• It binds to CDK4/6 inhibiting its kinase activity and prevents Rb phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, it negatively regulates cyclin-D-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) gene product, thus blocking cell-cycle progression from G 1 -to S-phase ( 2 - 4 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • The inhibition of Torc1 by rapamycin mimics nutrient starvation and causes an array of physiological changes that include global changes in gene expression, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of various factors, decreased cell growth, degradation of proteins, and ultimately cell cycle arrest in the G 1 phase [4, 9-11]. (researchsquare.com)
  • In mouse hepatocytes, p38γ induces proliferation after partial hepatectomy by promoting the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein at known CDK target residues. (nature.com)
  • p16 inhibits cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6) and thereby activates the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins, which block traversal from G1 to S-phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • In yeast, rapamycin inhibits the TORC1 kinase signaling pathway causing rapid alteration in gene expression and ultimately cell cycle arrest in G 1 through mechanisms that are not fully understood. (researchsquare.com)
  • Concurrent deletion of cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 in hepatocytes inhibits DNA replication and liver regeneration in mice. (nature.com)
  • The G1 checkpoint is regulated by a multitude of molecules such as the retinoblastoma family of proteins, cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKis). (temple.edu)
  • Here we demonstrate that p38 MAPK gamma (p38γ) acts as a CDK-like kinase and thus cooperates with CDKs, regulating entry into the cell cycle. (nature.com)
  • The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
  • CDKN2A, also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, is a gene which in humans is located at chromosome 9, band p21.3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Somatic mutations of CDKN2A are common in the majority of human cancers, with estimates that CDKN2A is the second most commonly inactivated gene in cancer after p53. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDKN2A gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDKN2A gene resides on chromosome 9 at the band 9p21 and contains 8 exons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In human cancer cell lines derived from various tumor types, a high frequency of genetic and epigenetic alterations (e.g., promoter hyper-methylation, homozygous deletion or mutation) in the CDKN2A gene has been observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDKN2A gene is located on the chromosome 9p21 locus, which is intriguing for several reasons. (wikipedia.org)
  • In particular, the p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene located on chromosomal region 9p21 frequently is altered in several types of cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The tumor suppressor gene p16/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-2A (CDKN2A) is located within the chromosomal region 9p21 and encodes a cell-cycle protein that is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-4 and -6. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The gene codes for two proteins, including the INK4 family member p16 (or p16INK4a) and p14arf. (wikipedia.org)
  • CAOV3 cells, which are atRA sensitive, have been shown to express p16INK4a (p16), a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor regulating the G1 checkpoint. (temple.edu)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Options for second-line therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory disease include chemotherapy-free regimens with biologic targeted agents such as covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, lenalidomide,venetoclax, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. (medscape.com)
  • This is the first study describing the production and distribution of ETS-1 and ETS-2 mRNAs and proteins using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in murine ocular tissue sections of normal control eyes and tumoral eyes from mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene encodes two proteins, p16 and p14ARF, which are transcribed from the same second and third exons but alternative first exons: p16 from exon 1α and ARF from exon 1β. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2), which encodes cyclooxygenase-2, was found to upregulate the expression of TGF-β2 ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • This locus, however, also encodes a protein from an alternative reading frame, designated p19ARF. (medscape.com)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 expression and interaction with other cell cycle-associated proteins in mammary carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
  • P16/Rb pathway collaborates with the mitogenic signaling cascade for the induction of reactive oxygen species, which activates the protein kinase C delta, leading to an irreversible cell cycle arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • We show that the H2B R95A causes defects in the expression of a subset of genes of the pheromone pathway required for α factor-induced G 1 arrest. (researchsquare.com)
  • The expression of the STE5 gene and its encoded scaffold protein Ste5, required for the sequential activation of the MAPKs of the pheromone pathway, is greatly reduced in the H2B R95A mutant. (researchsquare.com)
  • Our data provide a new insight whereby rapamycin signaling via the Torc1 kinase may exploit the pheromone pathway to arrest cells in the G 1 phase. (researchsquare.com)
  • DNA damage increases TP53 levels through an ATM-dependent pathway. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, P14ARF could down-regulate E2F-dependent transcription and plays a role in the control of the G1 to S phase transition as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, Rb remains associated with transcription factor E2F1, preventing transcription of E2F1 target genes which are crucial for the G1/S transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blots experiments, we compared changes in ETS-1 and ETS-2 expression, their protein levels, and the regulation of some of their target gene expressions at different stages of the ocular tumoral progression in the transgenic mouse model, Tyrp-1-TAg, with those in normal eyes from control mice of the same age. (molvis.org)
  • Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This Rrd1-dependent recruitment of RNAPII is associated with nucleosomal disassembly and transcription activation [6, 20, 21]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Homeobox genes comprise a family of transcription factors which function during embryonic development to control pattern formation, differentiation and proliferation. (temple.edu)
  • A hallmark of events observed during segmentation was the induction of multiple transcription factors, including a large group of homeobox proteins in pace with decay of a large fraction of maternal transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aberrant transcription of key oncogenes is driven by super-enhancers (SEs), which are characterized by large clusters of enhancers with significantly high density of transcription factors, cofactors, and epigenetic modulatory proteins. (ijbs.com)
