GenomeEukaryoticReverse mutation assayBacteriaRibosomalArchaealRRNA geneDiseasesVirulenceAntibiotic resistanceChromosomeSequencesGenomesProteinsInfectionProkaryoticAntimicrobialResistanceEscherichiaProteinBiofilmMutationsRegulate gene expressionSpeciesInfectionsIsolatesCompositionReplicationOrganismsAcuteStrainAbstractGeneticClonesGenomicResearchersDeletionFunctionsTranscriptionCommunitiesMainIndividualSpecificStudy

Genome9

• Within a genome, genes are connected to each other through a complex network of interactions. (nature.com)
• The seminar that I give most often when I am invited to speak at other universities begins with a brief introduction to genomes, sets up some comparisons between bacteria and eukaryotes, and then moves into a short overview of bacterial genome size evolution before spending the remainder of the time on genome size diversity and its importance among animals. (scitizen.com)
• 1) Unlike in eukaryotes, bacterial genome size shows a strong positive relationship with gene number (in other words, bacterial genomes contain little non-coding DNA). (scitizen.com)
• Genome size and gene number in bacteria and archaea. (scitizen.com)
• 2) Bacterial genome sizes do not vary anywhere near as much as those of animals do (on the order of 20-fold versus 7,000-fold). (scitizen.com)
• The diversity of archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic genome sizes as currently known from more than 10,000 species. (scitizen.com)
• Because genome size is primarily determined by the number of genes in bacteria, the question to be addressed is why symbionts have fewer genes in their genomes. (scitizen.com)
• In other words, selection for small genome size is probably not responsible for the highly compact genomes of some bacteria, even though it seems plausible that, more generally, selection does prevent the accumulation of non-coding DNA to eukaryote levels in bacterial cells. (scitizen.com)
• data are preliminary and based on broth microdilution susceptibility testing and/or presence of resistance genes and mutations found in whole genome sequences of bacterial DNA. (cdc.gov)

Eukaryotic2

• Cloning of eukaryotic genes in single-strand phage vectors: the human interferon genes. (nih.gov)
• Transcription regulation at the core: similarities among bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)

Reverse mutation assay1

• Gene mutation test was performed according to OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay) to determine the mutagenic nature of the test chemical. (europa.eu)

Bacteria11

• Amino acid optimizations, which lowered the isoelectric point of haloarchaeal proteins, and abundant lateral gene transfers from bacteria have been invoked to explain this deep evolutionary transition. (biomedcentral.com)
• While the latter changes can result from point mutation, abundant lateral gene transfers (LGT) from bacteria have repeatedly been invoked to explain the evolution and adaptation to oxygenic lifestyle of this archaeal lineage [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• The study of DNA and RNA in relation to gene structure and expression: DNA replication and the regulation of gene expression in bacteria and higher organisms. (sfu.ca)
• The insertions in this case are separate from the addition of whole genes, which happens often in bacteria through sharing of genes among individuals or even across species ("horizontal gene transfer" or " lateral gene transfer ") or gene duplication. (scitizen.com)
• In bacteria (and eukaryotes) small-scale deletions tend to involve more base pairs than insertions, creating a "deletion bias". Of course, larger insertions such as of transposable elements or gene duplicates are not part of this calculation as they add much more DNA at once. (scitizen.com)
• In free-living bacteria, there are many opportunities for gene exchange, with lateral gene transfer adding DNA at an appreciable frequency. (scitizen.com)
• Finally, free-living bacteria must produce their own protein products, and therefore tend to make use of all their genes, which places selective constraints on changes (including indels) in those sequences. (scitizen.com)
• First, they do not regularly encounter other bacteria from whom they can receive genes. (scitizen.com)
• XDR Shigella strains can spread antimicrobial resistance genes to other enteric bacteria. (cdc.gov)
• Bacteria tell us a lot about themselves from the stuff (genes) they carry around as well. (cdc.gov)
• Just as you can tell where I've been from the contents of my purse, scientists can tell where bacteria have been from the contents of their genes. (cdc.gov)

Ribosomal2

• High throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes indicated that streambank microbial community composition varied within site depth and across contemporary land uses. (stroudcenter.org)
• Bacterial 16S ribosomal genes were PCR amplified and cloned (2990 total clones). (usda.gov)

Archaeal1

• Overall, our work encourages a systematic search for composite genes across all archaeal major groups, in order to better understand the origins of novel prokaryotic genes, and in order to test to what extent archaea might have adjusted their lifestyles by incorporating and recycling laterally acquired bacterial genetic fragments into new archaeal genes. (biomedcentral.com)

RRNA gene2

• To test this in a hospital setting we compared FF and SF approaches across 17 patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using both 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. (nih.gov)
• Floor dust was collected and analyzed for bacterial (16 S rRNA gene) and fungal (internal transcribed spacer region) microbiota. (cdc.gov)

Diseases1

• Recent research findings from Rockefeller University and the Necker Medical School that supports this idea has identified a new gene mutation that causes children to be more susceptible to mycobacterial diseases. (scienceblogs.com)

