• Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
  • We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
  • Glucose is fundamental to the metabolism of mammalian cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. (karger.com)
  • Compounding the problem of replicating human type 2 diabetes in mice without knowing its fundamental causes is the difficulty that mice differ in many respects from humans, including in functions related to glucose metabolism. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • The importance of interspecies differences in studying human type 2 diabetes in mice is exemplified by examining the rate-limiting step in human glucose metabolism, which is insulin-dependent glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • pink mitochondrial OXPHOS) - Glucose metabolism in mitochondria . (elifesciences.org)
  • Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this study, we examined AA effects on metabolism in wild-type (WT) mice and GLUT10 G128E mice fed with a normal diet (CD) or HFD, as we previously showed that GLUT10 G128E mice are highly sensitive to HFD-induced T2DM 9 . (researchsquare.com)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to defects in glucose metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Glucose-6-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • is an intermediate, possibly transitional, state between normal glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus that becomes more common with aging. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Association of the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 rs1746661 single nucleotide polymorphism with reduced brain glucose metabolism in elderly humans. (cdc.gov)
  • With a minimalist model of metabolism, cell growth and transcriptional regulation in a microorganism, we explore how the interaction between environmental conditions and gene regulation set the growth rate of cells in the phase of exponential growth. (lu.se)
  • A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
  • There are 14 total GLUT proteins separated into 3 classes based on sequence similarities. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although there are some sequence differences between all GLUT proteins, they all have some basic structural components. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, both the N and C termini in GLUT proteins are exposed to the cytoplasm of the cell, and they all have 12 transmembrane segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recently cloned SLC2A10 gene encodes a 541 amino acid putative facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT10) of the GLUT family class III with between 30 and 34% amino acid homology with the known GLUT proteins ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In males, in physiological conditions, testosterone acts via androgen receptors (AR) to increase insulin receptor (IR) expression and glycogen synthesis, and to decrease glucose uptake controlled by liver-specific glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2). (nih.gov)
  • In the histological sections of liver the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining (to visualize glycogen) and IHC (to detect GLUT-2, IR, and AR) were performed. (nih.gov)
  • The percentage of PAS-positive glycogen areas were correlated with the immunoexpression of GLUT-2, serum levels of T and DHT were correlated with GLUT-2, IR, and AR transcript levels, and serum glucose concentration was correlated with the age of animals and with the GLUT-2 mRNA by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. (nih.gov)
  • In each age group of F1:Fin rats, the accumulation of glycogen was elevated but did not correlate with changes in GLUT-2 expression. (nih.gov)
  • The levels of GLUT-2, IR, and AR transcripts and their immunoreactivity statistically significantly decreased in F1:Fin animals. (nih.gov)
  • Several glucose transporter protein (Glut) isoforms have been identified and shown to function in response to insulin and IGF1 induced signaling. (thermofisher.com)
  • In humans, this step is facilitated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) protein and requires the action of the CHC22 protein. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Thus, attempts to apply mouse glucose transport studies to humans are impeded due to species differences in the GLUT 4 trafficking pathway. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Defects in this gene are a cause of pancreatic agenesis, which can lead to early-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), as well as maturity onset diabetes of the young type 4 (MODY4). (thermofisher.com)
  • The gene is mapped to chromosome 20q12-q13.1, a region that has been shown to be linked to type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • None of the variants were associated with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These results suggest that variation in the coding region of SLC2A10 does not contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the examined study population. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Adipocytes in the accumulated fat tissues, especially around waist area and visceral organs, release several cytokines which reduce the sensitivity of several cell types to insulin leading to insulin resistant and type 2 diabetes [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Several normal variations (polymorphisms) of the SLC2A10 gene have been associated with an increased risk of peripheral artery disease in people with type 2 diabetes , a disorder in which resistance to the hormone insulin leads to excess glucose levels in the blood (hyperglycemia). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Problems with blood vessels, including peripheral artery disease, are common in type 2 diabetes, and are believed to be related to the effect of hyperglycemia on TGF-β signaling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alterations in the GLUT10 protein caused by SLC2A10 gene variations may also affect TGF-β signaling and increase the risk of blood vessel problems in diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A rare, genetic form of obesity characterized by morbid obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia leading to early coronary disease, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. (nih.gov)