  • This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (bvsalud.org)
  • p38γ and δ promote heart hypertrophy by targeting the mTOR-inhibitory protein DEPTOR for degradation. (nature.com)
  • The HIV-1 Vpu protein is an oligomeric integral membrane protein essential for particle release, viral load and CD4 degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The stable association of Vpu with βTrCP also affects the latter's cellular functions, one of which is to direct the proteosomal degradation of inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altered expression of this gene has been observed in multiple human cancers. (cancerindex.org)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
  • The protein interaction landscape of the human CMGC kinase group. (nature.com)
  • The activity of this kinase first appears in mid-G1 phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits including D-type cyclins and members of INK4 family of CDK inhibitors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Diagnostic subsets of coexpressed genes reflected signaling activity, cross talk, and overlap of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. (nih.gov)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Torc1 consists of either the Tor1 or the Tor2 kinase, a putative scaffold protein Kog1, Lst8, and Tco89 [4, 5]. (researchsquare.com)
  • In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , rapamycin binds to the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Fpr1 leading to the inhibition of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase that forms the TOR Complex 1 (Torc1) [4, 5]. (researchsquare.com)
  • We have previously shown that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Rrd1 is required to mediate cellular response to rapamycin by altering gene expression [6, 7, 19, 20]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Transcripts found in unfertilized oocytes also encoded a large number of proteins implicated in cell adherence, tight junction and focal adhesion, suggesting high complexity in terms of structure and cellular interactions in embryos prior to midblastula transition (MBT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, we also examined the effect of atRA treatment on the expression of homeobox genes in the CAOV3 cells and SKOV3 cells model system. (temple.edu)
  • In human tumors, an association between the deregulation of the expression of homeobox genes and oncogenic transformation has been reported. (temple.edu)
  • It is known that some homeobox genes are atRA targets due to the presence of retinoic acid response element (RARE) either in their promoter region or in their 3' region. (temple.edu)
  • In these studies we examined the expression of 13 homeobox genes in CAOV3 cells and SKOV3 cells following ethanol or atRA treatment. (temple.edu)
  • The 13 homeobox genes were analyzed because previous studies done by our laboratory observed differences in expression of these homeobox genes when comparing atRA sensitive oral squamous carcinoma cells (SCC) to atRA resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. (temple.edu)
  • Of the 13 homeobox genes analyzed in the ovarian carcinoma cell model system, we found HOXA1 and HOXB4 to be upregulated by atRA in CAOV3 cells but not in SKOV3 cells. (temple.edu)
  • These nutrient-driven post-translational modifications are highly altered in cancer and regulate protein functions in various cancer-associated processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
  • Materials and Methods: To investigate both the presence of numerical abnormalities of chromosome 9 and p16 gene alterations in ovarian cancer, we studied 28 cases by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique using a DNA p16 probe and an a-satellite probe specific for chromosome 9. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Conclusion: Numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 and p16 gene deletion are common findings in ovarian cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Data suggest that the p16 gene, located in the short arms of chromosome 9, may play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to determine the significance of this tumor suppressor gene for ovarian tumorigenesis, investigating both numerical aberrations of chromosome 9 and p16 gene alterations in 28 cases of ovarian tumors, by the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The HUMARA gene contains two alleles located on the X chromosome. (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • Indeed, in a clone of cells, only one of the alleles is expressed, because the same X chromosome is inactivated by lyonisation{Allen, 1992}, in a clone, whereas in normal {Nakamura, 2001} skin (polyclonal), the inactivated HUMARA gene allele isn't always on the same X chromosome. (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • This gene is located on the X chromosome and one of the alleles is thus inactivated. (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • This translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene on chromosome 14 and the BCL1 locus on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)
  • In all cases, the p16 gene deletion was observed. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Among them, 25 cases presented deletion of p16 gene in 21.43%-86.3% of the examined cells. (iiarjournals.org)
  • In five cases with p16 gene deletion, homozygous deletion was detected. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Loss of function of the p16 gene has been reported to occur mainly by homozygous deletion, mutation or aberrant DNA methylation of the promoter of the region ( 5 - 8 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Among the methods used for cytogenetic evaluation was the FISH technique for p16 gene deletion. (iiarjournals.org)
  • It is the physiological inhibitor of MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling the activity and stability of P53, and loss of P14ARF activity may have a similar effect as loss of P53. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic manipulations allowed analysis of changes in gene expression underlying pheromone signaling, cell cycle control, and polarized morphogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of SIM/SMRs genes is induced in response to stress. (hal.science)
  • During drought stress, the expression of SIM, SMR1, SMR3 and SMR5 genes is induced. (hal.science)
  • Abnormal patterns of stress protein expression are found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer (AD) subjects. (iospress.com)
  • In this study, expression of various stress proteins in the Alzheimer-diseased choroid plexus (CP) was assessed immunohistochemically. (iospress.com)
