVs and is similar to the 585-bp sequences detected in lesions from humans after contact with horses and donkeys in the United States ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • DNA polymerase (ORF025), early transcription factor (ORF083), DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit RPO132 (ORF101), and DNA topoisomerase type 1 (ORF062) ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
  • Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family. (expasy.org)
  • The activating element contains no other known regulatory sites but two elements required for RNA holoenzyme functioning, raising the intriguing possibility of carbon source-dependent regulation by a subunit of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme in K. lactis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Structure of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase alpha subunit amino-terminal domain. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The Escherichia coli RNA polymerase alpha subunit: structure and function. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • A single-chain analogue of fTSH termed yoked fTSH (yfTSH) was developed by fusing the nucleotides encoding the C-terminus of the beta-subunit fused to the N-terminus of the alpha-subunit with DNA encoding the C-terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit as a linker peptide. (avmi.net)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Like its counterpart in yeast, this subunit may be shared by the other two DNA-directed RNA polymerases. (origene.com)
  • Entrez Gene: POLR2D polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide D". Jeang KT (1998). (wikipedia.org)
  • Interestingly, one member of this module, Polr2a, polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A, is downregulated by the combination of prenatal ethanol and postnatal stress in an RNA-Seq experiment and qPCR validation (q = 2e-12, p = 0.004, respectively). (bepress.com)
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In a structural gene, the transcribed region contains the coding sequences that dictate the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • It may have the ability to interact with other HLH-proteins and function as a transcription factor or as a positive transcriptional regulator under the control of Retinoblastoma protein. (nih.gov)
  • More than half of all human genes are alternatively spliced, so it is expected that alternative pre- mRNA splicing will be responsible for the identification of more than 90 percent of all human proteins. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Before genome editing can be used more widely for clinical purposes, researchers need to develop better-targeted DNA-binding proteins. (genengnews.com)
  • In the laboratory of David R. Liu at Harvard University, a method has been developed that allows bacteriophages to rapidly evolve DNA-binding proteins autonomously so that they become more targetable over time. (genengnews.com)
  • The new work appeared August 10 in Nature Methods, in an article entitled, "Continuous directed evolution of DNA-binding proteins to improve TALEN specificity. (genengnews.com)
  • DB-PACE brings the power of continuous evolution to bear on improving the activity and specificity of a variety of DNA-binding proteins. (genengnews.com)
  • When AHL represents and binds to luxR proteins, luxR will bind to its DNA binding site, the lux box, thus to reduce the accessibility of RNA polymerases to this promoter, repressing the transcription initiation. (igem.org)
  • Identification of Sequence-Specific DNA-Binding Proteins by Southwestern Blotting Simon Labbe, Jean-Francois Harrisson, and Carl Seguin 13. (nhbs.com)
  • Dual function regulatory proteins play a key role in the differential regulation of gene expression. (ku.dk)
  • DDX5 is required for cell proliferation by controlling the transcription of genes expressing DNA replication proteins in cancer cells in which the DDX5 locus is amplified, and this has uncovered a dependence on DDX5 for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • The heterochromatin-enriched HP1 proteins play a critical role in regulation of transcription. (cipsm.de)
  • HPV 16/18 infection was detected by nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), the p53 mutation was detected by direct sequencing, and the p53 and the HPV 16/18 E6 proteins were studied using immunohistochemistry on 129 pterygial specimens and 20 normal conjunctivas. (molvis.org)
  • RNA, lipids, and proteins. (who.int)
  • Once the provirus is integrated into the host cell DNA, it is transcribed using typical cellular mechanisms to produce viral proteins and genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • RNA polymerase (RNAP) performs various tasks during transcription by changing its conformational states, which are gradually becoming clarified. (nih.gov)
  • The canonical function of a bacterial sigma (σ) factor is to determine the gene specificity of the RNA polymerase (RNAP). (nih.gov)
  • A hallmark feature of the σ 54 -RNAP is the obligatory requirement for an activator ATPase to allow transcription initiation. (nih.gov)
