• Contrary to expectations, a fragment containing the entire region between the TBPH gene and the bgcn translational start drove strong HEG expression only during late spermatogenesis rather than in the germline stem cells and spermatogonia as expected. (plos.org)
  • We identified >500 Drosophila genes that express mRNA isoforms with a long 3' UTR in proliferating spermatogonia but a short 3' UTR in differentiating spermatocytes due to APA. (stanford.edu)
  • Differentiating spermatogonia in mice undergo five mitotic divisions before converting to preleptotene spermatocytes. (jci.org)
  • Spermatogonia going through mitosis to form primary spermatocytes in Grasshopper testes . (iiab.me)
  • We propose that the transient expression of CTCFL in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes serves to occupy a subset of promoters and maintain the expression of male germ cell genes. (unican.es)
  • Both genes are expressed more intensely during the proliferative stages of spermatogonia, although SOX9 expression is limited to Sertoli cells, whereas DMRT1 is expressed in both Sertoli and spermatogonial cells. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Due to the very high number of mitotic replications of spermatogonia and the subsequent critical reduction of chromosome number in spermatocytes to the haploid state, the male reproductive system needs to maintain and protect the genomic integrity in the spermatocytes against the accumulation of DNA replication errors and exposure to environmental mutagens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Daz is found in fetal gonocytes, spermatogonia and spermatocytes of adult testes. (ijbs.com)
  • The long-term undifferentiation of molluscan sex chromosomes is potentially sustained by the unexpected intertwined regulation of reversible sex-biased genes, together with the lack of sexual dimorphism and occasional sex chromosome turnover. (nature.com)
  • The pleiotropic constraint of regulation of reversible sex-biased genes is widely present in ancient homomorphic sex chromosomes and might be resolved in heteromorphic sex chromosomes through gene duplication followed by subfunctionalization. (nature.com)
  • The evolutionary dynamics of sex chromosomes suggest a mechanism for 'inheritance' turnover of sex-determining genes that is mediated by translocation of a sex-determining enhancer. (nature.com)
  • This phenomenon, termed genomic imprinting, is highlighted by the neighboring Igf2 and H19 genes, which are monoallelically expressed on opposite parental chromosomes. (kb.se)
  • These differentiate synchronously to spermatocytes (SpC) that replicate their chromosomes and enter meiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After meiosis I, two secondary spermatocytes are formed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary spermatocytes within the adluminal compartment will continue on to Meiosis I and divide into two daughters cells, known as secondary spermatocytes, a process which takes 24 days to complete. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spermatocytes regularly overcome double-strand breaks and other DNA damages in the prophase stage of meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In spermatocytes, HRR events occur mainly in the pachytene stage of meiosis and the gene conversion type of HRR is predominant, whereas in other stages of spermatogenesis the reciprocal exchange type of HRR is more frequent. (wikipedia.org)
  • In practice, known sex ratio disruptors (citations very needed but no links here) work by destroying female chromasomes (for us it would be the X chromasome - I am going to be sloppy and call it the X chromasome from now on even though there are different letters used for different species) in spermatocytes (the diploid cells which will become spermatazoa through meiosis). (angrybearblog.com)
  • Live-cell microscopy of meiosis in spermatocytes. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • In situ hybridization analysis in adultmouse testis showed that tesmin is specifically expressed in spermatocytes.Quantitative RT-PCR at different stages of mouse postnatal development (days 4,8, 12, 18, and 42) revealed that tesmin is expressed as early as day 8 andcoincides with the entry of germ cells into meiosis. (embl.de)
  • Given that the sex chromatin mostly is repressed during and after meiosis, it is remarkable that HSF1 directly regulates the transcription of sex-linked multicopy genes during postmeiotic repression. (abo.fi)
  • Homologous recombinational repair (HRR) of double-strand breaks occurs in mice during sequential stages of spermatogenesis but is most prominent in spermatocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, although numerous studies have investigated the protein-coding genes that show tissue-specific expression and play important roles during spermatogenesis, no previous study has comprehensively identified and characterized the mouse testis-specific lncRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Drosophila spermatogenesis and the main regulators of gene activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent human transcriptomic analyses revealed a very large number of testis-enriched genes, many of which are involved in spermatogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At the same time, we found evidence for recent positive directional selection acting on several human testis-enriched genes ( MORC1 , SLC9B1 , ROPN1L , DMRT1 , PLCZ1 , RNF17 , FAM71D and WBP2NL ) that play important roles in human spermatogenesis and fertilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deletion or mutations of their encoding genes usually severely impair either oogenesis or spermatogenesis or both. (ijbs.com)