  • Diabetes is a disorder affecting 15 million Americans and 250 million people worldwide in which the body's cells fail to take up glucose from the blood. (biologywriter.com)
  • Some 15% of diabetes patients suffer from type 1 or juvenile diabetes, in which an individual cannot take up glucose because he or she lacks the hormone insulin. (biologywriter.com)
  • Unfortunately, the picture is not so bright for the 85% of diabetics who suffer from type 2 diabetes. (biologywriter.com)
  • Are defects in the IRS proteins responsible for type 2 diabetes? (biologywriter.com)
  • When the IRS genes are deliberately taken out of action in so-called "knockout" mice, type 2 diabetes results. (biologywriter.com)
  • This would explain why obese people so frequently develop type 2 diabetes. (biologywriter.com)
  • Mutation in ZnT8 has been associated with type 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
  • In type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin production, in type 2 diabetes, resistance of the effect of insulin is predominant. (scirp.org)
  • The role of zinc deficiency which could at least potentially exacerbate the cytokinine-induced damage in autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in type 1 diabetes is still not clear. (scirp.org)
  • It has been shown that there appears to be a complex interrelationship between zinc and type 1 and 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
  • Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are also more common across type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. (karger.com)
  • Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to many extraskeletal outcomes, including higher risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, autoimmunity, pregnancy complications, and many other pathologies. (karger.com)
  • A decade ago, researchers reported on the existence of 195 published methods that prevented or delayed the development of type 2 diabetes in mice (Roep et al 2004). (independentsciencenews.org)
  • The reason is largely a simple one, as we showed when we recently analyzed the reputed contributions of mouse experiments to human type 2 diabetes research ( Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013 ). (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is the fastest-growing disease in the United States, currently affecting approximately 26 million Americans, and estimated to quadruple in prevalence to affect one-third of Americans by 2050 (CDC 2011a). (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States (CDC 2011b). (independentsciencenews.org)
  • The pre-diabetes stage includes impairment of fasting glucose and glucose tolerance, often evolving into a specific metabolic syndrome that includes abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood glucose. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • The eventual development of full-blown type 2 diabetes is signaled by overt hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • In other words, type 2 diabetes is a systemic disease occurring at several sites in the body. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • In our paper, we describe in detail decades of type 2 diabetes research primarily using mice, and the many discrepancies compared to human-based research findings (Chandrasekera and Pippin 2013). (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Similar immutable barriers to the use of mice to study human type 2 diabetes exist at every level from gene structure and gene regulation to disease manifestations and phenotypes. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • We consider how, over the last 20 years, advances in genetic engineering and cell culture techniques have improved the efficiency and efficacy of the transdifferentiation process and brought us closer to a clinically relevant therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (silverchair.com)
  • However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors. (researchsquare.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major medical problem worldwide, and its development is highly affected by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors 1 . (researchsquare.com)
  • While knowing a person's genetic risk for diabetes is not significantly more predictive than a lifestyle assessment (family history, age, BMI, etc.) in determining whether a patient will develop diabetes, identifying genes contributing to the inherited risks for diabetes affords a greater understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The CHARGE diabetes working group has searched for rare mutations altering the proteins coded by genes that affect diabetes, glucose, insulin, obesity and other related traits. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • He is the co-convener of the Type 2 Diabetes Working Group of CHARGE. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Unlike rare genetic diseases that are caused by a single gene mutation, diabetes has many gene contributors whereby each variant has a small effect. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Genome mapping has allowed genetic researchers to discover greater numbers of genes affecting common traits or conditions such as diabetes. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Genetic studies have elucidated zinc transporters in beta cells that could be a target for treating diabetes. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The insulin clearance genes may impact the risk of diabetes. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The CHARGE Type 2 Diabetes-Glycemia Working Group international study focusing on genotyping exomes to identify protein-altering genetic variants that affect fasting glucose and insulin levels. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Additional analyses, in over 16,000 cases of Type 2 diabetes and 81,000 controls, found that the Thr allele lowers the risk of Type 2 diabetes by 14 percent. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • The association of variation in GLP-1R with fasting glucose and Type 2 diabetes represents the third instance wherein genetic epidemiology identified a gene that codes for a direct drug target in Type 2 diabetes, the other examples being KCNJ11 (codes for the target of sulfonylureas) and PPARG (codes for the target of thiazolidinediones). (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review summarized the associations between various types of diabetes and cancers and updated available evidence of underlying mechanisms between diabetes and cancers. (frontiersin.org)
  • The risk of cancers appears to be increased in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms between various types of diabetes and cancers have not yet been summarized. (frontiersin.org)
  • Data-driven subgroups of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and the relationship with cardiovascular diseases at genetic and clinical levels in Chinese adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Association of Met420del Variant of Metformin Transporter Gene SLC22A1 with Metformin Treatment Response in Ethiopian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • The Predisposition for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • RS3480 Polymorphism of FNDC5/Irisin Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Maya-Mestizo Women. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, mutations in GLUT4 genes in adipocytes can also lead to increased GLUT4 expression in adipose cells, which allows for increased glucose uptake and therefore more fat stored. (wikipedia.org)
  • At least 23 SLC2A10 gene mutations have been identified in people with arterial tortuosity syndrome, a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal curving and twisting (tortuosity) of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body (arteries) and other health problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • FRG is a rare disorder due mainly to mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene ( SGLT2 ) that are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Although the pattern of inheritance that best fits FRG is one of co-dominance, increased glucose excretion was not observed in all individuals with similar or identical mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Heterozygosity for mutations suggest a role of nongenetic factors or other genes involved in renal glucose transport. (medscape.com)
  • When researchers look for IRS gene mutations in inherited type 2 diabetics, they don't find them. (biologywriter.com)
  • A newly described form, GSD type Ic, does not appear to be related to mutations within the transporter protein. (medscape.com)
  • GSD Ia may be explained by mutations of the catalytic unit gene of the G6Pase complex, unlike GSD type Ib and GSD type Ic. (medscape.com)
  • The G6PC gene that codes for G6Pase is located on chromosome 17q21, and various mutations have been identified that lead to its abnormal function in GSD Ia. (medscape.com)
  • GSD type Ib differs from GSD type Ia in that it is not explained by mutations of the phosphohydrolase gene. (medscape.com)
  • Veiga-da-Cuhna and colleagues provide evidence that all non-1a cases can be explained by mutations of the glucose-6-phosphate translocase gene. (medscape.com)
  • Von Gierke disease may be explained by mutations of the phosphohydrolase catalytic unit gene of the G-6-P complex, unlike GSD type Ib and GSD type Ic. (medscape.com)
  • RhoA activation triggers a glycolytic burst through the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A3/GLUT3 to fuel the cellular contractile machinery, as demonstrated across multiple endothelial cell types. (nature.com)
  • Short lifetimes (orange) indicate NADH production and therefore glucose flux through the main glycolytic pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • By stimulating the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, HIF-1 promotes glycolysis to generate more pyruvate [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Because glucose cannot leave the hepatocyte phosphorylated, an increase in glycolytic pathway metabolites occurs. (medscape.com)
  • GLUT3 is detectable in a few normal cell type spermatids in testis with active spermatogenesis, placental trophoblast membranes, and neurons in brain. (thermofisher.com)
  • CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the hypoxia-response element revealed co-regulation of NICI and the neighboring protein-coding gene, solute carrier family 2 member 3 (SLC2A3) which encodes the high-affinity glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3). (ox.ac.uk)
  • At the cell surface, GLUT4 permits the facilitated diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient into muscle and fat cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glucose-6-phosphate cannot diffuse back out of cells, which also serves to maintain the concentration gradient for glucose to passively enter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Insulin is released from the pancreas and into the bloodstream in response to increased glucose concentration in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad protein assay. (lifchem.com)