  • Different activator ATPases couple diverse environmental cues to the σ 54 -RNAP to mediate adaptive changes in gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • The multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • This finding suggests a role for this σ 54 in gene regulation that extends beyond its known function as an RNAP gene specificity factor. (nih.gov)
  • DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. (expasy.org)
  • TCR initiates when RNA polymerase (RNAP) stalled by a lesion is displaced by the Mfd DNA translocase, thus giving repair components access to the damage. (nature.com)
  • Here we correlate this signal with simultaneous single-molecule fluorescence imaging of labeled components (RNAP, Mfd or RNA) to monitor the composition and localization of the complex. (nature.com)
  • Displacement of stalled RNAP by Mfd results in loss of nascent RNA but not of RNAP, which remains associated with Mfd as a long-lived complex on the DNA. (nature.com)
  • This complex translocates at ∼ 4 bp/s along the DNA, in a manner determined by the orientation of the stalled RNAP on the DNA. (nature.com)
  • While repression can be achieved by any DNA binding protein through steric occlusion of RNA polymerase in the promoter region, activation often requires a surface on the regulatory protein to contact RNAP and thus facilitate transcription initiation. (ku.dk)
  • RNAP itself is also a DNA binding protein, therefore it can function as a transcriptional repressor. (ku.dk)
  • Mtb RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the target of the first-line antituberculosis drug rifampin (Rif). (proteopedia.org)
  • The results identify an Mtb-specific structural module of Mtb RNAP and establish that Rif functions by a steric-occlusion mechanism that prevents extension of RNA. (proteopedia.org)
  • This was accompanied by a selective and pronounced disruption of cell type-specifying transcriptional circuits, whose constituent genes featured exceptionally high rates of Pol II turnover. (nih.gov)
  • Notably, transcriptional output of most other genes was largely unaffected by acute Mediator ablation. (nih.gov)
  • Maintenance of transcriptional activity at these genes was linked to an unexpected, CDK9-dependent compensatory feedback loop that elevated Pol II pause release rates genome-wide. (nih.gov)
  • Genes in this module are overrepresented by genes involved in transcriptional regulation and other pathways related to neurodevelopment. (bepress.com)
  • Carbon source-dependent transcriptional regulation of the QCR8 gene in Kluyveromyces lactis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Induction of the reporter gene and protein-binding was dependent on the presence of a functional KlCAT8 gene, suggesting that, in K. lactis, K1Cat8p acts in the transcriptional regulation of respiratory function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Primer extension analysis identified a transcriptional start site 30 bp upstream of the hyfA structural gene, with appropriately located -24 and -12 boxes indicative of a sigma(54)-dependent promoter. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Plants have evolved a complex transcriptional machinery for generating and using small RNAs that guide DNA cytosine methylation at homologous regions of the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B) When AHL presents and binds to transcriptional regulator, the transcription regulator binds its DNA binding site, thus to reduce the accessibility of RNA polymerase to promoter, repressing the transcription initiation. (igem.org)
  • Hu Y, Morichaud Z, Chen S, Leonetti JP, Brodolin K. Mycobacterium tuberculosis RbpA protein is a new type of transcriptional activator that stabilizes the sigma A-containing RNA polymerase holoenzyme. (proteopedia.org)
  • Download DNA or protein sequence, view genomic context and coordinates. (yeastgenome.org)
  • The gene fragment that encodes mature TSHbeta was cloned from feline genomic DNA after direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (avmi.net)
  • The 850 bp sequence of fTSHbeta genomic DNA consisted of two coding exons, an intron of 418 bp, and a 60 bp signal sequence. (avmi.net)
  • Pol IV is needed to produce the small RNA trigger for methylation whereas Pol V acts downstream of small RNA biogenesis to facilitate de novo methylation of genomic DNA at the small RNA-targeted site. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The integrated gDNA reduction step in the QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR procedure prevents overquantification of transcripts caused by genomic DNA carryover. (qiagen.com)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Interaction annotations are curated by BioGRID and include physical or genetic interactions observed between at least two genes. (yeastgenome.org)
  • This high-density, quantitative genetic interaction map focused on various aspects of chromosome function, including transcription regulation and DNA repair/replication. (thebiogrid.org)
