• Once bound to replicators, initiators (often with the help of co-loader proteins) deposit replicative helicases onto DNA, which subsequently drive the recruitment of additional replisome components and the assembly of the entire replication machinery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concept of the replicator as a genetic entity has proven very useful in the quest to identify replicator DNA sequences and initiator proteins in prokaryotes, and to some extent also in eukaryotes, although the organization and complexity of replicators differ considerably between the domains of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosome replication is triggered when a nucleoprotein complex, termed the orisome, assembles, unwinds the duplex DNA, and recruits the proteins required to establish new replication forks. (mdpi.com)
  • In Escherichia coli cells, disruption of the transcription-translation coordination leads to the loss of transcription processivity via triggering Rho-mediated premature transcription termination. (bvsalud.org)
  • protein_coding" "AAC74319","hns","Escherichia coli","global DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator H-NS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • The main module page also shows the location of these motifs within the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • cMonkey tries to identify two motifs per modules in the upstream sequences of the module member genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • A fundamental feature of the replicon hypothesis is that it relies on positive regulation to control DNA replication onset, which can explain many experimental observations in bacterial and phage systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Obviously, the initiation of chromosome replication is essential to bacterial reproduction, but this process is not inhibited by any of the currently-used antimicrobial agents. (mdpi.com)
  • In a comparisonof the first two bacterial genomes sequenced, Mushegian and Kooninprojected that the 256 orthologous genes shared by the Gram negativeHaemophilus influenzae and the Gram positive M. genitalium genomes area close approximation of a minimal gene set for bacterial life(2). (fullblog.com.ar)
  • proposed a 206 protein-coding gene core of aminimal bacterial gene set based on analysis of several free-living andendosymbiotic bacterial genomes (3). (fullblog.com.ar)
  • During initiation, the replication machineries - termed replisomes - are assembled on DNA in a bidirectional fashion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The replicator thereby specifies the location of replication initiation events, and the chromosome region that is replicated from a single origin or initiation event is defined as the replicon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Translation initiation factor 1A / IF-1 [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Translation initiation factor SUI1 [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In the elongation phase, replisomes travel in opposite directions with the replication forks, unwinding the DNA helix and synthesizing complementary daughter DNA strands using both parental strands as templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonetheless, research subsequent to Jacob's, Brenner's and Cuzin's proposal of the replicon model has discovered many additional layers of replication control in bacteria and eukaryotes that comprise both positive and negative regulatory elements, highlighting both the complexity and the importance of restricting DNA replication temporally and spatially. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tight coordination between transcription and translation has long been recognized as the hallmark of gene expression in bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thisinvention relates, e.g., to the identification of non-essential genesof bacteria, and of a minimal set of genes required to supportviability of a free-living organism. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • It is only throughgene essentiality studies of bacteria that have near minimal genomesthat we bring empirical verification to the compositions ofhypothetical minimal gene sets. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • The Mollicutes, generically known as the mycoplasmas, are an excellentexperimental platform for experimentally defining a minimal gene set.These wall-less bacteria evolved from more conventional progenitors inthe Firmicutes taxon by a process of massive genome reduction.Mycoplasmas are obligate parasites that live in relatively unchangingniches requiring little adaptive capability. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • While more conventional bacteria withlarger genomes used in gene essentiality studies have on average 26% oftheir genes in paralogous gene families, M genitalium has only 6%(Table 1). (fullblog.com.ar)
  • Knockout of a master regulator gene, spo0A, triggers a global resource reallocation from survival-related pathways to biosynthesis pathways, further strongly stimulating the growth of B. subtilis. (bvsalud.org)
  • The necessity to regulate origin location likely arises from the need to coordinate DNA replication with other processes that act on the shared chromatin template to avoid DNA strand breaks and DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • p)ppGpp not only controls various stages of central dogma processes (replication, transcription, ribosome maturation and translation) and central metabolism but also regulates various physiological processes such as pathogenesis, persistence, motility and competence. (bvsalud.org)
  • During carbon downshift, a lack of stringent response in relA deficient strain leads to disruption of the transcription-translation coordination, thus compromising the transcription processivity and further the timely expression of related catabolic operons for utilizing secondary carbon sources. (bvsalud.org)
  • Once replication is complete, specific termination events lead to the disassembly of replisomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the specific replication origin organization structure and recognition varies from species to species, some common characteristics are shared. (wikipedia.org)