Virulence2

• Conformational change of the Bordetella response regulator BvgA accompanies its activation of the B. pertussis virulence gene fhaB. (nih.gov)
• Detection of bacterial virulence genes associated with infective endocarditis in infected root canals. (bvsalud.org)

Antibiotic resistance1

• You see, they pick up antibiotic resistance genes from each other, which doesn't sound like a bad thing until they get a big collection going, and then they're resistant to just about every antibiotic we have against them. (cdc.gov)

Chromosome3

• Effects of nucleoid-associated proteins on bacterial chromosome structure and gene expression. (graingerlab.com)
• The CLPB gene is found on chromosome 11 . (medlineplus.gov)
• A Gene mutation study was performed according to OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test) to determine the genetic nature of the test chemical. (europa.eu)

Sequences3

• There are a range of different mechanisms that can produce novel genes, including de novo genes, synthesized either partly or completely from non-coding DNA [ 12 ], from the divergence of an existing protein-coding sequence beyond the point at which it is recognizable as a homologue (e.g. following gene duplication events), or by fusion or fission of existing protein-coding sequences [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• Typically, it is thought that mutations in single nucleotides within the DNA sequence ensure such change, but other random alterations such as deletion, duplication and recombination of gene sequences can also occur. (nature.com)
• The following Palm3 gene cDNA ORF clone sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). (genscript.com)

Genomes3

• One hundred and twenty-six of these novel composite genes derived from genetic material from bacterial genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
• These novel composite genes were likely advantageous for their hosts, since they show significant residence times in haloarchaeal genomes-consistent with a long phylogenetic history involving vertical descent and lateral gene transfer-and encode proteins with optimized isoelectric points. (biomedcentral.com)
• So, on the one hand, there are processes that can add genes (duplication and lateral gene transfer), whereas in the absence of these processes, and if there are no adverse consequences to losing DNA (i.e., there is no selective constraint occurring), genomes should tend to get smaller as a result of this deletion bias. (scitizen.com)

Proteins3

• The examination of protein identifiers connected to bacterial secretion system, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and biofilm formation revealed an overlap of 37 bacterial proteins that were targeted by human miRNAs. (frontiersin.org)
• Bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins play a key role in the organisation, replication, segregation, repair and expression of bacterial chromosomes. (graingerlab.com)
• Certain nucleoid-associated proteins also regulate transcription initiation at specific promoters, and work in concert with dedicated transcription factors to regulate gene expression in response to growth phase and environmental change. (graingerlab.com)

Infection3

• However, some patients may have bacterial infection despite negative urine cultures. (medscape.com)
• There has been scientific evidence supporting the controversial idea that one error in a single gene can significantly alter the individual's risk of obtaining a bacterial infection. (scienceblogs.com)
• Shigellosis is an acute enteric infection that is an important cause of domestically acquired and travel-associated bacterial diarrhea in the United States. (cdc.gov)

Prokaryotic1

• The large diversity of prokaryotic sodium channels and experimental-computational platform reported in this study should facilitate the development and evaluation of BacNav-based gene therapies for cardiac conduction disorders. (bvsalud.org)

Antimicrobial1

• This site uses the term "antibiotics" to refer to antimicrobial agents used to treat bacterial infections in both people and animals. (cdc.gov)

Resistance2

• Although quinolone resistance is predominantly caused by chromosomal mutations, it may also result from a plasmid-encoded qnr -gene ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
• The second aim of this study was to determine to what extent the qnrA gene is an emerging resistance problem in our hospital. (cdc.gov)

Escherichia2

• Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is most often caused by Escherichia coli or other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, and typically affects men 36 to 50 years of age. (medscape.com)
• Cold induction of cspA , the paradigm Escherichia coli cold-shock gene, is mainly subject to posttranscriptional control, partly promoted by cis -acting elements of its transcript, whose secondary structure at 37°C and at cold-shock temperature has been elucidated here by enzymatic and chemical probing. (cell.com)

Protein2

• The CLPB gene provides instructions for making a protein whose function is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
• Many of the CLPB gene mutations lead to an abnormally short CLPB protein that is likely broken down quickly. (medlineplus.gov)

Biofilm2

• The Vibrio cholerae master regulator for the activation of biofilm biogenesis genes, VpsR, senses both cyclic di-GMP and phosphate. (nih.gov)
• VpsR Directly Activates Transcription of Multiple Biofilm Genes in Vibrio cholerae. (nih.gov)

Mutations1

• At least 20 CLPB gene mutations have been found to cause CLPB deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)

Regulate gene expression1

• These small non-coding ribose nucleic acids function to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and have been shown to participate in multiple disease pathways including cancer, heart disease, apoptosis, as well as immune responses to microbial hazards and occupational allergens. (cdc.gov)

