• We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the Pelargonium x hortorum ORF2280 homolog, the largest gene in the plastid genome of most land plants, and compared it to published homologs from Nicotiana tabacum, Epifagus virginiana, Spinacia oleracea, and Marchantia polymorpha. (illinois.edu)
  • Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
  • More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
  • Origins of cultivars of Chrysanthemum -Evidence from the chloroplast genome and nuclear LFY gene[J]. J Syst Evol, 2020, 58(6): 925-944. (jse.ac.cn)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because the mitochondrial cytb gene potentially represents a new standard method for identifying Prototheca species ( 5 ), we performed whole-genome sequencing to investigate cytb as well as other genes by using Illumina MiSeq ( https://www.illumina.com ) ( Appendix ). (cdc.gov)
  • Genome-wide expression of low temperature response genes in Rosa hybrida L.. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. (usda.gov)
  • I present evidence from reciprocal crosses, cytoplasmic substitution lines, and cell fusion lines that hybrid weakness and sterility often arise from interactions between the nuclear genome and the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. (bioone.org)
  • 2013. Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this Kleptoplastic Mollusc. (icr.org)
  • This is the first book on the genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, summarizing the research advances in the molecular mapping, whole genome sequencing, chloroplast and mitochondria genomes, epigenetics, transcriptomics and functional genomics of this emerging model plant with great economic and medicinal value. (stanford.edu)
  • Experimental reconstruction of functional gene transfer from the tobacco plastid genome to the nucleus. (mpg.de)
  • High-frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus. (mpg.de)
  • In chloroplasts, Cpn60 has two subunit types-Cpn60α and Cpn60β and the rice genome encodes three α and three β plastid chaperonin subunits. (isaaa.org)
  • Why are genes for cytoplasmic male sterility in plants generally located in mitochondrial genome? (topperlearning.com)
  • Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of representative well‐known cultivars and wild species of the genus Chrysanthemum using chloroplast genomes and the nuclear LEAFY gene. (jse.ac.cn)
  • For this, we focus on the three main groups of CIEs: mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and symbiont genomes. (nature.com)
  • Horizontal transfer of chloroplast genomes between plant species. (mpg.de)
  • Although only green plants possess chloroplasts in their cells, all animal and plant cells have mitochondria, a specialised organelle that oxidises (burns) sugar and provides energy for cells to work. (growingpassion.org)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own, circular DNA that replicates independently from the DNA in the cell's nucleus. (growingpassion.org)
  • Over the course of plant evolution since the original endosymbiotic events, interactions have occurred between genes in the chloroplasts, nucleii and mitochondria. (growingpassion.org)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
  • The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
  • Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
  • This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
  • Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms that entered the eukaryotic cell through endosymbiosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The gene atpB from chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , encoding for subunit β, was isolated and sequenced (4). (bgu.ac.il)
  • The FA2 gene of Chlamydomonas encodes a NIMA family kinase with roles in cell cycle progression and microtubule severing during deflagellation. (bio.net)
  • Molecular characterization and gene expression of lhcb5 gene encoding CP26 in the light-harvesting complex II of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
  • Effects of chloroplast DNA content on the cell proliferation and aging in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (bio.net)
  • The chloroplast gene psaC encoding the iron sulfur protein of photosystem I (PSI) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been cloned and characterized. (unige.ch)
  • Further characterization of Trp-14 using chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas indicated that substitution of D1 Trp-14 to Phe, mimicking Trp oxidation enhanced FtsH-mediated D1 degradation under high light, although the substitution did not affect protein stability and PSII activity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arabidopsis thaliana SAL1 (AtSAL1) senses changes in photosynthetic redox poise, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide concentrations in chloroplasts via redox regulatory mechanisms. (nih.gov)
  • The chloroplasts house the photosynthetic light reactions where sunlight is converted into chemical energy. (frontiersin.org)
  • The present study suggests that any chloroplast gene encoding a component of the photosynthetic apparatus can be disrupted in C. reinhardtii using the strategy described. (unige.ch)