  • The1999 report by some of the present inventors on the essential microbialgene for M. genitalium and its closest relative, Mycoplasma pneumoniae,mapped ~2200 transposon insertion sites in these two species, andidentified 130 putatively non-essential M. genitalium protein-codinggenes or M. pneumoniae orthologs of M. genitalium genes. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • Most of thesestudies were done with human pathogens, often with the aim ofidentifying essential genes that might be used as antibiotic targets.Almost all of these organisms contain relatively large genomes thatinclude many paralogous gene families. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite the fundamental nature of these events, organisms have evolved surprisingly divergent strategies that control replication onset. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonetheless,some of the putatively disrupted genes, such as isoleucyl andtyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (MG345 & MG455), DNA replication gene dnaA(MG469), and DNA polymerase HI, subunit alpha (MG261) are thought toperform essential functions. (fullblog.com.ar)
  • To ensure complete and accurate duplication of the entire genome and the correct flow of genetic information to progeny cells, all DNA replication events are not only tightly regulated with cell cycle cues but are also coordinated with other cellular events such as transcription and DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • Propagation of the genetic material between generations requires timely and accurate duplication of DNA by semiconservative replication prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the full complement of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In1999 some of the present inventors reported the first use of globaltransposon mutagenesis to experimentally determine the genes notessential for laboratory growth of M. genitalium{A). Since then therehave been numerous other experimental determinations of bacterialessential gene sets using our approach and other methods such as sitedirected gene knockouts and antisense RNA (5- 12). (fullblog.com.ar)
  • cMonkey integrates powerful de novo motif detection to identify conditionally co-regulated sets of genes. (systemsbiology.net)
  • Synthesis of daughter strands starts at discrete sites, termed replication origins, and proceeds in a bidirectional manner until all genomic DNA is replicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • A key prerequisite for DNA replication is that it must occur with extremely high fidelity and efficiency exactly once per cell cycle to prevent the accumulation of genetic alterations with potentially deleterious consequences for cell survival and organismal viability. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genome atlases allowed for distinguishing distinct DNA structures and highlighted suspicious high transcription zones. (mdpi.com)
  • 1999) Science 286, 2165-9), those authors estimatedthat 265 to 3,50 of the protein-coding genes of M. genitalium areessential under laboratory growth conditions(4). (fullblog.com.ar)
  • protein_coding" "AAC73572","dnaX","Escherichia coli","DNA polymerase III/DNA elongation factor III, tau and gamma subunits [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "AAC73904","mntR","Escherichia coli","Mn(2+)-responsive manganese regulon transcriptional regulator [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Overall, protein-coding density of bacterial genomes is with 85-90% high ( McCutcheon and Moran, 2011 ) and the correlation between genome size and the number of genes is surprisingly constant ( Touchon and Rocha, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, our findings suggest that fluctuations in binding of the partitioning protein ParB2 and the chrII initiator RctB to rctA underlie a regulatory network controlling both oriCII firing and the production of the essential chrII partitioning proteins. (nih.gov)
  • The H-NS protein is a global regulator of gene expression in bacteria and can also bind transposition complexes (transpososomes). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 41314) energy-coupling factor transport system permease protein ecfT BBZA01000003 CDS ARMA_0064 complement(41356. (go.jp)
  • These differences dramatically influence the amount of protein produced from each gene, which is critical for proper cellular function, as well as organismal development and survival. (mit.edu)
  • The DnaA protein has long been considered to play the key role in the initiation of chromosome replication in modern bacteria. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In fact, the possibility that DnaA protein acts as a regulator of gene expression was raised by Hansen a few years after the isolation of the first mutant [ 10 ] , and DnaA was subsequently shown to regulate many operons [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • To explore this proposal, it is essential to characterise the biochemical properties of the DnaA protein. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • They found that the DnaA protein is an ATPase possessing a high affinity for the replication origin ( oriC) via DnaA boxes constituted of nine bases. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The replicator thereby specifies the location of replication initiation events, and the chromosome region that is replicated from a single origin or initiation event is defined as the replicon. (wikipedia.org)
  • In bacteria, the duplication process of the often-circular chromosomes is initiated at a single origin per chromosome, resulting in two replication forks that traverse the chromosome in opposite directions. (frontiersin.org)
  • There is little knowledge of factors and mechanisms for coordinating bacterial chromosome replication and segregation. (nih.gov)
  • Previous studies have revealed that genes (and their products) that surround the origin of replication (oriCII) of Vibrio cholerae chromosome II (chrII) are critical for controlling the replication and segregation of this chromosome. (nih.gov)
