Gene mediates pituitary. Medical search. Frequent questions

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine network that controls hormonal responses to internal and external challenges in an organism's environment, exhibits strikingly sex-biased activity. (nature.com)
These gonadal hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and have been shown to determine sex differences in adult HPA function after acute stress via their activational and organizational effects. (nature.com)
The ability of all mammals to cope with any environmental or homeostatic challenge (i.e., stressor), or with perceptual threats to homeostasis, relies upon activation of a neuroendocrine signaling cascade called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (nature.com)
Of these isoforms, TR-beta2 is the most important in mediating negative feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. (nih.gov)
Altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in type 2 diabetic patients, a condition preceded by pre-diabetes, has been shown to increase the risk of depression as well as cause downstream effects resulting in upregulation of gluconeogenesis and dyslipidemia. (researchsquare.com)
This is said to be due to the constant activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis observed in type 2 diabetic patients (8). (researchsquare.com)
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in glucose homeostasis during acute stressful conditions (9-11). (researchsquare.com)
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, mediating endocrine and behavioral responses to various stressors. (aspetjournals.org)
Neuropeptide Y1 and Y5 Receptors Mediate the Effects of Neuropeptide Y on the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. (deiodinase.org)
Central administration of NPY not only markedly stimulates food intake, but simultaneously in- hibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis), replicating the central hypothyroid state associated with fast- ing. (deiodinase.org)
These data confirm the importance of both Y1 and Y5 receptors in the NPY-mediated increase in food consumption and demonstrate that both Y1 and Y5 receptors can mediate the inhibitory effects of NPY on the HPT axis. (deiodinase.org)
Transcriptomes from the tissues of the brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis of T10 samples revealed a differential gene expression profile compared to the other experimental groups, with clustering in a principal component analysis and in heat maps of all differentially expressed genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Introduction The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (H-P-T) axis is the central mechanism for thyroid hormone (T3) homeostasis [1] [2]. (bioerc-iend.org)
PHENOTYPE: Homozygous null mice for one allele display dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity under stress and resting conditions. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Eachus H, Bright C, Cunliffe VT, Placzek M, Wood JD & Watt PJ (2017) Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 is essential for normal hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis function . (sheffield.ac.uk)
For this, a mouse model of restraint stress and TBI was employed, and their influence on behavior and gene expression in brain regions, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and peripheral organs was analyzed. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, IEG upregulation along the HPA axis (e.g., pituitary, adrenal glands) and other peripheral organs (e.g., heart) was modulated by AS-TBI interaction. (bvsalud.org)
The findings suggest that long-standing hypercortisolism reduces global DNA methylation, specifically in genes that are known to attenuate the sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor, and therefore may induce hyperactivity of the HPA axis. (ifm.org)
6 For the fetus, these effects are mediated through alterations in both the maternal and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to in-utero exposure to excess glucocorticoids. (ifm.org)
Using the model of the rock dove ( Columba livia ), our team previously uncovered sexual dimorphism in the basal and stress-responsive gene transcription of a biological system necessary for facilitating sexual behavior and reproduction, the hypothlamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. (unh.edu)
The results of this review shows that focus to date has been on genes involved in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its correlation to subsequent neurobiology, for example, the role of glucocorticoid receptor gene. (biomedcentral.com)