  • The second phase is marked by the development of photosynthetic chloroplasts which occupy the available cellular space. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression and molecular analysis of the Arabidopsis DXR gene encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, the first committed enzyme of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Analysis of Transgenic Tobacco with Overexpression of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL Gene [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • 2]Wang X C, Xue L, Sun J Q, Zuo J R. The Arabidopsis BE1 gene, encoding a putative glycoside hydrolase localized in plastids, plays crucial roles during embryogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism. (chinacrops.org)
  • 3]Wang X C, Yang Z R, Wang M, Meng L Z, Jiang Y W, Han Y H. The BRANCHING ENZYME1 gene, encoding a glycoside hydrolase family 13 protein, is required for in vitro plant regeneration in Arabidopsis. (chinacrops.org)
  • Toc12 shares a high degree of sequence similarity with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DnaJ-J8, which has been suggested to be a soluble protein of the chloroplast stroma. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • Arabidopsis mutants with T-DNA insertions in the DnaJ-J8 gene show no defect in chloroplast protein import. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • Their recent paper details how the overexpression of one gene - epidermal patterning factor 2 (EPF2) - gave Arabidopsis thalania plants (a kind of mustard green) an edge in drier environments. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The mustard green Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism, and now, scientists have made a drought-resistant version by changing the regulation of one gene. (discovermagazine.com)
  • Very little research has been conducted concerning the expression and function of this important gene and its protein product. (vt.edu)
  • This research represents the first in-depth analysis of matK gene expression and contributes to several fields of biology including plant systematics, genetics and gene expression. (vt.edu)
  • Gene expression analysis in RAP2.4 knockout lines revealed that RAP2.4a is the only one supporting 2CPA and chloroplast APx expression. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Chloroplast ROS signals induced RAP2.4b and RAP2.4d expression, but these two transcription factor genes are (in contrast to RAP2.4a) insensitive to low 2CP availability, and their expression decreased in APx knockout lines. (fu-berlin.de)
  • RAP2.4e and RAP2.4f gradually responded to chloroplast APx availability and activated specifically APx expression. (fu-berlin.de)
  • The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
  • Chromatin structure and expression of plant ribosomal RNA genes. (ncsu.edu)
  • Participation of nuclear genes in chloroplast gene expression. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Antisense and sense expression constructions were employed to investigate the functions of the two ftsZ genes, NtFtsZ1 and NtFtsZ2 , in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum L. plants. (jipb.net)
  • Although antisense expression of NtFtsZs reduced the native protein level obviously, the size and number of chloroplasts in transgenic tobacco plants had no effect. (jipb.net)
  • Construction of a Trehalose-6-phosphate Synthase Gene Driven by Drought-responsive Promoter and Expression of Drought-resistance in Transgenic Tobacco [J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
  • AtSAL1 phosphatase activity is suppressed by dimerization, intramolecular disulfide formation, and glutathionylation, allowing accumulation of its substrate, PAP, a chloroplast stress retrograde signal that regulates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs). (nih.gov)
  • Specific sessions will be dedicated to organelle evolution, their gene expression systems, the import of proteins and their assembly into functioning complexes, signaling pathways and stress response, disintegration of organelles during aging and senescence, and how all these are being translated to agriculture and medicine. (grc.org)
  • 2021) Nitric oxide coordinates growth, development, and stress response via histone modification and gene expression. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • Insensitivity of chloroplast gene expression to DNA methylation. (mpg.de)
  • The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The plant kills its pest by taking advantage of RNA interference (RNAi), which is an innate genetic mechanism to suppress gene expression found in many species. (discovermagazine.com)