  • The coordination of cell growth and chromosome replication is achieved by mechanisms that are still being uncovered. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The first priority was the elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of chromosome replication as hypothesized in the Replicon Theory [ 5 ] , according to which DNA replication starts from the genetically defined point ( oriC ) by the action of an initiator. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Incomplete, erroneous, or untimely DNA replication events can give rise to mutations, chromosomal polyploidy or aneuploidy, and gene copy number variations, each of which in turn can lead to diseases, including cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • H-NS typically regulates cellular functions through its potent transcriptional repressor function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our observations suggest that RctB has at least two DNA binding domains--one for binding to oriCII and initiating replication and the other for binding to rctA and thereby inhibiting RctB's ability to initiate replication. (nih.gov)
  • Kohiyama, therefore, sought mutants that failed to initiate replication at high temperatures and found two [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This can either involve the replication of DNA in living organisms such as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or that of DNA or RNA in viruses, such as double-stranded RNA viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The concept of the replicator as a genetic entity has proven very useful in the quest to identify replicator DNA sequences and initiator proteins in prokaryotes, and to some extent also in eukaryotes, although the organization and complexity of replicators differ considerably between the domains of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can come about through transposons acquiring genes that encode resistance to antibiotics and other environmental toxins, or through transposon insertion events that alter the expression of key host genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Norris, V. DnaA and Hyperstructure Dynamics in the Cell Cycle. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • DnaA and Hyperstructure Dynamics in the Cell Cycle" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/49596 (accessed December 02, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated. (wikipedia.org)
  • To ensure complete and accurate duplication of the entire genome and the correct flow of genetic information to progeny cells, all DNA replication events are not only tightly regulated with cell cycle cues but are also coordinated with other cellular events such as transcription and DNA repair. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcription of all required genes has to take place simultaneously with genome duplication. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the existing data also demonstrate that the replication fork trap in E. coli imposes significant constraints to genome duplication if ectopic origins are active. (frontiersin.org)
  • We describe the current models of how replication fork fusion events can cause serious problems for genome duplication, as well as models of how such problems might be alleviated both by a number of repair pathways as well as the replication fork trap system. (frontiersin.org)
  • Considering the problems associated both with head-on replication-transcription conflicts as well as head-on replication fork fusion events might provide clues of how these genome trafficking issues have contributed to shape the distinct architecture of bacterial chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • These mutations were mapped to the same locus and the gene was called dnaA [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A fundamental feature of the replicon hypothesis is that it relies on positive regulation to control DNA replication onset, which can explain many experimental observations in bacterial and phage systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • These observations, therefore, help make DnaA a candidate for the role of coordinator of the cell cycle. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The necessity to regulate origin location likely arises from the need to coordinate DNA replication with other processes that act on the shared chromatin template to avoid DNA strand breaks and DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, by binding to rctA, ParB2 and RctB inversely regulate expression of the parAB2 genes. (nih.gov)
  • By contrast, a model of negative regulation (analogous to the replicon-operator model for transcription) fails to explain the above findings. (wikipedia.org)
  • We study post-transcriptional gene regulation-why some cellular mRNAs are a thousand times more stable than others, and why some are translated better than others. (mit.edu)
  • Despite the fundamental nature of these events, organisms have evolved surprisingly divergent strategies that control replication onset. (wikipedia.org)
  • The development of in vitro transposition reactions for systems such as Mu, Tn7, Tn10 and Tn5 has allowed host factors implicated as regulators of transposition reactions to be tested for their potential to directly interact with the transposition machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the specific replication origin organization structure and recognition varies from species to species, some common characteristics are shared. (wikipedia.org)
  • The model postulates that a diffusible, trans-acting factor, a so-called initiator, interacts with a cis-acting DNA element, the replicator, to promote replication onset at a nearby origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Propagation of the genetic material between generations requires timely and accurate duplication of DNA by semiconservative replication prior to cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the full complement of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • 41931) energy-coupling factor transport system substrate-specific component qrtT BBZA01000003 CDS ARMA_0065 complement(42026. (go.jp)
  • Here, we explored how rctA exerts negative control over chrII replication. (nih.gov)
  • Synthesis of daughter strands starts at discrete sites, termed replication origins, and proceeds in a bidirectional manner until all genomic DNA is replicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • These assembly loci constitute the start sites of DNA replication or replication origins. (wikipedia.org)
  • contig feature cds_id location product gene BBZA01000001 CDS ARMA_0001 14. (go.jp)