  • Direct and indirect ionization of DNA is ultimately responsible for the DNA alterations that adversely affect the structural and genetic integrity of the system. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, Np95 (also known as UHRF1 or ICBP90) has been found to interact with Dnmt1 and to bind hemimethylated DNA, indicating together with genetic studies a central role in the maintenance of DNA methylation. (cipsm.de)
  • Antigenic shifts are probably due to genetic recombination (an exchange of a gene segment) between influenza A viruses that affect humans and/or animals. (cdc.gov)
  • either DNA or RNA viruses may have single or double strands of genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Consistent with a model of condensate-driven transcription initiation, large clusters of hypo-phosphorylated Pol II rapidly disassembled upon Mediator degradation. (nih.gov)
  • We previously used DNA nanomanipulation to obtain a nanomechanical readout of protein-DNA interactions during TCR initiation. (nature.com)
  • POLR3C may be involved either in the recruitment and stabilization of the subcomplex within RNA polymerase III, or in stimulating catalytic functions of other subunits during initiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • The core promoter has been traditionally defined to be the sequences that direct the accurate initiation of transcription. (grantome.com)
  • At the present time, there is an incomplete understanding of the DNA sequences that direct the initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. (grantome.com)
  • [3] [ SIGA_MYCTU ] Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. (proteopedia.org)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As inferred from mouse cell models, intergenic spacer regions (IGS) located between rRNA transcription units contain upstream promoters and are transcribed by RNA Polymerase I. The IGS transcripts originate approximately 2 Kb upstream of the start of rRNA transcription and proceed though the main promoter of the rRNA gene. (reactome.org)
  • Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • With a PCR-free approach, using enrichment of the viral DNA, we acquired as much as 121 kb of nucleotide sequence, almost the full genome, with coverage values of ≈100 in 5 contigs (BioProject no. (cdc.gov)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • In 1970 Temin and Japanese virologist Satoshi Mizutani, and American virologist David Baltimore , working independently, reported the discovery of an enzyme that could synthesize proviral DNA from the RNA genome of RSV. (britannica.com)
  • Currently, much of the research exploring clinical applications of genome engineering is focused on treating monogenic diseases-diseases that involve a single gene-as they're much easier for researchers to successfully target. (genengnews.com)
  • In all cells, high-fidelity pathways repair DNA to maintain the integrity of the genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene expression can mean the difference between a functional and non-functional genome, between health and disease, and with the development of transgenic crops, the difference between survival and starvation. (nhbs.com)
  • In 'DNA-Protein Interactions: Principles and Protocols, Third Edition', this vital subject is brought up to date with protocols exploring the most cutting-edge developments in the field, including in vivo and genome-wide interaction techniques. (nhbs.com)
  • Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retroviruses use reverse transcription to create a double-stranded DNA copy (a provirus) of their RNA genome, which is inserted into the genome of their host cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the genome of RNA viruses ranges from 3.5 kilobases (some retroviruses) to 27 kilobases (some reoviruses), and the genome of DNA viruses ranges from 5 kilobases (some parvoviruses) to 280 kilobases (some poxviruses). (msdmanuals.com)
  • We characterize in real time the composition and catalytic state of the initial Escherichia coli transcription-coupled repair (TCR) machinery by using correlative single-molecule methods. (nature.com)
  • The two alpha subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase are asymmetrically arranged and contact different halves of the DNA upstream element. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • For example, RT-PCR is commonly used to quantify the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribed from a gene. (britannica.com)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • High- fidelity mRNA amplification for gene profiling. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Highly specific and effective gene silencing of any disease can be achieved by an accurate knowledge of the target mRNA sequence and rational design of its complementary antisense agents for the downregulation of its protein message. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Further demonstrating that expressed CRP genes lack gene body methylation, a CRP4-GFP fusion gene under the control of the constitutive 35 S promoter remains unmethylated in leaves and is transcribed to produce a translatable mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Because bacteria do not contain nuclei, ribosomes bind to mRNA as it is being transcribed, and protein synthesis occurs simultaneously with transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • most of these interfere with the transcription of β-globin mRNA or its processing or translation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • RNA polymerases read the codes from specific areas of the DNA and transcribe the information into a mRNA copy of the DNA. (cdc.gov)
