• The encoded protein transports glucose and fructose. (nih.gov)
  • The metabolic rate of fructose is much higher than that of glucose, but no immediate feedback mechanisms to suppress its absorption or transportation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Phloem feeding insects, such as aphids, feed almost continuously on plant phloem sap, a liquid diet that contains high concentrations of sucrose (a disaccharide comprising of glucose and fructose). (biomedcentral.com)
  • To access the available carbon, aphids hydrolyze sucrose in the gut lumen and transport its constituent monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, gut expressed sugar transporters are functionally expressed in yeast and screened for glucose and fructose transport activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexose transporter deletion mutant (strain EBY.VW4000), only ApST3 (previously characterized) and ApST4 (reported here) transport glucose and fructose resulting in functional rescue of the yeast mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we characterize ApST4, a 491 amino acid protein, with 12 predicted transmembrane regions, as a facilitative glucose/fructose transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, phylogenetic reconstruction reveals that ApST4, and related, as yet uncharacterized insect transporters are phylogenetically closely related to human GLUT (SLC2A) class I facilitative glucose/fructose transporters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gut enhanced expression of ApST4 , and the transport specificity of its product is consistent with ApST4 functioning as a gut glucose/fructose transporter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we hypothesize that both ApST3 (reported previously) and ApST4 (reported here) function at the gut interface to import glucose and fructose from the gut lumen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phloem feeding insects, which includes aphids, whiteflies, psyllids and planthoppers, feed solely on phloem sap, which contains high concentrations of sucrose (a disaccharide sugar comprising of glucose and fructose). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The glucose/fructose:H+ symporter, STP13 (sugar transport protein 13). (lbl.gov)
  • High affinity monosaccharide (KM ≈ 20 µM):H+ symporter, Stp6 (takes up glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, mannose, fructose, galactose and to a lesser extent, xylose and ribulose. (lbl.gov)
  • Our results suggest that polymorphisms in GLUT9 could affect glucose metabolism and uric acid synthesis and/or renal reabsorption, influencing serum uric acid levels over a wide range of values. (nih.gov)
  • 4 metabolism and transport in the heart was devel- ing the flow term using the measurements, and Three-dimensional oped. (nih.gov)
  • Here we show that in α-cells, the interaction between fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism controls glucagon secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These observations provide collective evidence that therapeutic responses are primarily linked to such pathways as regulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle and glycolysis, advocating therefore the development of further effective targeted therapies against a broader spectrum of TKs to treat patients whose tumors display deregulated signalling driven by these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Indeed, downregulation of IRS2 resulted in reduced expression and membrane localization of the glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, resulting in lowered glucose uptake during stromal decidualization. (nih.gov)
  • This powerful anabolic hormone regulates the transport of glucose into the cell through translocation of glucose transporter from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane mainly in metabolically active tissues like skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, or liver (GLUT4). (intechopen.com)
  • In this chapter, we will focus on molecular events leading to GLUT4 translocation, starting with activation of insulin receptors through signaling cascade involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB) and finally, the action of their effectors. (intechopen.com)
  • GLUT4 is a protein that regulates glucose transport through the cell membrane. (lmelectricals.com)
  • We have recently observed that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes results in a specific decrease in the expression of the insulin- responsive (GLUT4) glucose transporter mRNA in rat adipose tissue without significant effect on GLUT1 expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 1) In comparison to in vivo regulation of adipose tissue GLUT4, we will examine the effect of in vitro insulin and glucose treatments in isolated primary adipocytes from control, STZ-diabetic and insulin-treated STZ- diabetic rats in terms of altered basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity and relative expression of glucose transporter protein and mRNA levels. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 3) To identify sequences important for the adipocyte-specific and hormonal/metabolic-dependent transcriptional regulation of this gene, fusions between the GLUT4 promoter region and a CAT reporter gene will be used in transient transfection assays. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 5) The specific binding of known transcription factors, which have consensus DNA sequences in the GLUT4 control region, will be assessed along with their effect on GLUT4 gene expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein expression was characterized in human and rodent term placentas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This study provides the first evidence that the insulinresponsive GLUT4 glucose transporter is present in human and rodent hemochorial placentas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Placental GLUT4 gene and protein levels were not modified in human pregnancy complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The significance of the high level of GLUT4 protein in human placenta remains to be elucidated, because, so far, this organ was not considered to be insulin-sensitive, with regard to glucose transport. (elsevierpure.com)
  • GLUT4 immunofluorescence confirmed lower protein abundance in the endothelium and muscle of the HFD-fed KO. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The impaired tissue uptake of glucose in KO mice can be attributed to the reduced expression of GLUT4. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SLC2A11 belongs to a family of plasma membrane proteins that mediate transport of sugars across the membrane by facilitative diffusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene belongs to a family of proteins that mediate the transport of sugars across the cell membrane. (nih.gov)
  • Reabsorption of glucose predominantly occurs on the brush border membrane of the convoluted segment of the proximal tubule. (medscape.com)
  • By far the best-described are GLUT class I transporters (GLUTs 1 - 4 and 14) and GLUT class II transporters (GLUTs 5, 7, 9 and 11), which mediate equilibrative, energy independent membrane transport of hexose sugars down their concentration gradient. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. (umassmed.edu)
  • Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). (umassmed.edu)
  • water moves out of the cell passing through channel proteins in the cell membrane. (lmelectricals.com)
  • These proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane and contain a central pore. (lmelectricals.com)