Up-regulation of many of these genes can be explained as negative feedback, attenuating CRF-activated pathways. (aspetjournals.org)
Corepressors and coactivators of thyroid hormone receptor-mediated function facilitate repression and transactivation of positively-regulated target genes respectively, but their role in negative regulation is not understood. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
These results indicate that CREB/ATF-1-related factors act coordinately with the cell-specific factor GHF1 to mediate cAMP-dependent regulation of hGH-1 gene transcription in anterior pituitary somatotrophs. (elsevierpure.com)
Shepard, AR, Zhang, W & Eberhardt, NL 1994, ' Two CGTCA motifs and a GHF1/Pit1 binding site mediate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A regulation of human growth hormone gene expression in rat anterior pituitary GC cells ', Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 269, no. 3, pp. 1804-1814. (elsevierpure.com)
Furthermore, a functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed enriched gene ontology terms involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm, histone modification, meiotic nuclear division, and others. (biomedcentral.com)
LIF signaling and regulation of POMC gene transcription were therefore tested. (manchester.ac.uk)
A pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit1 has been postulated to be a candidate mediator of TRH signaling in TSHβ gene regulation. (bioerc-iend.org)
This gene encodes a protein involved in regulation of the cell cycle through interactions with several cyclin-dependent kinases. (nih.gov)
The Cables1 Gene in Glucocorticoid Regulation of Pituitary Corticotrope Growth and Cushing Disease. (nih.gov)
Epigenetics processes occur at the level above the genome, which includes DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications and gene regulation by micro-RNA (miRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
MATERIALS AND Strategies Cell Range and Culture Circumstances The GH3.TRE-Luc cell line, made as MMP13 defined [25], stably expresses a improved firefly luciferase reporter gene beneath the regulation of a set of thyroid hormone response elements (TREs). (gasyblog.com)

Disease features arise from variable resistance to TH action in tissues expressing Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR) β (hypothalamus, pituitary, liver) and from thyrotoxic effects in tissues expressing TRα (heart, bone, brain). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
The functions of the hypothalamus in mediating homeostasis, and ensuring that brain and body function optimally, are well-known. (sheffield.ac.uk)
IKKβ signaling mediates metabolic changes in the hypothalamus of a Huntington's disease mouse model. (lu.se)

Resistance to Thyroid Hormone alpha (RTHα) is characterised by tissue-selective hypothyroidism with near-normal thyroid function tests, and is due to thyroid receptor α gene mutations. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
This possibility is supported by the fact that Pit1 mutations cause compound pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) [11] in which expressions of the TSHβ gene as well as the prolactin (PRL) and growth LM22A-4 hormone (GH) genes are decreased or abolished. (bioerc-iend.org)
Loss-of-function mutations in the CABLES1 gene are a novel cause of Cushing's disease. (nih.gov)

Secretion of the TSH LM22A-4 molecule from thyrotroph and the transcriptions of TSHβ and αGSU genes are stimulated by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) generated in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. (bioerc-iend.org)
Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants both affect the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, possibly via the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT). (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, our current finding indicates an important role of hypothalamic inflammation in PM2.5 exposure-mediated hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorder. (deepdyve.com)
Microarray profiling of hypothalamic gene expression changes in Huntington's disease mouse models. (lu.se)

Expression of RAB7L1 in Patients with Pituitary Adenomas. (nih.gov)
It is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids responsible for the ectopic ACTH syndrome. (utsouthwestern.edu)

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer within the ovine pituitary gland is connected with hypophysitis. (llclinic.com)
Finally, Rad51b c.92delT/c.92delT mice displayed increased incidence of pituitary gland hyperplasia. (nature.com)
The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones and, therefore, has the widest range of effects on the body's functions. (medscape.com)
The anterior pituitary, often called the "master gland," responds to chemical messages from the bloodstream to produce numerous hormones that trigger the action of other endocrine glands. (medscape.com)
For example, in response to a stressful situation, the pituitary gland may release beta endorphin and ACTH, which, in turn, prompt the suprarenal cortex to release hormones. (medscape.com)

Oxytocin is a hormone of the posterior pituitary that promotes lactation, maternal bonding, and birth. (frontiersin.org)
The posterior pituitary is controlled by the nervous system. (medscape.com)

hPTTG phosphorylation is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDC2) and expression is regulated by specificity protein 1 (SP1). (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Studies using GH3 cells showed that TRH-induced activity of the TSHβ promoter depends on protein kinase C but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase suggesting that the signaling pathway is different from that in the prolactin gene. (bioerc-iend.org)
TRH-bound TRH-R1 (TRH/TRH-R1) induces protein kinase C (PKC)- phosphophatidyl-inoshitol- and Ca2+-mediated pathways [8] [9]. (bioerc-iend.org)
The protein encoded by this gene acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin. (utsouthwestern.edu)
The process of alternative splicing provides a unique mechanism by which eukaryotes are able to produce numerous protein products from the same gene. (unh.edu)