  • This enzyme was named RNA-directed DNA polymerase, commonly referred to as reverse transcriptase. (britannica.com)
  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as AZT (zidovudine)-the first drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to prolong the lives of AIDS patients-act by terminating the proviral DNA chain before the enzyme can finish transcription. (britannica.com)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Reverse transcription is accomplished using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus carries with it inside its shell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The non-self RNA polymerase III transcripts, such as Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs (EBERs) induce type I interferon and NF- Kappa-B through the RIG-I pathway. (thermofisher.com)
  • In a current model, Pol V synthesizes scaffold transcripts that interact with ARGONAUTE4-bound small RNAs, which recruits the methylation machinery to the target DNA [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Most RNA polymerases are multimeric enzymes and are composed of a variable number of subunits. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • A sequence for a ribosomal pseudogene is contained within the 3' untranslated region of the transcript from this gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and sequence-specific DNA binding activity. (nih.gov)
  • DNA-directed RNA polymerases EC (also known as DNA-dependent RNA polymerases) are responsible for the polymerisation of ribonucleotides into a sequence complementary to the template DNA. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The resulting DNA sequence was cloned, sequenced, ligated and recloned into expression vector PEAK. (avmi.net)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-directed DNA methylation results in a characteristic modification pattern that is typified by methylation of cytosines in all sequence contexts (CG, CHG and CHH, where H is A, T or C) within the region of small RNA-DNA sequence homology [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • QuantiNova RT-PCR Kits (real-time RT-PCR kits) enable sensitive quantification of RNA targets by real-time one-step PCR using SYBR Green I or sequence-specific probes. (qiagen.com)
  • The study's lead authors, Basil Hubbard, Ph.D., an assistant professor of pharmacology at the University of Alberta, characterized DB-PACE as follows: "This technology allows you to systematically say, 'I want to target this DNA sequence, and I don't want to target these others,' and it basically evolves a protein to do just that. (genengnews.com)
  • Using this system, we can produce gene editing tools that are 100 times more specific for their target sequence. (genengnews.com)
  • While the field is still in its relative infancy, Dr. Hubbard said human clinical trials involving sequence-specific DNA-editing agents are already underway. (genengnews.com)
  • Somatic hypermutation alters variable region sequence, and switch recombination joins a new constant region (Cγ1) to the expressed variable region, producing an extrachromosomal DNA circle (bottom), which contains the deleted region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The DNA strand that directs the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA by complementary base pairing is the template strand. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), also known as real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), we can analyze the quantity (copy number) of a target DNA sequence as it is replicated, in real time. (goldbio.com)
  • The molecular sequence of this clone aligns with the gene accession number as a point of reference only. (origene.com)
  • 1. Is electrophilic or can be metabolical y activated to electrophiles does not alter the linear sequence of nucleotides (or bases) in the DNA, 2. (who.int)
  • The core RNA polymerase complex consists of five subunits (two alpha, one beta, one beta-prime and one omega) and is sufficient for transcription elongation and termination but is unable to initiate transcription. (gzsys.org.cn)
  • The genes encoding the mature common glycoprotein alpha (CGA) and hormone-specific beta subunits of feline thyroid stimulating hormone (fTSH) were cloned and sequenced. (avmi.net)
  • This report constitutes the first cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding the subunits of feline thyrotropin. (avmi.net)
  • Because RNA is fragile and difficult to study, a strand of complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from RNA, using reverse transcriptase during the RT-PCR procedure. (britannica.com)
  • The cDNA can then be amplified by polymerase chain reaction and used for subsequent experiments. (britannica.com)