  • Previous work showed that the cell cycle regulator Cyclin B (CycB) is subject to translational repression in immature spermatocytes, mediated by the RNA-binding protein Rbp4 and its partner Fest. (stanford.edu)
  • Here we show that the spermatocyte-specific protein Lut is required for translational repression of cycB in an 8-hour window just before spermatocytes are fully mature. (stanford.edu)
  • By means of laser-dissection and bisulfite genomic sequencing, it was observed that de novo methylation of CTCF target sites occurred in BORIS-expressing spermatocytes that exhibit repression of CTCF gene. (kb.se)
  • The continuous presence of primary spermatocytes may explain the permanent repression of AMH in the mole testis. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • In males mutant for rbp4 or lut, spermatocytes enter and exit meiotic division 6-8 hours earlier than in wild-type. (stanford.edu)
  • When a HEG is integrated into its recognition sequence in the genome, its protein product acts to cleave its cognate site on the homologous chromosome and gene conversion or homologous recombination can result in a new copy of the HEG being inserted. (plos.org)
  • In particular, HEG gene drive could be particularly effective if activity was restricted to the male germline to target genes required for female fertility/viability or engineered to destroy the X-chromosome by cutting at multiple X-specific sites [5] , [6] . (plos.org)
  • The gene isassigned to mouse chromosome 19B, which has been reported to translocate (11;19) in male sterile mice. (embl.de)
  • In all species, Boule and Dazl are located in single copy on autosomes, while multiple DAZ genes are located on the Y chromosome. (ijbs.com)
  • In human, an array of four DAZ genes ( DAZ 1-4) is located in two clusters on the Y chromosome and mutations of these genes cause severe oligospermia or azospermia [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Further studies indicate that the CCND2 gene is present at chromosome band 12p13 and CCND2 is overexpressed in most GCTs, including CIS. (medscape.com)
  • 1994). Furthermore, based on structural conservation, genes homologous to have already been identified in lots of animal species, such as for example homolog genes have already been discovered to become portrayed in germ cell lineages specifically. (sdfca.org)
  • Here, we investigated, in females of both D. melanogaster and D. nigrosparsa , the gene expression between animals uninfected and infected with w Mel, using RNA sequencing to see if the two Drosophila species respond to the infection in the same or different ways. (nature.com)
  • Chan Y-S, Huen DS, Glauert R, Whiteway E, Russell S (2013) Optimising Homing Endonuclease Gene Drive Performance in a Semi-Refractory Species: The Drosophila melanogaster Experience. (plos.org)
  • In Drosophila males, meiotic prophase lasts 3.5 days, during which spermatocytes upregulate of over 1800 genes and grow 25-fold. (stanford.edu)
  • A subset of autosomal genes is preferentially or exclusively expressed from one of the parental alleles. (kb.se)
  • As may be the case in homolog genes are localized within P-granules in eggs and germinal granules in eggs (Gruidl et al. (sdfca.org)
  • Genomic analysis identified 250 protein-coding genes located near (≤ 10 kb) 194 of the loci encoding testis-specific lincRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CTCFL deficiency affects the expression of a number of testis-specific genes, including Gal3st1 and Prss50. (unican.es)
  • If the X chromasome contains the ribosomal RNA gene and the sex ratio disruptor cuts a suquence which must stick to another sequence, then the X prottecting mutation might not occur before the species is extinct. (angrybearblog.com)
  • Since U4atac snRNA is ubiquitously expressed, mutation in this gene is expected to result in systemic inhibition of the minor spliceosome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mutation in bam gene precludes the differentiation step resulting in accumulation of SpG cysts in the testis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 2164 orthologous genes were used. (nature.com)
  • WT1 and SF1 are down-regulated and SOX9 is up-regulated in regressed mole testes, suggesting that the modulation of the expression of these genes may be involved in the control of circannual gonad variation. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Burt proposed that such methods could be applied to engineer HEGs that recognise and cleave sequences within coding sequences of genes in insect genomes, with the subsequent invasion of these HEGs into a population leading to the inactivation of target genes and the subsequent decline in fitness of the targeted population [2] . (plos.org)
  • In search for HSF1 target genes, we identified 742 putative promoters in mouse testis. (abo.fi)
  • The p53 tumor-suppressor protein induces apoptosis through transcriptional activation of several genes including p53R2, p53AIP1, and PUMA. (thermofisher.com)
  • Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that these protein-coding genes were enriched for transcriptional regulation-related terms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, the transcriptional diversity regulated by sQTLs in testis-enriched genes may be important for spermatocytes to respond to environmental and physiological stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The formation of primary spermatocytes (a process known as spermatocytogenesis) begins in humans when a male is sexually matured at puberty, around the age of 10 through 14. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primary spermatocytes are arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Following the germline transmission of these two alleles, trans-heterozygous males (Mash2+/M2, Ins2I2/+) carrying the primary spermatocyte-specific Sycpl-Cre transgene were obtained. (geneimprint.com)
  • Thus a set of spermatocyte-specific regulators choreograph the timing of expression of CycB protein during male meiotic prophase. (stanford.edu)
  • These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)
  • This suggests that genes in this region are important in the development of germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
  • The male germ cell gene regulator CTCFL is functionally different from CTCFand binds CTCF-like consensus sites in a nucleosome composition-dependent manner. (unican.es)
  • These data indicate that CTCFL is a male germ cell gene regulator. (unican.es)
  • In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , meiotic DSBs preferentially occur at nucleosome-depleted regions in gene promoters (Ohta et al. (springer.com)
  • In addition, spermatocyte-specific isoforms of Syncrip (Syp) are required for expression of CycB protein in mature spermatocytes and normal entry into the meiotic divisions. (stanford.edu)
  • We identified both gene and protein markers for three temporally distinct ProSG cell subsets, including a migratory cell population with a transcriptome distinct from the previously defined T1- and T2-ProSG stages. (biologists.com)
  • Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, protein distribution by immunohistochemistry, and steroid hormone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A new p53 target gene, Noxa, was recently identified, which encodes a protein belonging to the subfamily of BH3-only proapoptic proteins. (thermofisher.com)
  • We diagnosed possible imported Zika virus infection in patients by using a real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assay based on a published method targeting the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) gene ( 21 ) and a commercial serologic assay (EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany). (cdc.gov)
  • Alternative processing of nascent mRNAs is widespread in eukaryotic organisms and greatly impacts the output of gene expression. (stanford.edu)
  • Splicing of introns is required for the expression of most eukaryotic genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using less stringent statistical criteria (uncorrected p -values), also the gene SPATA16 , which has a pivotal role in male fertility and for which episodes of adaptive evolution have been suggested, also displays a putative signal of diversifying selection in the human branch. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) family genes are important fertility factors in many animals including humans. (ijbs.com)
  • Of these, the following mutations listed in Table 1 were fine mapped and the affected genes identified. (jax.org)
  • In all animals, males produce spermatocytes, even hermaphrodites such as C. elegans, which exist as a male or hermaphrodite. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genome-wide RNA expression studies in ES cells expressing a V5- and GFP-tagged form of CTCFL show that genes that are downregulated in CTCFL-deficient testis are upregulated in ES cells. (unican.es)
  • Many genes involved in testis development are known to be expressed in the adult testis as well. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • Since these genes encode genetic regulatory factors, it is reasonable to suspect that they could play some role in the control of the adult testis function. (mdc-berlin.de)
  • This comprehensive transcriptomic data lead us to the question whether positive selection was a decisive force influencing the evolution and variability of testis-enriched genes in humans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deletion of DAZ gene is the most common causes of infertility in humans. (ijbs.com)
  • RNA sequencing is a powerful method to study differential gene expression because it can detect a whole gene expression across particular tissues 1 . (nature.com)
  • APA naturally occurs during development and cellular differentiation, with around 70% of human genes displaying APA in particular tissues and cell types. (stanford.edu)
  • In the human lineage (after correction for multiple testing) we found that only the gene TULP2 , for which no functional data are yet available, is subject to episodic positive diversifying selection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Episodic diversifying selection, possibly driven by sperm competition, was not an important force driving the evolution of testis-enriched genes in the human lineage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The overall goals of this program were to produce and distribute mutant models for infertility and to investigate underlying causes in order to identify new genes and pathways contributing to reproductive function. (jax.org)
  • Here we discuss DAZ family genes in a phylogenic perspective, focusing on the common and distinct features of these genes, and their pivotal roles during gametogenesis evolved during evolution. (ijbs.com)
  • n, the Quinupristin number of analyzed spermatocytes from 3 mice. (mingsheng88.org)