The long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide is used either as an adjuvant or primary therapy to lower GH levels in patients with acromegaly and may also induce pituitary tumor shrinkage. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to thoroughly assess the current literature on the effect of octreotide on pituitary tumor shrinkage. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Introduction: The human Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene (hPTTG) is a phosphorylated proto-oncogene induced in multiple tumour types. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
We established the cis-acting elements which mediate cAMP responsiveness of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene in transiently transfected rat anterior pituitary tumor GC cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Recently, we've created and validated a stably-transfected reporter gene mobile model in the TH-responsive rat pituitary tumor GH3 cell collection that endogenously expresses both TR isoforms [25]. (gasyblog.com)
Dysfunctions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) have been associated with the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the clinicopathologic significance and potential role of lncRNA PTTG3P (pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene) in HCC remains largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Involvement of PTTG1 (pituitary tumor-transforming 1), PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals were validated by qRT-PCR and western blot. (biomedcentral.com)
Our findings suggest that PTTG3P, a valuable marker of HCC prognosis, promotes tumor growth and metastasis via up-regulating PTTG1 and activating PI3K/AKT signaling in HCC and might represent a potential target for gene-based therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we identified a novel lncRNA PTTG3P, termed pituitary tumor-transforming 3, pseudogene (NCBI Accession NO.NR_002734) via microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)

Because this mutant TR constitutively binds to nuclear coreprssors, it also suggests that this class of proteins is essential for mediating hypothyroidism in vivo. (nih.gov)
Its activity is mediated by G proteins which stimulate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Proteomics of plasma samples revealed proteins potentially mediating this interaction. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, in the infected hepatocytes, certain cellular proteins that are dependent on the UPS are involved in abnormal biological processes which are mediated by HBV. (biomedcentral.com)

The receptor is primarily located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH release. (utsouthwestern.edu)

This way, several known CRF-induced target genes and novel CRF responsive genes were identified. (aspetjournals.org)
Thyroid hormone acts through the intracellular thyroid hormone receptor (TR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor family and acts as a ligand-regulated transcription factor ( 4 , 5 ), eliciting cellular responses by binding to and regulating the expression of target genes. (jci.org)

To elucidate gene networks regulated by CRF and CRFR1, we applied microarray technology to explore transcriptional response to CRF stimulation. (aspetjournals.org)
This raises the chance that unliganded TR might work as a transcriptional activator from the TSHβ gene [22]-[24]. (bioerc-iend.org)
2012), SREBP1c-mediated transcriptional programming, and lipogenesis in the liver (Liu et al. (deepdyve.com)

The sst2 somatostatin receptor mediates the inhibitory effects of somatostatin on secretive and proliferative processes. (eurekamag.com)

Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors gene expression were elevated in the stressed PD group relative to the stressed NPD group. (researchsquare.com)
The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors are linked to migraine neurobiology. (iasp-pain.org)
Nevertheless, for TR-mediated disruption, an operating qHTS assay predicated on PD 0332991 HCl endogenous full-length receptors continues to be lacking. (gasyblog.com)

These results demonstrate that corticotroph LIF action is receptor mediated and involves activation of STAT signaling pathways. (manchester.ac.uk)
TRH receptor (TRH-R) is encoded by two genes and generates TRH-R1 and 2. (bioerc-iend.org)
T3 inhibits transcription of the TSHβ gene via thyroid hormone receptor (TR) [1] and TSHβ manifestation increases in individuals with hypothyroidism. (bioerc-iend.org)