  • More water than glucose is reabsorbed resulting in an increase in the glucose concentration in the urine along the tubule. (medscape.com)
  • As plasma glucose concentration increases, there is concordant increase in the filtered load of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
  • Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
  • 14 Taurine is taken up by cells via taurine transporters that are highly sensitive to intracellular taurine concentration. (jomes.org)
  • All three loci belong to SLC2A9 gene, considered to have a major role in the regulation of serum uric acid concentration (rs6449213, rs1014290 and rs737267). (rrh.org.au)
  • This also means that muscle cells are able to take in more glucose as its intracellular concentrations decrease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Further, we mutated a classical Nedd4 protein interacting motif ("PPXY") within the hSVCT2 polypeptide and observed markedly decreased AA uptake due to the intracellular localization of the mutated hSVCT2. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gene that encodes GLUT4 was cloned and mapped in 1989. (wikipedia.org)
  • The SLC2A10 gene encodes the GLUT10 facilitative glucose transporter, which is expressed in high amounts in liver and pancreas. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • It consists of 14 separate exons spanning approximately 7.7kb of genomic DNA, and encodes the 672 amino acid protein SGLT2. (medscape.com)
  • The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2), which encodes cyclooxygenase-2, was found to upregulate the expression of TGF-β2 ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Rattus norvegicus solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3-like (LOC100909595), transcript variant X1, mRNA. (genscript.com)
  • We tested the hypothesis that mRNA and protein expression of intestinal glucose transporters and mRNA expression of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis are affected by variable starch supply. (nih.gov)
  • After slaughter, tissue samples of the small intestinal mucosa (mid-duodenum and mid-jejunum) were taken for determination of mRNA concentrations of SGLT1 and GLUT2 as well as pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase by real-time reverse transcription PCR relative to a housekeeping gene. (nih.gov)
  • No diet-dependent differences were found concerning mRNA and protein contents of glucose transporter or mRNA level of gluconeogenic enzymes. (nih.gov)
  • Herein, we found that chromatin modifier MORC2 gained oncogenic potential in KIRC among the genes with APA reprogramming, and moreover, its oncogenic potential was enhanced by 3′UTR shortening through stabilization of MORC2 mRNA. (jci.org)
  • Analysis of mRNA revealed markedly higher expression of Nedd4-1 in neuronal samples than that of Nedd4-2. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mast cell regranulation requires a metabolic switch involving mTORC1 and a glucose-6-phosphate transporter. (nih.gov)
  • We investigated the impacts of AA on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation in wild type (WT) and GLUT10 G128E mice. (researchsquare.com)
  • We have previously showed that genetic polymorphisms in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) gene are associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in non-diabetic population, and GLUT10 G128E mice (carrying human orthologous GLUT10 G128E variant) are highly sensitive to HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. (researchsquare.com)
  • Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene (NR3C1) Polymorphisms and Metabolic Syndrome: Insights from the Mennonite Population. (cdc.gov)
  • Regularized Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Metabolic Syndrome Using GCKR, APOA5, and BUD13 Gene Variants: Tehran Cardiometabolic Genetic Study. (cdc.gov)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the genes in metabolic pathways is a highly successful strategy, which is virtually universal in microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • A number of studies have explored how regulation of generally, and at least to a first approximation, it is obvious that metabolic pathways affects the growth rate of microorganisms, gene regulation only is useful if the environmental conditions vary both in the steady state and in response to changes in the local with time. (lu.se)
  • Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4, is a protein encoded, in humans, by the SLC2A4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac). (wikipedia.org)
  • Like all proteins, the unique amino acid arrangement in the primary sequence of GLUT4 is what allows it to transport glucose across the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to increase glucose levels in the cell, GLUT4 is the primary transporter used in this facilitated diffusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • GLUT4, however, is still believed to be the primary transporter for glucose. (wikipedia.org)
  • Much like in other tissues, GLUT4 also responds to insulin signaling, and is transported into the plasma membrane to facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • If GLUT4 is over-expressed, it can actually alter nutrient distribution and send excess glucose into adipose tissue, leading to increased adipose tissue mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • An increase in adipogenic differentiation levels was accompanied by an upregulation of the expression levels of several adipogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPAR γ ), adipocyte protein 2 ( AP2 ), adipose tissue-specific secretory factor ( ADSF ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1C ( SREBP1C ), lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ), adiponectin ( ADIPOQ ), and glucose transporter type 4 ( GLUT4 ) [ 8 , 9 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In response to parathyroid hormone and dietary inorganic phosphate, the renal cotransporter is rapidly inserted into and retrieved from the renal brush border membrane in a fashion similar to that by which the glucose transporter (Glut4) (TC# 2.A.1.1) is regulated by insulin, and aquaporins 1 and 2 (TC# 1.A.8.1) are regulated by vasopressin (Levi et al. (tcdb.org)
  • Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. (silverchair.com)
  • Cellular identity is determined by the transcriptional profile which comprises the subset of mRNAs, and therefore proteins, being expressed by a cell at a given point in time. (silverchair.com)
  • Pathways of glucose catabolism regulating cellular NADPH/NADH. (elifesciences.org)
  • Proposed gradient in cellular NADPH/NADH and thus glucose flux along the developing BP. (elifesciences.org)
  • In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • The ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway regulates the functional expression of many membrane transporters in a variety of cellular systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have sequenced the cloned DNA and have found no homology between the Na + /glucose co-transporter and either the mammalian facilitated glucose carrier or the bacterial sugar transport proteins. (nature.com)
  • This suggests that the mammalian Na + -driven transporter has no evolutionary relationship to the other sugar transporters. (nature.com)
  • The well-characterized mammalian proteins are found in renal (IIa isoform) and intestinal (IIb isoform) brush border membranes and are about 640 amino acyl residues long with 8-12 putative TMSs. (tcdb.org)
  • that is, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT1) and facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT2), which are usually downregulated in the small intestine of functional ruminants but are upregulated when luminal glucose is available. (nih.gov)
  • A mixed model was used to examine feeding and time-related changes on feed intake and milk yield and to test feeding and gut site effects on gene or protein expression of glucose transporters and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, our investigations on glucose transporters and gluconeogenic enzymes in the small intestinal mucosa of dairy cows did not show significant diet regulation when TMR with different amounts of intestinal starch were fed. (nih.gov)
  • The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). (medscape.com)
  • These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)
  • When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, human GLUT10 exhibited 2-deoxy- d -glucose transport with an apparent K m of ∼0.3 mmol/l ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The SLC2A10 gene provides instructions for making a protein called GLUT10. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, GLUT10 has some structural differences from other glucose transporters, and its role in the movement of glucose or other substances is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By mechanisms that are not well understood, a lack (deficiency) of functional GLUT10 protein leads to overactivity (upregulation) of TGF-β signaling. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An imbalance in glucose intake and energy expenditure has been shown to lead to both adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which lead to obesity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also supporting this view is the recent finding that high blood levels of fatty acids (a common result of obesity) interfere with the IRS-1 signalling pathway, preventing it from activating the glucose transporter in muscle cells. (biologywriter.com)
  • As the rate of glucose entering the nephron rises above 260-350mg/1.73m 2 /min (14.5-19.5mmol/1.73m 2 /min), the excess glucose exceeds the reabsorptive capacity of proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine (i.e. glucosuria). (medscape.com)
  • they are ranked as the third or fourth than individually in suspensions and while in this environ- most commonly isolated bloodstream pathogens, surpass- ment may display altered phenotypes (2). (cdc.gov)
  • CAFs are different from NFs, and their unique phenotypes and functions are partly determined by differences in gene expression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • hSVCT2 mediates the uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) and is the predominantly expressed vitamin C transporter isoform in neuronal systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • Longer-term (24 and 48 h) treatment reduced the expression of lipogenic markers (FA synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and increased the expression of lipolytic [hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)] and mitochondrial (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) markers. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
  • Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
  • Here we report experiments designed to test the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in these glucolipotoxic effects. (omicsdi.org)
  • Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)
  • Following its conversion from glucose during glycolysis, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (elifesciences.org)
  • In males, ACOT1 deficiency increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) protein abundance while reducing 4-hydroxynonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, in white adipose tissue and liver of HFD-fed mice. (jci.org)