  • The last stage of leaf development in which the leaf cells undergo an ordered process of disassembly of organelles and changes in gene expression and metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increasingly, the collections are also used to extract DNA and thus enable studies of species' relationships, distribution history and population genetics, or to investigate the expression, variation or change of different genes over time. (lu.se)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is not dissimilar to the gradient of proliferation and differentiation along developing roots [ 2 ] but, in contrast, it provides a unique opportunity to study chloroplast biogenesis and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis involves a multiplicity of processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inverted repeat regions usually contain three ribosomal RNA and two tRNA genes, but they can be expanded or reduced to contain as few as four or as many as over 150 genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • We combined environmental 16S/18S ribosomal RNA gene metabarcoding, cultural approaches, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, scanning electron microscopy and chemical analyses to study samples along such unique polyextreme gradients in the Dallol-Danakil area in Ethiopia. (nature.com)
  • Some genes have disappeared because they are redundant to the organism (both doing the same work in synthesising proteins), and others have physically moved from one organelle to another. (growingpassion.org)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Geneticists outside the agricultural industry have been using RNAi for years now to produce varieties of organisms that lack certain genes to model certain diseases or uncover the uses for certain proteins. (discovermagazine.com)
  • In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further studies showed that there were less chloroplasts in osbe1 mutant than in wild type, and there was no obvious stroma lamella in the osbe1 chloroplast. (chinacrops.org)
  • Chiu, CC , Chen, LJ & Li, HM 2010, ' Pea chloroplast DnaJ-J8 and Toc12 are encoded by the same gene and localized in the stroma ', Plant Physiology , vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 1172-1182. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • Six of these genes have introns that are not excised by a nuclear imported maturase, leaving MatK as the only candidate for processing introns in these genes. (vt.edu)
  • Using nuclear gene data for plant phylogenetics: Progress and prospects II. (jse.ac.cn)
  • The redox-sensitive transcription factor RAP2.4a mediates chloroplast-to-nucleus redox signaling and controls induction of the three most prominent chloroplast peroxidases, namely 2-Cys peroxiredoxin A (2CPA) and thylakoid- and stromal ascorbate peroxidase (tAPx and sAPx). (fu-berlin.de)
  • abstract = "Toc12 is a novel J domain-containing protein identified in pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • We summarise the evidence for the adaptive importance of cytoplasmic genes before detailing coadaptation between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and amongst cytoplasmic components. (nature.com)
  • The genes, located outside of nucleus (i.e., within the cytoplasm) also governs some traits, called as plasmogenes or cytoplasmic genes. (topperlearning.com)
  • Cytosine methylation has been studied in wheat rRNA genes at nucleolar organizers displaying different activities. (ncsu.edu)
  • The methylation pattern within a specific multigene locus is influenced by the number and type of rRNA genes in other rDNA loci in the cell. (ncsu.edu)
  • It is concluded that cytosine methylation in rDNA is regulated and that the methylation pattern correlates with the transcription potential of an rRNA gene. (ncsu.edu)
  • Molecular structure and transformation of the glucose dehydrogenase gene in Drosophila melanogaster. (ncsu.edu)
  • All green plants contain chloroplasts, amazing molecular machines which use carbon dioxide, water and photons from sunlight to create sugar and oxygen. (growingpassion.org)
  • To understand the molecular mechanism of OsCpn60β1 , the researchers disrupted the gene using CRISPR-Cas9. (isaaa.org)
  • The different phenotypes of chloroplasts in antisense and sense transgenic plants implied that different members from the same ftsZ gene family may have similar function in controlling plastid division. (jipb.net)
  • Partial sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and the D1/D2 region of the 28S rRNA gene yielded sequences 96% and 99% homologous to those from P. cutis available in BLAST ( https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) and CBS-KNAW ( https://www.knaw.nl , currently Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute) databases. (cdc.gov)
  • Evolutionists have long explained genetic sequences in the 'wrong' creatures-like a bird that uses a mammal gene instead of the expected bird gene-by asserting that ancient ancestors acquired and spliced just those genes when living closely to the unrelated kind. (icr.org)
  • Another study revealed that cells would begin removing useless gene sequences long before they had a chance to accumulate enough mutations to evolve into a new and useful gene. (icr.org)
  • Cladistic analyses based on chloroplast protein coding genes rbcL and rps 4, and the chloroplast encoded trnL (UAA) intron were conducted (1) to investigate phylogenetic relationships among basal peristomate mosses, especially the nematodontous mosses (Tetraphidaceae and Polytrichaceae), and the arthrodontous mosses with pleated endostomes (Buxbaumiaceae and Diphysciaceae), and (2) to make inferences on evolution of the peristome. (bioone.org)