ERK1/2 and AKT pathways may involve in the piperine-mediated stimulation of Leydig cell development. (frontiersin.org)
Although many altered pathways and aberrantly expressed genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis were identified, the precise molecular mechanisms for HCC are not entirely clear [ 2 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

PIT1 is a pituitary-specific transcription factor responsible for pituitary development and hormone expression in mammals and is a member of the POU family of transcription factors that regulate mammalian development. (wikipedia.org)
supplied by OMIM] Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1 has been shown to interact with GATA2 and PITX1. (wikipedia.org)
pCRE) and a pituitary-specific transcription factor (GHF1/Pit1) binding site at nucleotides -123/-112 (dGHF1) which were required for cAMP responsiveness. (elsevierpure.com)

This thermoception may have caused the observed effects through epigenetic mechanisms, since all analysed tissues further revealed differentially expressed genes involved in histone modification. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we show that p16 Ink4a deficiency enhances fasting-induced hepatic glucose production in vivo by increasing the expression of key gluconeogenic genes. (diabetesjournals.org)
They arise from pituitary cell types due to both cell cycle trophic dysruptions leading to adenomatous growth, as well as a coupling of specific hormone gene over-expression. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating sst2 gene expression, we cloned the upstream region (9.5 kb) from the translation initiation codon of the rat sst2 gene. (eurekamag.com)
These studies demonstrated the nature of the rat sst2 gene and the functional importance of both Sp1 and CRE sites in regulating sst2 gene expression and suggest that the CRE site mediates, at least partly, the promoter activity activated by Pitx1 or estrogen. (eurekamag.com)
One study (PMID: 16177568) reported aberrant splicing of transcripts from this gene which results in removal of the cyclin binding domain only in human cancer cells, and reduction in gene expression was shown in colorectal cancers (PMID: 17982127).Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. (nih.gov)
Further, these epigenetic changes are cell/tissue-specific in regulating expression of genes, providing potential biomarkers for understanding the trajectory of early stress-induced susceptibility to adult psychiatric disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the HBV is capable of selectively and specifically altering the expression of intracellular factors, which are involved in the host immune response, to mediate persistent viral infection [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanistically, over-expression of PTTG3P up-regulated PTTG1, activated PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream signals including cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Berry intake changes hepatic gene expression and DNA methylation patterns associated with high-fat diet. (lu.se)

Mechanisms of Cables 1 gene inactivation in human ovarian cancer development. (nih.gov)
Alterations in the epigenetic signature of genes involved in stress responsivity may represent one of the neurobiological mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
In spite of the increasing knowledge, the molecular mechanisms underlying ELS-mediated long-term vulnerability to later-life stressors are unclear. (biomedcentral.com)

In fact, over 75 genes associated with POI have been implicated in ovarian development and meiosis [ 15 ]. (nature.com)

The promoter activity of each construct was more efficient in GH(3) pituitary cells than in nonpituitary cells. (eurekamag.com)
Therefore, mouse pituitary-derived AtT-20 cells were exposed continuously to CRF either in the presence or absence of the specific CRFR1 antagonist R121919. (aspetjournals.org)
17] confirmed that Pit1 recognizes the DNA sequences in the mouse TSHβ gene corresponding to those sites in the rat and human genomes using DNA foot printing overexpression of Pit1 had a minimal effect on the activity of the TSHβ promoter in TtT97 TSHoma or thyrotroph-derived αTSH cells. (bioerc-iend.org)

GH stimulates IGFI gene transcription in the liver and peripheral tissues. (bmj.com)
Local activation of T 4 also occurs in target tissues (e.g., brain and pituitary) and is increasingly recognized as an important regulatory step in thyroid hormone action. (mhmedical.com)
In both stress and control treatments, we identified a higher incidence of splicing activity in the pituitary in both sexes as compared to other tissues. (unh.edu)