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • In addition, we provide a wide range of products including reverse transcriptase (RT) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Kits that allow cDNA generation and detection of RNA. (goldbio.com)
  • In leaves, the CRP genes are silent and their coding regions contain dense, transposon-like methylation in CG, CHG and CHH contexts, which depends partly on the Pol IV/Pol V pathway and small RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Key components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway include two functionally diversified RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-related RNA polymerases called Pol IV and Pol V [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
  • GXD's primary emphasis is on endogenous gene expression during development. (jax.org)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • By contrast, a CRP4-GFP fusion gene under the control of a CRP4 promoter fragment acquires CG and non-CG methylation in the CRP coding region in leaves similar to the silent endogenous CRP4 gene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The maintenance activities of METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) and CHROMOMETHYLASE3 act primarily to perpetuate pre-existing CG and CHG methylation, respectively, during successive rounds of DNA replication [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding factors required for DNA replication will enrich our knowledge of this important process and potentially identify vulnerabilities that can be exploited in cancer therapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We applied an assay that measures the stability of maintenance of an episomal plasmid in human tissue culture cells to screen for new DNA replication factors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Defects in the control of cell proliferation are a hallmark of cancer, and DNA replication is a key process for cell proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Understanding how DNA replication is regulated in human cells can provide insight into cancer development and may reveal vulnerabilities that can be exploited therapeutically. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Certain single-strand, (+) sense RNA viruses termed retroviruses use a very different method of replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Influenza is a single-stranded, helically shaped, RNA virus of the orthomyxovirus family. (cdc.gov)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • PCR involves the use of DNA polymerase to synthesize complementary strands of DNA from a template. (goldbio.com)
  • IMPORTANCE RNA synthesis is the first step of gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Indeed, a number of agents currently used in cancer treatment are known to target DNA synthesis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Database analyses retrieved 40 active ingredients and 47 target genes in SHD. (hindawi.com)
  • GO Annotations consist of four mandatory components: a gene product, a term from one of the three Gene Ontology (GO) controlled vocabularies ( Molecular Function , Biological Process , and Cellular Component ), a reference, and an evidence code. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Click "Gene Ontology Details" to view all GO information and evidence for this locus as well as biological processes it shares with other genes. (yeastgenome.org)
  • The main module page also shows the location of these motifs within the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • The process of switch recombination is activated and targeted by the transcription of switch (S) regions, guanine-rich, 2-10 kilobase stretches of DNA located just upstream of those constant regions that participate in switch recombination (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objective of the proposed research is to undertake a three-tiered approach to the study of the core promoter at the levels of DNA sequences, protein factors, and biological networks. (grantome.com)
  • Other regulatory sequences, such as promoter-proximal elements and enhancers , also affect the frequency of transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, individual transcript sequences of the same gene can differ through naturally occurring variations (e.g. polymorphisms), each with its own valid existence. (origene.com)
  • The Mediator complex directs signals from DNA-binding transcription factors to RNA polymerase (Pol) II. (nih.gov)
  • Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process. (frontiersin.org)
  • disassembly of the UvrBC-DNA complex by helicase II and DNA polymerase I. (nature.com)
  • POLR3C may direct with other members of the subcomplex RNA Pol III binding to the TFIIIB-DNA complex via the interactions between TFIIIB and POLR3F. (thermofisher.com)
  • However, this simple definition belies a complex and diverse component of the transcription process. (grantome.com)
  • It can be anticipated that the absence of feedback mechanisms in Boolean or Non-Boolean gene networks is definitely a major hurdle towards complex behaivor for synthetic microbial consortia. (igem.org)