  • Gonggan' based on the chloroplast trnL gene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Plant chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development are two complex processes that are regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • In this study, we identified OsDXR , a gene encoding a reductoisomerase that positively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Many genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development were differentially expressed in the OsDXR knock-out lines compared to the wild type. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Analyses of chloroplast ultrastructures and chlorophyll content of different transgenic plants suggested that NtFtsZs gene have no direct influence on the normal development and function of chloroplasts. (jipb.net)
  • Inversions in legume chloroplast DNAs. (ncsu.edu)
  • Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)
  • however the function of carbohydrate metabolism in the chloroplast development is poorly understood. (chinacrops.org)
  • The work not only sheds a novel insight into the regulation mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism on chloroplast development, but also lays a foundation for further understanding of the OsBE1 's function. (chinacrops.org)
  • The vast majority of genes in eukaryotes are located within chromosomal structures in the nucleus of the cell. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 3: Distribution and diversity of prokaryotes in samples from the Dallol dome and surrounding areas based on 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding data. (nature.com)
  • A single nucleotide mutation of the IspE gene participating in the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis causes a green-revertible yellow leaf phenotype in rice. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • The mutated genes characterized represent genes that may be involved in several aspects of tagetitoxin production, such as regulation, biosynthesis (the structure contains a sulphur molecule in one ring and two nitrogen moieties attached to the rings), and transport. (usda.gov)
  • This redox regulation of SAL1 for activation of chloroplast signaling is conserved in the plant kingdom, and the plant protein has evolved enhanced redox sensitivity compared with its yeast ortholog. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, overexpression of NtFtsZs in transgenic plants strikingly changed the number and morphology of chloroplasts. (jipb.net)
  • This gene was tagged by insertion of the Tc1 transposon, and the wild-type gene was cloned by chromosomal walking 11 kb from ama-1, a cloned gene encoding the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. (ncsu.edu)
  • Implications of these results in the energetics and mechanisms of chloroplast protein import are discussed. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • We have also identified an alternate start codon for matK in some plant species that buffers indels (insertions and deletions) in the open reading frame (ORF) that are not in multiples of three in the gene sequence. (vt.edu)
  • Studies were conducted to identify genes required for tagetitoxin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. (usda.gov)
  • The objective of this research is to identify genes associated to desiccation-rehydration cycle in the transcriptome of H. cruentum to better understand the genetic dynamics behind its desiccation tolerance mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
  • Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
  • The AR1 gene, which encodes the TGMV coat protein, was transcribed transiently in leaf discs after agroinoculation of TGMV A DNA. (ncsu.edu)
  • One mutant, designated Tox-9, has a mutation in a DNA region having a high degree of homology with exbD, a gene that encodes for an auxiliary protein in the TonB/ExbD/ExbB membrane transport system. (usda.gov)
  • A second mutant, designated Tox-10, has a mutation in a DNA region having a high degree of homology with asnB, a gene that encodes for an asparagine synthetase. (usda.gov)
  • A third mutant, designated Tox-12, has a mutation in a DNA region having a high degree of homology with cysD, a gene that encodes for a sulfate adenylate transferase. (usda.gov)
  • In many independent angiosperm lineages, this gene has sustained deletions ranging in size from 200 bp to almost 6 kb. (illinois.edu)
  • Based on the severity of deletions, we postulate that the chloroplast homolog of ORF2280 has become nonfunctional in at least four independent lineages of angiosperms. (illinois.edu)
  • The DNA sequence reveals that dpy-13 is a member of the collagen multi-gene family, and it could encode a polypeptide of 302 amino acids. (ncsu.edu)
  • Chloroplasts are the machines of life, upon which we heterotrophs (organisms which can't create their own food, but instead rely on eating other organisms) depend. (growingpassion.org)
  • Functional Characterization of the Glycoside Hydrolase Encoding Gene OsBE1 during Chloroplast Development in Oryza sativa [J].Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40(12): 2090-2097. (chinacrops.org)
  • Below is a graphic I've put together to show the two crucial stages in the incorporation of photosynthesising prokaryotes into proto-eukaryotic cells, leading to a true eukaryotic cell with both a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. (growingpassion.org)