Both PM2.5 and maternal stress exposure during pregnancy might result in altered patterns of DNA methylation in specific stress-related genes, such as the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4 DNAm), that might, in turn, influence infant development across several domains, including bio-behavioral, cognitive and socio-emotional domains. (bvsalud.org)
However, epigenetic changes in other candidate genes such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and serotonin transporter are also implicated in early life stress (ELS) and susceptibility to adult psychiatric disorders. (biomedcentral.com)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most important hypotha- lamic-derived neuropeptides mediating the effects of leptin on energy homeostasis. (deiodinase.org)

Analysis of the intact hGH gene or hGH 5'- flanking DNA (5'-FR) coupled to the hGH cDNA or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or luciferase genes, indicated that cAMP primarily stimulated hGH promoter activity. (elsevierpure.com)

These mice displayed a complete hypothyroid phenotype, demonstrating that the unliganded TR mediates the effect of hypothyroidism. (nih.gov)

6 In the study, a maternally depressed/anxious mood resulted in the increased methylation of a CpG?rich region in the promoter and exon1F of the GR gene (NR3C1) in the cord blood of newborns, and these effects on methylation of the NR3C1 gene have been shown to be persistent beyond infancy, suggesting a functional consequence of this epigenetic variation on HPA stress reactivity. (ifm.org)

substitution in the GATA2-Zn finger domain or mutation of GATA-responsive element in the TSHβ gene. (bioerc-iend.org)

The CDKN2A/B locus contains genes encoding cell cycle inhibitors, including p16 Ink4a , which have not yet been implicated in the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)

Central IKK2 Inhibition Ameliorates Air Pollution-Mediated Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. (deepdyve.com)

The transfected rat POMC promoter -706/+64, fused to the luciferase reporter gene, was induced by LIF, which exerted strong (18-fold) synergy with CRH. (manchester.ac.uk)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) activates not merely the secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) but also the transcription of TSHβ and α-glycoprotein (αGSU) subunit genes. (bioerc-iend.org)

The result of Southern blot indicated that there isonly one C23O gene in the genome of C-14-1. (researchgate.net)
The Bmuccr gene covers a 1.4 kb genome region and contains 3exons. (researchgate.net)

Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome 10. (jax.org)
We first showed that the FKHL15 gene is the human homologue of TTF-2, identifying a homozygous, loss-of-function, mutation in two siblings with CH, thyroid agenesis, clef. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
128/+8 of the human TSHβ gene. (bioerc-iend.org)
The Cables gene on chromosome 18q is silenced by promoter hypermethylation and allelic loss in human colorectal cancer. (nih.gov)

Overexpression of the pituitary homeoprotein Pitx1 activated the promoter activity of the -4066/+172/luc construct, and mapping analysis indicated the existence of two Pitx1 response sites, including the CRE site. (eurekamag.com)

Circulating IGFI is thought to be produced mainly from the liver and exerts a negative feedback effect on the pituitary production of GH. (bmj.com)

Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones are precisely regulated by the pituitary hormone TSH in a negative-feedback system. (mhmedical.com)

however the mechanism that mediates TRH signaling for transcription of the TSHβ gene has been elusive. (bioerc-iend.org)

7 Gene-environment interactions are key to how the brain develops, and adverse and stressful childhood experiences (ACE) have a powerful effect on lifelong trajectories of health and disease. (ifm.org)
Gene-environment interactions, such as those occurring when exposed to ELS, often encompass epigenetic changes. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy31

Organisms11

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes26

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Axis21

Regulation11

Hypothalamus3

Mutations3

Hypothalamic4

Adenomas2

Gland5

Posterior pituitary2

Protein5

Tumor9

Proteins4

Anterior1

Target genes2

Transcriptional3

Inhibitory1

Receptors3

Receptor3

Pathways2

Transcription factor3

Expressed genes involved1

Expression9

Mechanisms3

Ovarian1

Cells3

Tissues3

Serotonin transporter2

Neuropeptides1

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase1

Hypothyroidism1

Methylation1

GATA21

Homeostasis1

Lipid1

Luciferase1

Subunit1

Genome2

Human4

Promoter activity1

Liver1

Negative feedback1

Mechanism1

Interactions2