  • Thus, this study reports the results of a mutation analysis of the coding region of the SLC2A10 gene and the identification of six novel single nucleotide polymorphisms. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Genetic mutation promotes biological evolution and results in biodiversity ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Genetic alterations include genetic mutation, gene copy number variation (CNV), loss of heterozygosity (LOH), allelic imbalance (AI) and microsatellite instability (MSI). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Meta-analysis combining data from all participating cohorts identified a naturally occurring mutation, an alanine (Ala) to threonine (Thr) change at amino acid position 316, in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that regulates fasting glucose, with the Thr allele associated with reduced glucose levels. (cedars-sinai.edu)
  • Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a non-essential amino acid mainly obtained through diet in humans. (jomes.org)
  • 2 , 3 Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid in rodents, an essential amino acid in cats, and a conditionally essential amino acid in humans. (jomes.org)
  • For example, Vassilopoulos and colleagues 2009 reported that mice do not possess the protein that in humans mediates transport of circulating glucose into cells by means of membrane-bound vesicles. (independentsciencenews.org)
  • Diets containing corn starch may improve glucose supply by providing significant amounts of intestinal starch and increasing intestinal glucose absorption in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, predicted intestinal glucose absorption after enhanced starch feeding is probably not supported by changes of intestinal glucose transporters in dairy cows. (nih.gov)
  • Some of the transport proteins have been identified-for example, intestinal brush border Na + /glucose and Na + /proline transporters 1,2 and the brain Na + /Cl - /GABA transporter 3 -and progress has been made in locating their active sites and probing their conformational states 1,2,4-7 . (nature.com)
  • The archetypical Na + -driven transporter is the intestinal brush border Na + /glucose co-transporter (see ref. 8), and a defect in the co-transporter is the origin of the congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome 9 . (nature.com)
  • The bioavailability of dietary zinc is dependent upon the digestion of these proteins to release zinc and allow it to bond to peptides, amino acids, phosphates and other ligands within the intestinal tract. (scirp.org)
  • They found that two proteins called IRS-1 and IRS-2 (the names refer not to taxes, but to insulin receptor substrate ) snuggle up against the insulin receptor inside the cell. (biologywriter.com)
  • When insulin inserts into the receptor protein, its presence causes the receptor to add a chemical called a phosphate group onto each of the IRS molecules. (biologywriter.com)
  • In other cell types, Ca2+ and ROS jointly induce Ca2+ release mediated by ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels. (omicsdi.org)
  • This study aims to identify insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) gene polymorphism Gly972Arg as the risk factor for ischemic stroke among Indonesian subjects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies in our laboratory have implicated Tenascin C (TNC), Collagen type III alpha 1 (COL3A1), Ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EPHB2), Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 (ACBD7 ), and Gremlin 1(GREM1) as regulators of fat tissue in broiler chickens. (tnstate.edu)
  • Many scientific investigations have reported that Glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8), Adiponectin (ADIPOQ), Adiponectin receptor 1 (ADIPOR1), and Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4) show evidence that these genes contribute to mechanisms of fat deposition. (tnstate.edu)
  • The encoded nuclear protein is involved in the early development of the pancreas and plays a major role in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene expression. (thermofisher.com)
  • GenScript guarantees 100% sequence accuracy of all synthetic DNA constructs we deliver, but we do not guarantee protein expression in your experimental system. (genscript.com)
  • Protein expression is influenced by many factors that may vary between experiments or laboratories. (genscript.com)
  • Northern hybridization analysis indicates highest levels of expression in liver and pancreas ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The expression levels of some adipogenic genes were also upregulated when MSCs were cultured in high glucose. (hindawi.com)
  • Although high glucose transiently downregulated the expression levels of some osteogenic genes examined, its effect on the osteogenic differentiation levels of the MSCs is not clearly demonstrated. (hindawi.com)
  • In contrast to adipogenic differentiation, high glucose suppressed osteogenic differentiation and downregulated the expression levels of osteogenic gene runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2 ), collagen type I ( COL1A1 ), osteonectin ( ON ), and osteocalcin ( OCN ) of mouse BM-MSCs and MG63 cells [ 7 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Protein expression of GLUT2 in crude mucosal membranes and of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in brush-border membrane vesicles was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and immunoblot. (nih.gov)
  • In brush-border membrane vesicles, SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression could be demonstrated. (nih.gov)
  • Large-scale cDNA analysis reveals phased gene expression patterns during preimplantation mouse development. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of regulatory molecules, TGF-β1/2, phospho-Akt (Ser473), PPARα, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and acyl dehydrogenases was analyzed in virus-infected hepatocytes. (academic-accelerator.com)