  • Hartkoorn RC, Sala C, Magnet SJ, Chen JM, Pojer F, Cole ST. Sigma factor F does not prevent rifampin inhibition of RNA polymerase or cause rifampin tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (proteopedia.org)
  • But now it has been used to continuously evolve DNA-binding domains called TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) with altered or improved DNA-binding specificity. (genengnews.com)
  • Molecular function: DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity. (expasy.org)
  • Blue squares indicate phenotypes directly attributed to mutations/alleles of this gene. (jax.org)
  • Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phage-assisted continuous evolution has been adapted to the development of TALENs with better DNA-binding activity and specificity. (genengnews.com)
  • Here we present DNA-binding phage-assisted continuous evolution (DB-PACE) as a general approach for the laboratory evolution of DNA-binding activity and specificity," wrote the authors. (genengnews.com)
  • In class-switch recombination, regulated DNA deletion replaces one heavy chain constant region with another, changing the antibody's class but not its antigen specificity and thus optimizing clearance of antigen from the body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differential promoter methylation and histone modification contribute to the brain specific expression of the mouse Mbu-1 gene. (nih.gov)
  • This pattern of methylation is mediated in part by small RNAs and two specialized RNA polymerases, termed Pol IV and Pol V, in a process called RNA-directed DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By contrast, many protein-coding genes transcribed by Pol II contain in their gene bodies exclusively CG methylation that is independent of small RNAs and Pol IV/Pol V activities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is unclear how the different methylation machineries distinguish between transposons and genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report on a group of atypical genes that display in their coding region a transposon-like methylation pattern, which is associated with gene silencing in sporophytic tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed a methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis to search for targets of RNA-directed DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana and identified several members of a gene family encoding cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methylation in the coding region is reduced, however, in the synergid cells of the female gametophyte, where the CRP genes are specifically expressed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unlike CG methylation in gene bodies, which does not dramatically affect Pol II transcription, combined CG and non-CG methylation in CRP coding regions is likely to contribute to gene silencing in leaves because loss of this methylation in synergid cells is associated with CRP gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss this unusual methylation pattern and its alteration in synergid cells as well as the possible retrogene origin and evolutionary significance of CRP genes that are methylated like transposons. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, asymmetric CHH methylation is a hallmark of RNA-directed DNA methylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Identification of Protein/DNA Contacts with Dimethyl Sulfate: Methylation Protection and Methylation Interference Peter E. Shaw and A. Francis Stewart 9. (nhbs.com)
  • Footprinting DNA-Protein Interactions in Native Polyacrylamide Gels by Chemical Nucleolytic Activity of 1,10-Phenanthroline-Copper Athanasios G. Papavassiliou 14. (nhbs.com)
  • It was anticipated that a specific RNA target for AID would soon be identified, and would in all likelihood be found to encode a master regulator in the form of a critical nuclease or transcription factor [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene plays a role in craniofacial and cognitive development and mutations have been associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome, a multisystem developmental disorder caused by deletion of multiple genes at 7q11.23. (nih.gov)
  • Mutations/deletions in separate genes, each of which alone causes a minimal phenotype, but when combined in the same cell results in a more severe fitness defect or lethality under a given condition. (thebiogrid.org)
  • Our recent report indicated that tumor suppressor gene ( p53 ) mutations and protein aberrant expression were detected in pterygium. (molvis.org)
  • Antigenic drift involves small mutations in the genes of influenza viruses that lead to changes in HA and NA that accumulate over time, resulting in the emergence of novel strains that the human immune system may not recognize. (cdc.gov)
  • POLR3C plays a key role in sensing and limiting infection by intracellular bacteria and DNA viruses.POLR3C acts as nuclear and cytosolic DNA sensor involved in innate immune response. (thermofisher.com)
  • Gene-trap mutagenesis using Mol/MSM-1 embryonic stem cells from MSM/Ms mice. (nih.gov)
