Ribulose-5-phosphate is isomerized to ribose-5-phosphate or epimerized to xylulose-5-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
Ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate undergo reactions, catalyzed by transketolase and transaldolase, that transfer carbon units, ultimately forming fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
When NADPH levels are low, the oxidative reactions of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. (microbenotes.com)
When NADPH levels are high, the reversible nonoxidative portion of the pathway can be used to generate ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. (microbenotes.com)
In scientific terms, the PPP is an essential metabolic pathway that functions concurrently with glycolysis , presenting itself as a quintessential player in maintaining cellular homeostasis through its diligent role in generating NADPH, pentoses, and ribose 5-phosphate. (microbiologynote.com)
The kinetic equations for the glycolysis and the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway have also been developed for E. coli to simulate the transient data obtained by the fast sampling system [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Irreversible2
This irreversible reaction is the initial step of the pentose phosphate pathway, which generates the useful cofactor NADPH as well as ribulose-5-phosphate, a carbon source for the synthesis of other molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The addition of the second phosphoryl group to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is an irreversible step, and so is used to irreversibly target the glucose 6-phosphate breakdown to provide energy for ATP production via glycolysis. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose25
Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P, sometimes called the Robison ester) is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6. (wikipedia.org)
Because of its prominent position in cellular chemistry, glucose 6-phosphate has many possible fates within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to these two metabolic pathways, glucose 6-phosphate may also be converted to glycogen or starch for storage. (wikipedia.org)
The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6-phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose 6-phosphate is also produced during glycogenolysis from glucose 1-phosphate, the first product of the breakdown of glycogen polymers. (wikipedia.org)
This will cause the G6P to be dehydrogenated to 6-phosphogluconate by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose 6-phosphate is first isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase, which uses magnesium as a cofactor. (wikipedia.org)
This reaction converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in preparation for phosphorylation to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (wikipedia.org)
After being converted to G6P, the molecule can be turned into glucose 1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. (wikipedia.org)
Glucose 1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose, driven by the hydrolysis of UTP, releasing phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
It is important to note that glucose 6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen. (wikipedia.org)
The cleaved molecule is in the form of glucose 1-phosphate, which can be converted into G6P by phosphoglucomutase. (wikipedia.org)
Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). (easyomics.org)
Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. (easyomics.org)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is stimulated by NADP+ and inhibited by NADPH and by palmitoyl-CoA (part of the fatty acid synthesis pathway). (microbenotes.com)
Pentose phosphate pathway functions as an alternative route for glucose oxidation that does not directly consume or produce ATP. (microbenotes.com)
During the first phase of PPP, G6P is converted to 6-phosphogluconolactone by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase which results in the production of NADPH. (breastcancertalk.net)
Embarking on an exploration into cellular metabolism, the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) commands particular attention, not merely for its role in glucose metabolism but also for its crucial involvement in cellular biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. (microbiologynote.com)
The PPP showcases its role by executing two meticulously orchestrated phases: the oxidative phase, where glucose 6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH and ribulose 5-phosphate, and the non-oxidative phase, which is engaged in the synthesis of 5-carbon sugars, contributing significantly to the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. (microbiologynote.com)
A genetic aberration in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a pivotal enzyme in the PPP, can disrupt this biochemical harmony, underscoring the pathway's indispensability in cellular metabolism and defense mechanisms. (microbiologynote.com)
When the ratio of NADP+ to NADPH increases, the body needs to produce more NADPH (a reducing agent for several reactions like fatty acid synthesis and glutathione reduction in erythrocytes). (wikipedia.org)
Also, if the body needs nucleotide precursors of DNA for growth and synthesis, G6P will also be dehydrogenated and enter the pentose phosphate pathway. (wikipedia.org)
It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis andis especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). (microbenotes.com)
The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. (microbenotes.com)
Generates two NADPH, which can then be used in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis and for maintaining reduced glutathione inside RBCs. (microbenotes.com)