  • n, the number of analyzed spermatocytes from 3 mice. (mingsheng88.org)
  • The manifestation of and mRNAs in isolated pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes from control and cKO mice was recognized by RT-PCR. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Results Era of mice with targeted mutagenesis from the Mvh?gene The gene-targeting system used to create Ha sido cells containing a modified gene is shown in Amount ?Figure1A.1A. (sdfca.org)
  • This gene encodes an arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase. (nih.gov)
  • Significant changes shared by the fly species belong to the expression of genes involved in processes such as oxidation-reduction process, iron-ion binding, and voltage-gated potassium-channel activity. (nature.com)
  • No visible phenotype was observed upon paternal or maternal transmission of the deletion, which encompasses the Th gene. (geneimprint.com)
  • In this review, we summarize current understanding of how APA is regulated during development and cellular differentiation and how the resulting change in 3'UTR content affects multiple aspects of gene expression. (stanford.edu)
  • Alternate forms of the PolII transcription initiation machinery have been proposed to play a role in selective activation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs during cellular differentiation. (silverchair.com)
  • We identified three undifferentiated SG subsets at postnatal day 7, each of which expresses distinct genes, including transcription factor and signaling genes. (biologists.com)
  • Given that the minor spliceosome is ubiquitously expressed, we hypothesized that these restricted phenotypes might be caused by the tissue-specific regulation of the minor spliceosome targets, i.e. minor intron-containing genes (MIGs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have identified the 3 ′ end of a kinesin-like gene ( ldklp1 ) that shares homology to proteins involved in microtubule dynamics. (uconn.edu)
  • These genes, encoding for RNA binding proteins, contain a highly conserved RNA recognition motif and at least one DAZ repeat encoding for a 24 amino acids sequence able to bind other mRNA binding proteins. (ijbs.com)
  • This suggests that the chromatin binding of GOF STAT1 variant promotes epigenetic changes compatible with higher gene expression and elevated reactivity to type I interferons, and possibly predisposes for interferon-related autoimmunity. (kb.se)
  • The expression pattern of this gene suggests that it is meiotic specific. (uconn.edu)
  • Although spermatocytes that divide mitotically and meiotically are sensitive to radiation and cancer, spermatogonial stem cells are not. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments revealed that the active chromatin mark trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3), was significantly enriched in areas associated with interferon-stimulated genes in STAT1 GOF cells in comparison to cells from healthy donors. (kb.se)
  • Following transfection of an episomal construct, which contains the H19 miningene with the core H19 ICR and its human counterpart, the H19 reporter gene became rapidly do novo methylated and eventually silenced in choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3), but not in heptoma cells (HEP3B). (kb.se)
  • Among them, the sex chromosomal multicopy genes that are expressed in postmeiotic cells were occupied by HSF1. (abo.fi)
  • In normal cells, mdm2 availability is controlled by ARF, the product of the p14ARF gene located on INK4a/ARF locus, which binds with mdm2 and induces its degradation. (medscape.com)
  • In conjunction with cohesin, it organizes chromatin into loops, thereby regulating gene expression and epigenetic events. (unican.es)
  • Spermatocytes are a type of male gametocyte in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • We isolated TSO1 using a map-based approach, andshow that it is a member of a family of at least three genes in Arabidopsis.Consistent with the mutant phenotype, TSO1 transcript was most abundant inflowers, where it accumulated to the highest levels in developing ovules andmicrospores. (embl.de)
  • Relative Leukocyte Telomere Length and Genetic Variants in Telomere-Related Genes and Serum Levels Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. (cdc.gov)
  • On occasion, this crossing over may lead to increased 12p copy number and overexpression of the cyclin D2 gene ( CCND2 ). (medscape.com)
  • A number of other genes that have a relatively weak effect are also involved in the development of testicular cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Level bars, 10 m.B. The percentage of spermatocytes with defective development of H2AX phosphorylation (with H2AX phosphorylation restricted to SCs only) at indicated meiotic substages. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Increased levels of p53 and its target gene Noxa was found in the impaired tumor development. (thermofisher.com)
  • Diminished ldklp1 expression in apyrene spermatocytes could be a contributing factor to induction of apyrene development. (uconn.edu)
  • The second model postulates that the most likely target cell for transformation is the zygotene-pachytene spermatocyte. (medscape.com)
  • Level bars, 10 m.B and D. The mean quantity of RAD51 foci per cell in control and cKO leptotene(B) and zygotene (D) spermatocytes. (mingsheng88.org)
  • Level bars, 10 m.The mean quantity of DMC1 foci per cell in control and cKO leptotene(B), zygotene (D), early pachytene (F), mid-late pachytene (H) and diplotene (J) spermatocytes. (mingsheng88.org)