  • Two other mutants, designated Tox-17 and Tox-18, have mutations in genes with very high homology to the gacS and gacA genes that encode a two-component regulatory system. (usda.gov)
  • Each minicircle contains one to three genes, but blank plasmids, with no coding DNA, have also been found. (wikipedia.org)
  • They can no longer justify the claim that whale evolution, gene transfer between unrelated animals, or code-building mutations are scientifically valid. (icr.org)
  • See Tomkins, J. Newly Discovered 'Orphan Genes' Defy Evolution . (icr.org)
  • Rapid evolution of RNA editing sites in a small non-essential plastid gene. (mpg.de)
  • Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microscopic extensions in the solar-powered sea-slug gut select and import chloroplasts from partly chewed-up algae cells. (icr.org)
  • Last year, researchers finally sequenced DNA from baby slugs that had not yet interacted with algae, and found no plant genes in them. (icr.org)
  • Gene carries the genetic information which determines the traits and this information is transmitted from one generation to the next generation. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • However, the relationship between the two is barely understood, which limits the value of transcriptome data to understand the process of chloroplast development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OsDXR was highly expressed in rice leaves, and subcellular localization indicated that OsDXR is a chloroplast protein. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • The RNA editing factor DUA1 is crucial to chloroplast development at low temperature in rice. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Researchers from Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Academy elucidated the role of OsCpn60β1 in chloroplast development in rice . (isaaa.org)
  • Based on the findings, the researchers concluded that OsCpn60β1 is essential for chloroplast development in rice. (isaaa.org)
  • The EMS-induced reference allele, dpy-13(e184), carries a small deletion near the middle of this gene. (ncsu.edu)
  • The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
  • Energy derived from electron transport in mitochondrial, chloroplast thylakoids and bacterial plasma membranes is transduced to form ATP by the F1·F0 proton translocating ATP synthases1. (bgu.ac.il)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959, and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the leaves were observed under an electron microscope, it was found that the chloroplasts were severely disrupted. (isaaa.org)
  • It was shown to be an integral outer membrane protein localizing in the intermembrane space of the chloroplast envelope. (ncku.edu.tw)
  • Meanwhile, the changes of chloroplast morphology in sense transgenic plants represented the possible plastoskeleton function of ftsZ in higher plant. (jipb.net)
  • Vertical gene flow from transgenic oilseed rape to non-GM counterparts may also have an impact on farming and supply chain management, depending on labelling thresholds for the adventitious presence of GM material in non-GM products. (cambridge.org)
  • Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans dpy-13 (dumpy) gene result in a short, chunky body shape. (ncsu.edu)
  • The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chloroplasts, able to perform feats well beyond human technology--the efficient splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen, and the synthesis of sugars from water and carbon dioxide to chemically store energy--are extremely complex structures. (growingpassion.org)
  • All inserts have been produced by gene synthesis and cloned in the indicated backbone vector. (addgene.org)
  • Finally, disruption of the plastidial 2-C-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate pathway resulted in defects in chloroplast development and the RNA editing of chloroplast genes. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • However, the division of labor between PEP and NEP during plastid development and in mature chloroplasts is unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
  • Crucial practical measures that can reduce vertical gene flow include (1) isolating seed production of Brassica napus , (2) the use of certified seed, (3) isolating fields of GM oilseed rape, (4) harvesting at the correct crop development stage with properly adjusted combine settings, (5) ensuring maximum germination of shed seeds after harvest, (6) controlling volunteers in subsequent crops, and (7) keeping on-farm records. (cambridge.org)
  • For such an approach to be undertaken, a fundamental understanding of chloroplast development is an absolute prerequisite. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The latter process is known as horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer (HGT). (growingpassion.org)
  • Chloroplast DNA has long been thought to have a circular structure, but some evidence suggests that chloroplast DNA more commonly takes a linear shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Within the transcription factor family, RAP2.4a has a unique function as a general transcriptional activator of chloroplast peroxidase activity. (fu-berlin.de)
  • One CCGG site 164 base-pairs upstream from the start of transcription is preferentially unmethylated in some genes. (ncsu.edu)