Notably, NADPH generated through the oxidative phase is pivotal for counteracting oxidative stress and facilitating reductive biosynthesis, such as fatty acid synthesis. (microbiologynote.com)
Conversely, in tissues where the biosynthetic activities, particularly those related to fatty acid and sterol synthesis, are in full swing, the NADPH produced by the PPP is channeled to support these reductive biosynthetic pathways. (microbiologynote.com)
It is preferred to model the whole of the main metabolic pathways in Escherichia coli , allowing for the estimation of energy generation and cell synthesis, based on intracellular fluxes and that may be used to characterize phenotypic growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleic acid1
Dietary pentose sugars, a derivative of nucleic acid digestion, can be intertwined with the PPP, thereby revealing another layer of metabolic flexibility and adaptability provided by this pathway. (microbiologynote.com)
Enzyme3
Enzyme 2.7.1.1 at KEGG Pathway Database. (wikipedia.org)
Enzyme 5.3.1.9 at KEGG Pathway Database. (wikipedia.org)
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phospha1
Under these conditions, the fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate generated in the pathway reenter glycolysis. (microbenotes.com)
Oxidative damage1
Furthermore, cells like erythrocytes, which are persistently exposed to oxidative stress, exploit the PPP to generate NADPH, maintaining a cellular environment that is conducive to combating oxidative damage. (microbiologynote.com)
Precursor1
The pathway also supplies important precursor metabolites including 2-oxoglutarate. (easyomics.org)
Pyruvate1
This pathway map also shows the Entner-Doudoroff pathway where 6-P-gluconate is dehydrated and then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3P [MD:M00008]. (easyomics.org)
A meticulous exploration of its function in these cells unravels its imperative role in generating a substantial amount of NADPH, which is instrumental in maintaining the reduced form of glutathione. (microbiologynote.com)
Fatty1
Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. (easyomics.org)
The CcpA regulon comprises genes involved in sugar uptake, fermentation and amino acids metabolism, confirming the role of CcpA as a link between carbon and nitrogen pathways. (studyres.com)
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, the effects of the knockout of such pathways as Ppc, Pck and Pyk on the metabolism were simulated. (biomedcentral.com)
It was shown to be useful to simulate the main metabolism of E. coli for understanding metabolic changes inside the cell in response to specific pathway gene knockouts, considering the whole main metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes1
An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
NADH1
In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. (easyomics.org)
KEGG3
Compound C00031 at KEGG Pathway Database. (wikipedia.org)
Reaction R01786 at KEGG Pathway Database. (wikipedia.org)
The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that low JA concentration (especially 5 μM) exhibited the promotion effects on tuber development in various cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Reaction1
In the present study, we considered the simulation of the main metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, and the anapleorotic pathways using enzymatic reaction models of E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular2
Navigating through the biochemical intricacies of the PPP provides a splendid panorama of how cells masterfully exploit metabolic pathways, in a manner that is attuned to their physiological, biosynthetic, and defensive needs, thereby maintaining a harmonious cellular and systemic physiological state. (microbiologynote.com)
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) primarily resides within the cytosol of cells, which is the aqueous component of the cytoplasm, a matrix in which various cellular organelles are suspended and numerous metabolic reactions transpire. (microbiologynote.com)
Carbon1
Concurrently, the PPP can transmute the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into intermediates apt for glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways, thereby enabling the cell to adeptly navigate through the metabolic intricacies and adapt to varying physiological contexts. (microbiologynote.com)
Phases1
There are two different phases in the pathway. (easyomics.org)
Evolutionary2
In essence, the PPP is a testament to nature's biochemical prowess, revealing how metabolic pathways, through eons of evolutionary fine-tuning, have been sculpted into multifaceted biochemical networks, proficiently catering to the myriad metabolic and defensive demands of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
These similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention is likely due to their efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
Cell1
The CO 2 production rate could be used to estimate cell yield, and the specific NADPH production rate could be used to determine the flux of the oxidative PP pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Production1
Once intracellular fluxes were computed by this model, the specific ATP production rate, the specific CO 2 production rate, and the specific NADPH production rate could be estimated. (biomedcentral.com)
Menu2
Please select the Pathway Name & Marker type from the drop down menu. (easyomics.org)
Please select the Pathway Name & SSR repeat from the drop down menu. (easyomics.org)
Specific1
Although several models have so far been proposed, most of them focus on the specific metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)