  • However, it has much broader effects mediated by genomic (vitamin D directly or indirectly influences expression of up to 2,000 genes) as well as non-genomic mechanisms [ 1 ]. (karger.com)
  • A total of 7 possible genetic alterations and epigenetic changes in CAFs are discussed, including gene differential expression, karyotype analysis, gene copy number variation, loss of heterozygosis, allelic imbalance, microsatellite instability, post‑transcriptional control and DNA methylation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These results are consistent with another study concerning the gene expression profiling of breast CAFs, which were detected using a complementary DNA microarray ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 2016). Characterizing and evaluating the expression of the type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter (slc34a2) gene and its potential influence on phosphorus utilization efficiency in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). (tcdb.org)
  • 2017). Characterization of the isoforms of type IIb sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter (Slc34a2) in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and their vitamin D3-regulated expression under low-phosphate conditions. (tcdb.org)
  • Resected samples showed two thirds tumor tissue necrosis as well as high expression of serine/threonine kinase Akt and low expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which activates anti-oxidant response and protects against oxidative stress in viable cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alternative polyadenylation (APA), a posttranscriptional mechanism of gene expression via determination of 3′UTR length, has an emerging role in carcinogenesis. (jci.org)
  • Hypoxia drives glucose transporter 3 expression through HIF-mediated induction of the long non-coding RNA NICI. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Also, we determined the role of the proteasomal degradation pathway in hSVCT2 functional expression in SH-SY5Y cells and the results indicated that the proteasomal inhibitor (MG132) significantly up-regulated the AA uptake and hSVCT2 protein expression level. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our results showed that the expression of SVCT2 in GFAP-Cre;SLC23A2 flox/flox (Cre;svct2 f/f) mice brain was significantly decreased, and consistently, the expression of Neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), calbindin-28k, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was down-regulated but Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) was up-regulated in Cre;svct2 f/f mice brain tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction due to a reduction in the renal tubular reabsorption of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
  • These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
  • ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
  • Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
  • When glucose in the blood binds to glucose receptors on the beta cell membrane, a signal cascade is initiated inside the cell that results in insulin stored in vesicles in these cells being released into the blood stream. (wikipedia.org)
  • Just as you can't start a car without inserting the key into the ignition switch, so a cell cannot start transport glucose in from the blood until the insulin "key" has been inserted into its insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)
  • The simplest hypothesis to explain the lack of sensitivity to insulin among type 2 diabetics is that they have somehow lost their insulin receptors - insulin keys can't do their job if there are no locks to unlock. (biologywriter.com)
  • Researchers found in the mid-1990s that type 2 diabetics had normal insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)
  • Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)
  • Furthermore, we knocked down UCP2 in spheroid INS-1E cell clusters (pseudoislets) to test whether or not UCP2 regulates insulin secretion during prolonged glucose exposure. (omicsdi.org)
  • May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney. (biossusa.com)
  • The gene was examined in 61 Danish type 2 diabetic patients, and a total of six variants (−27C→T, Ala206Thr, Ala272Ala, IVS2 + 10G→A, IVS4 + 18T→G, and IVS4 + 26G→A) were identified and investigated in an association study, which included 503 type 2 diabetic patients and 510 glucose-tolerant control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Most type 2 diabetic patients are obese who have increased number of visceral adipocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • The knowledge gained from this study will increase our understanding about the effect of high glucose on adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and might lead to an improvement in the diabetic treatment in the future. (hindawi.com)
  • Vitamin D has to be metabolically activated in the kidney, and patients with CKD including diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are not able to produce enough of the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D). Vice versa, the kidneys are assumed to be a classical 1,25(OH) 2 D target. (karger.com)
  • 2000). Molecular determinants of pH sensitivity of the type IIa Na/P(i) cotransporter. (tcdb.org)
  • 2004). Structure-function relations of the first and fourth predicted extracellular linkers of the type IIa Na + /Pi cotransporter: I. Cysteine scanning mutagenesis. (tcdb.org)
  • Description: PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), also known as insulin promoter factor 1, is a transcription factor in the ParaHox gene cluster. (lifchem.com)