  • A total of 7 possible genetic alterations and epigenetic changes in CAFs are discussed, including gene differential expression, karyotype analysis, gene copy number variation, loss of heterozygosis, allelic imbalance, microsatellite instability, post‑transcriptional control and DNA methylation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • CAFs are different from NFs, and their unique phenotypes and functions are partly determined by differences in gene expression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These results are consistent with another study concerning the gene expression profiling of breast CAFs, which were detected using a complementary DNA microarray ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • From these combined studies, it seems logical that the global gene expression pattern that ensues upon exposure to rapamycin must be governed by changes at the level of the chromatin structure. (researchsquare.com)
  • Here, we hypothesized that specific histone residue(s) might be involved in facilitating gene expression such that cells mount a response to rapamycin. (researchsquare.com)
  • There was a statistically significant association between the expression of p27 and both cyclin D1 and the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), corresponding to their close interactions in regulating the G1/S transition in the cell cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • When the combined expression of p27 and cyclin D1 was related to survival, patients with high levels of p27, regardless of their cyclin D1 status, did well, whilst those with low p27 had a poor outcome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
  • Transcriptomic analyses provide an efficient approach to explore the temporal gene expression profiles in embryos and to search for the developmental regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The major event of MBT was the activation of a large group of histones and other genes that modify chromatin structure preceding massive gene expression changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Early ontogeny is associated with dramatic gene expression changes that underlie and determine the developmental processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The multistep transformation of normal cells into malignant cells involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the aberrant expression of critical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Whether Vpu is a viral pathogenesis factor remains to be established, but compared to HIV-1, closely related retroviruses such as HIV-2 and SIV that lack expression of a fully functional Vpu protein also cause less severe disease outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This results in inhibition of NFκB activity and the NFκB-dependent expression of anti-apoptotic genes of the Bcl-2 family [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ploidy and MYCN amplification have been used as genetic markers for risk stratification and therapeutic decision making, and, more recently, gene expression profiling and genome-wide DNA copy number analysis have come into the picture as sensitive and specific tools for assessing prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
  • This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This protein belongs to the CDKN2 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor family. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SIAMESE-RELATED proteins (SIM/SMR1 to 13) are a plantspecific family of Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CKIs), homologous to the Kip-Related Proteins. (hal.science)
  • The SIM/SMRs proteins are good candidates to link cell cycle activity with environmental stimuli.This research work has shown the involvement of the UPS proteolysis in the posttranslational control of all the tested members of the SIM/SMR family. (hal.science)
  • Demographic and that this particular family of angiogenic clinical data were collected during routine proteins plays an important role in placental obstetric visits. (who.int)
  • Nakamura, 2001}, there is inactivation of one of the two genes of the Human activated receptor of androgens (HUMARA). (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • The cell cycle is a tightly regulated process that is controlled by the conserved cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin protein complex 1 . (nature.com)
  • Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • We observed decreased HO-1 immunoreactivity in the AD CP, commensurate with our earlier report of suppressed HO-1 protein levels in AD cerebrospinal fluid (Schipper et al. (iospress.com)
  • Using Vpu proteins from a primary subtype C and the pNL4-3 subtype B isolates of HIV-1, we show oligomerization of the full-length protein as well as its transmembrane (TM) domain by genetic, biochemical and biophysical methods. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic alterations include genetic mutation, gene copy number variation (CNV), loss of heterozygosity (LOH), allelic imbalance (AI) and microsatellite instability (MSI). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
  • Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoxia and genetic defects that chronically drive proliferation leave such tumors dependent on a steady supply of nutrients, especially glucose. (springer.com)
  • The applica tion of new genetic tools also led to the discovery of an important familial neuroblastoma cancer gene, ALK , which is mutated in approximately 8% of sporadic tumors, and genome-wide association studies have unveiled loci with risk alleles for neuroblastoma development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The quantitative detection of the HUMARA gene was done by polymerase chain reaction on 38 non genital specimens in women. (globale-dermatologie.com)
  • We highlight the role of SE-driven genes, enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), lncRNAs, and miRNAs in the digestive system tumor growth and progression. (ijbs.com)
  • According to modern concepts, inflammation plays a leading role in the genesis of almost all age-dependent diseases, which ultimately lead the body to death. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The spaciotemporal pattern of those inductions revealed two groups of genes with distinct functions. (hal.science)
  • Genes mainly involved in coding adhesion molecules and growth factors have also been found to be upregulated in other types of CAFs, including colon ( 12 ) and pancreatic ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • There are few studies focusing on the molecular analysis of p16 gene in ovarian cancer ( 13 - 16 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Multiple mutations affecting embryonic development have been induced by chemical and insertional mutagenesis resulting in the identification of genes with important roles in development in Drosophila [ 23 - 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) is the key event during embryogenesis marked by the switch of control from the maternal and possibly paternal transcripts to the newly synthesized embryonic gene products [ 9 - 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present review summarizes the recent achievements in understanding the gene profiles of CAFs and pays special attention to their possible epigenetic alterations. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the post-genomic era, the cancer research is focused on the dysregulation of transcriptional dysregulation mediated by epigenetic modifications in the enhancer, SE, and gene promoter regions of key tumor suppressor and tumor-promoting genes [ 5 , 6 ]. (ijbs.com)