Species4

• Our investigation showed that a qnrA 1 gene was present in 78 (94%) of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnrA1 -encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the same species and other species. (cdc.gov)
• The different views regarding the pathogenicity of M. hominis may be linked to the heterogeneity within the species and lack of homogeneity in the virulent genes as witnessed both in the intra species and intra strain levels. (who.int)
• Most individual indicator fungal species were lower with asthma and wheeze and higher with aeroallergen positivity and rhinitis, whereas bacterial data was less consistent. (cdc.gov)
• Health outcomes might be more influenced by the composition of a complex mixture of bacterial and fungal species in the indoor environment than by the absence or presence of individual species. (cdc.gov)

Infections4

• Antibiotics are valuable tools for reducing animal disease and suffering from bacterial infections, but decisions about which antibiotics to use in food animals and how to use them must also be made with consideration of human health and the environmental impact. (cdc.gov)
• Researchers have found two group A Streptococcus genes involved in invasive infections, which may be potential targets for therapeutics. (homophrenia.com)
• Studies focused on microbial exposure, including bacterial infections, as well as exposure to different allergens have shown miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-146, miR-132, miR-155, and the let-7 family members, to be involved in immune and inflammatory responses. (cdc.gov)
• However, several studies indicate that treating other STDs (e.g., genital herpes infections and trichomoniasis) and genital tract syndromes related to sex (e.g., bacterial vaginosis) also can help prevent HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)

Isolates3

• A total of 1,167 isolates were tested for a qnrA gene. (cdc.gov)
• The isolates were also screened for the presence of M. hominis variable adherence antigen ( vaa ) and p120 virulent genes using primer constructs from the respective genes in a conventional PCR protocol. (who.int)
• Each of vaa and p120 genes was detected in 14 of 20 isolates, while 6 isolates did not carry the genes. (who.int)

Composition3

• Bacterial community composition was distinct between agriculture and urban sites as well as suburban and urban sites. (stroudcenter.org)
• METHODS: Ceca from five domestic turkeys killed on-farm (Farm A) and eight from the abattoir (five from Farm A, three from Farm B) were examined for bacterial composition. (usda.gov)
• RESULTS: Bacterial library composition was determined to include 49% Bacteroidetes (52% domestic, 48% wild), 30% Clostridiales (59% domestic, 41% wild), 3% Proteobacteria (87% domestic, %13 wild), 2% Deferribacteres (90% domestic, 10% wild) and 6% unidentified (32% domestic, 68% wild). (usda.gov)

Replication1

• 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)

Organisms2

• The robustness of organisms to such changes, which are necessary for evolution, is of fundamental interest, and so previous studies have investigated the sturdiness of gene-regulatory networks by either deleting 1 or overexpressing 2 individual genes. (nature.com)
• Just as I didn't know what surprises my purse held until I emptied it, not until the specialized testing, possible only through the support of CDC, did we know about many of the surprises held by the genes of the resistant organisms. (cdc.gov)

Acute1

• After an episode of acute bacterial prostatitis, approximately 5% of patients may progress to CBP. (medscape.com)

Strain1

• ANOVA test showed that none of the genes was significantly associated with a particular strain ( p =0.8641). (who.int)

Abstract1

• ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma MIF level and -173 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism of the MIF gene with the occurrence, severity and mortality of sepsis patients. (who.int)

Genetic1

• This study aimed at investigating the genetic variants abounding within M. hominis and the distribution of the virulent genes among the variants. (who.int)

Clones1

• Clones were discriminated using Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting of rRNA Genes (OFRG). (usda.gov)

Genomic2

• One way to assess how robust and evolvable such genomic networks are is to introduce new links between unrelated genes. (nature.com)
• This record is derived from a genomic sequence (AC_000087.1) annotated using gene prediction method: Gnomon, supported by EST evidence. (genscript.com)

Researchers2

• These researchers found that high-risk gene combinations made certain individuals 8 times more likely to suffer from a severe and prolonged illness. (scienceblogs.com)
• For one young patient, the researchers sequenced the genes of this patient and her healthy family members. (scienceblogs.com)

Deletion1

• These factors in combination mean that the selective constraints on many endosymbiont genes are relaxed, and the dominant processes become deletion bias and random drift. (scitizen.com)

Functions1

• These latter genes, largely involved in metabolic functions but also in oxygenic lifestyle, constitute a different gene pool from the laterally acquired bacterial genes formerly identified. (biomedcentral.com)

Transcription1

• The Bordetella pertussis model of exquisite gene control by the global transcription factor BvgA. (nih.gov)

Communities1

• GOAL: To describe and compare the intestinal bacterial communities of domestic and wild turkeys. (usda.gov)

Main1

• The main diagnostic criterion for CBP is positive bacterial cultures of prostatic fluid. (medscape.com)

Individual1

• This article also provided further evidence to the idea that an error in a single gene may be enough to radically alter individual risk for bacterial disease. (scienceblogs.com)

Specific1

• DESeq identified specific bacterial and fungal indicator taxa that were higher or lower with the presence of different health outcomes. (cdc.gov)

Study1

• The study, jointly conducted by Surov's Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Association for Gene Security, is expected to be published in three months (July 2010)-so the technical details will have to wait. (wordpress.com)