  • Description: Pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 protein (PDX-1), also designated Insulin promoter factor (IPF1), Insulin upstream factor 1 (IUF1), somatostatin transactivating factor-1 (STF-1) and glucose-sensitive factor (GSF), is a 282 amino acid homeodomain-containing transcription factor present in pancreatic cells. (lifchem.com)
  • Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)
  • Genes mainly involved in coding adhesion molecules and growth factors have also been found to be upregulated in other types of CAFs, including colon ( 12 ) and pancreatic ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present invention provides a simple and robust human liver cell-based system in which persistent hepatitis C infection, persistent hepatitis B infection or ethanol exposure induces a clinical Prognostic Liver Signature (PLS) high-risk gene signature. (sumobrain.com)
  • Fig. 5: RhoA induces glucose transporter SLC2A3 translocation which drives subcellular glycolysis in thrombin-stimulated contractile endothelial cells. (nature.com)
  • The gradient in τ bound duration reflects differences in fate of glucose catabolism. (elifesciences.org)
  • 1,2 The variations in the response to treatment may be due to several factors such as illness, differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, environmental factors and genetic factors. (bvsalud.org)
  • Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1 deficiency syndrome) is an inherited condition that affects the nervous system. (nih.gov)
  • GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is caused by changes in the SLC2A1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. (nih.gov)
  • When Do Symptoms of Classic glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome Begin? (nih.gov)
  • Despite the significant effort in the last century to eradicate or minimize vitamin D deficiency among the population, especially children, there is still a high prevalence for vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency worldwide [ 1, 2 ]. (karger.com)
  • Although at least 14 unique GSDs are discussed in the literature, the 4 that cause clinically significant muscle weakness are Pompe disease ( GSD type II , acid maltase deficiency), Cori disease ( GSD type III , debranching enzyme deficiency), McArdle disease ( GSD type V , myophosphorylase deficiency), and Tarui disease ( GSD type VII , phosphofructokinase deficiency). (medscape.com)
  • One form, von Gierke disease ( GSD type Ia , glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), causes clinically significant end-organ disease with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)
  • Specifically, GSD type Ia is characterized by deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) enzyme. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) is the specific enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke disease. (medscape.com)
  • Different pathways of glucose flux can be targeted for pharmacological intervention. (elifesciences.org)
  • Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
  • Biochemical assay for enzyme activity and gene sequencing is the method of definitive diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
  • Renal glucosuria has also been reported in patients with acute pyelonephritis in the presence of a normal blood glucose level. (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is an autosomal dominant tumor susceptibility syndrome, and the disease-related gene has been identified as fumarate hydratase (fumarase, FH ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • While genetic factors have been associated with T2DM in population studies 2 , the effect sizes of identified variants are typically very small. (researchsquare.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter type 2. (thermofisher.com)
  • We also demonstrate that regulation of SLC2A3 is mediated through transcriptional activation rather than post-transcriptional mechanisms since knock-out of NICI leads to reduced recruitment of RNA polymerase 2 to the SLC2A3 promoter. (ox.ac.uk)
  • INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
  • however, the gene was not directly associated with T2DM in genome-wide association studies 12 - 17 . (researchsquare.com)
  • The animals from F1:Fin group have statistically elevated level of glucose. (nih.gov)
  • Results obtained showed a negative correlation between level of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
  • GSD type I, also known as Von Gierke disease, is an autosomal-recessive condition and has several subtypes. (medscape.com)
  • GSD type Ib is an autosomal recessive condition. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, structural data confirms the paradoxical behavior of glucose, where it replaces the high-affinity ligand(s) (disaccharide α-glycosides) from the active site of the protein. (rcsb.org)
  • Particularly involved in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene transcription. (pharna.com)
  • The SLC2A10 gene contains five exons and spans a genomic region of at least 28 kb. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of high glucose on proliferation and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs derived from bone marrow and several gestational tissues including chorion, placenta, and umbilical cord, as well as the mechanisms underlying those effects. (hindawi.com)
  • Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
  • Under normal circumstances, the kidney filters and reabsorbs 100% of glucose, approximately 180 g (1 mole) of glucose, each day. (medscape.com)
  • Kidney Blood Press Res (2021) 46 (2): 152-161. (karger.com)
  • The G-6-P transporter protein is found in the liver and kidney. (medscape.com)
  • Due to the potential economic impact, it is important that the poultry industry identify the genes and polymorphisms that cause population variation in chicken adipose tissue development. (tnstate.edu)