  • We add tumor necrosis factor α to primary human cells, switch on transcription of a 221-kb gene and monitor promoter position during the ensuing transcription cycle (using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled to super-resolution localization, chromosome conformation capture and Monte Carlo simulations). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both genes were cloned independently downstream from the EF1alpha promoter of the PEAK transfer vector to facilitate co-expression studies in PEAK cells (modified human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells). (avmi.net)
  • presents an opportunity to manipulate gene expression within the cells to treat various diseases, and acts as a powerful tool for studying gene function utilizing antisense agents to manage the diseases by regulating the expression of the specific factor that actually causes the particular disease. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The kit also provides protocols for extracted RNA and direct amplification from cultured cells, even down to a single cell. (qiagen.com)
  • Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A handful of genes exempt themselves from this standard of immutability, however, most notably the loci that encode antigen receptors in B cells and T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
  • B cells use unconventional strategies for the production of a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies from a very limited amount of DNA. (cipsm.de)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
  • Currently, there are three basic types of tests to determine if an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Initial direct viral detection is typically performed using an upper respiratory tract (URT) specimen. (medscape.com)
  • The process by which a VIRAL RNA molecule is duplicated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Also, our InstantAmp™ Plant Direct PCR Kit is designed to be the simplest and best method to efficiently amplify DNA fragments from plant tissues. (goldbio.com)
  • The HPV 16/18 was detected in 24% of the pterygium tissues (31 of 129) but not in the normal conjunctiva, and the HPV16/18 E6 oncoprotein was detected in 48.3% of HPV 16/18 DNA-positive pterygium tissues (15 of 31). (molvis.org)
  • In this report, we analyzed p53 protein expression and gene mutation in pterygium in comparison with HPV 16/18 infection and E6 oncoprotein expression in pterygium tissues to understand whether the HPV infection was involved in pterygium pathogenesis. (molvis.org)
  • An RNA polymerase has been thought to transcribe by seeking out a promoter, initiating and then tracking down the template. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The QCR8 gene of the yeast K1uyveromyces lactis is transcriptionally regulated by the carbon source in the growth medium. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The ability of reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA has been used in the laboratory. (britannica.com)
  • Specific Aim 2 involves the identification and characterization of transcription factors that function in a core-promoter-specific manner. (grantome.com)
  • There are likely to be many other factors that regulate transcription via the core promoter. (grantome.com)
  • Transcription of each S region is driven by a dedicated promoter that is responsive to specific transcription factors, which in turn are regulated by extracellular signals delivered by cytokines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hereditary factors, including the presence of a Bcg gene, have been implicated in susceptibility to acquisition of this disease. (medscape.com)
  • This work inspired us that harnessing the conditioned binding of quorum sensing regulators to their cognate DNA box to control the accessibility of RNA polymerase would be a way of general interest to design direct, fast and reliable signaling inverters for synthetic microbial consortia. (igem.org)
  • Selby, C.P. & Sancar, A. Structure and function of transcription-repair coupling factor. (nature.com)
  • FUNCTION: [Summary is not available for the mouse gene. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Congenital iodide transport defect is an uncommon autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function variants in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS)-coding SLC5A5 gene and leading to dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism. (bvsalud.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene contains five GTF2I-like repeats and each repeat possesses a potential helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, carcinogens nogenic are polycyclic aromatic hy- to induce DNA damage, it can be may act not only by producing DNA drocarbons and benzene, which by cal ed a genotoxicant or a genotox- damage directly but also by altering themselves are relatively inert chem- in, and if it is shown that the agent the processes that control normal ical y. (who.int)
  • A gene also includes regions of DNA that regulate production of the encoded product, such as a promoter region. (basicmedicalkey.com)