  • The plasma membrane is made of fatty acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins with the most abundant type of lipid in the cell membrane being the phospholipid. (lmelectricals.com)
  • To facilitate these transfer of substances across the membrane, certain integral membrane proteins or the transmembrane proteins are required. (lmelectricals.com)
  • Facilitated diffusion is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel. (lmelectricals.com)
  • The SLC2 genes code for a family of GLUT proteins that are part of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporters. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Immunohistochemical staining revealed that MCT12-derived signals merged with those of the marker protein at the apical membrane of CPxEpic, suggesting that MCT12 is localized on the apical membrane of CPxEpic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Transporter Classification Database (or TCDB ) is an International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)-approved classification system for membrane transport proteins , including ion channels . (wikipedia.org)
  • It results mainly from translocation of glucose transporters from the plasma membrane to intracellular sites. (clinicalgate.com)
  • The proteins have 12 transmembrane spans built from a replicated trimer substructure. (bath.ac.uk)
  • 3. Adult neural stem cells express glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 and regulate GLUT3 expression. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Effects of hypoxia-ischemia on GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in immature rat brain. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Hypoxic preconditioning up-regulates glucose transport activity and glucose transporter (GLUT1 and GLUT3) gene expression after acute anoxic exposure in the cultured rat hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. (nih.gov)
  • 20. Differential expression of facilitative glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the lens. (nih.gov)
  • The erythrocyte/brain hexose facilitator, glucose transporter-1, Gtr1 or Glut1. (lbl.gov)
  • Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 11 (SLC2A11) also known as glucose transporter type 10/11 (GLUT-10/11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A11 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have studied gene expression profiles of intestinal transporters in model animals and humans. (nih.gov)
  • A total of 86 genes involving transporters expressed in mice, 50 genes in rats, and 61 genes in humans were detected. (nih.gov)
  • The incretin concept arose with the realization that oral glucose induced a greater increase in insulin secretion than did intravenous administration in normal humans (67). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The serotonin transporter ( SERT or 5-HTT ) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene . (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans mutations on the SLC14A1 gene determines KIDD BLOOD-GROUP SYSTEM . (nih.gov)
  • Lastly, direct glucose sensing, predominantly via SGLT1 in humans, activates sodium (Na + ), and calcium (Ca 2+ ) voltage‐gated channels to lead to the release of GLP‐1. (comprehensivephysiology.com)
  • Isolates such as Ruegeria, Muricauda and Roseovarius were found to encode genes for the synthesis of the antioxidants mannitol, glutathione, dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, zeaxanthin and/or ß-carotene. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, for the first part of my thesis, I explore the role of Map4k4 in cultured adipose cells and show that Map4k4 also represses lipid synthesis independent of its effects on glucose transport. (umassmed.edu)
  • end{array} The variation in pelvic spines resulted from errors during protein synthesis. (lmelectricals.com)
  • The amino acids released from proteins during turnover can then be used for the synthesis of new proteins or for energy generation. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • existing proteins must be broken down to produce these amino acids for new protein synthesis. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • These problems may be compounded by a decreased ability to produce digestive enzymes and new intestinal epithelial cells because of a decreased availability of amino acids for the synthesis of new proteins. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • This inhibition, which requires RNA and protein synthesis, has been postulated to be mediated by a glucocorticoid-induced protein. (clinicalgate.com)
  • Within the MFS, sugars are transported by sugar porter family transporters [transporter classification number (T.C #) 2.A.1.1]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 6. Pentylenetetrazol-induced status epilepticus up-regulates the expression of glucose transporter mRNAs but not proteins in the immature rat brain. (nih.gov)
  • Regulates E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of RNF19A (By similarity). (nih.gov)
  • The transporter protein , by recycling serotonin, regulates its concentration in a gap, or synapse , and thus its effects on a receiving neuron's receptors . (wikipedia.org)
  • Further, a range of bacterial strains, including strains of Roseibium and Roseovarius, revealed genomic features that may enhance colonisation and association of bacteria with the coral host, such as secretion systems and eukaryote-like repeat proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is one of the established incretin hormones as its main action is to promote insulin secretion in response to oral glucose. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The incretin effect accounts for up to 60% of insulin secretion after oral glucose (78). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon secretion relies on pyruvate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a activity and lowering of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by increases in glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, much of the literature relating cancer and glucose abnormalities comes from clinical or epidemiological studies that were not originally designed to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia on cancer development [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • KO mice exhibit greater hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance but lower insulin levels on HFD compared to WT. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice exhibited abundant mRNA expressions for peptide transporter HPT1, amino acid transporters CSNU3, CT1 and ASC1, nucleoside transporter CNT2, organic cation transporter SFXN1, organic anion transporter NBC3, glucose transporter SGLT1, and fatty acid transporters FABP1 and FABP2. (nih.gov)
  • 2. [Effect of different blood glucose levels on the expression of cerebral GLUT3 mRNA in neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemia]. (nih.gov)
  • Transcriptional analysis of these diabetic endothelial cells revealed increased abundance of galectin-3 mRNA and protein in the aortic and muscle endothelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we address this knowledge gap by testing our prediction that A. pisum uses facilitative transporters belonging to the major facilitator superfamily for hexose sugar transport. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
  • The SGLT2 gene is localized to p11.2 on chromosome 16. (medscape.com)
  • They mapped within GLUT9, a Chromosome 4 glucose transporter gene predominantly expressed in liver and kidney. (nih.gov)
  • The SLC29A3 gene (encoding ENT3) on chromosome 10 contains six exons, with mutation sites concentrated in the last exon encoding almost the entire carboxyl-half of ENT3 18 . (nature.com)
  • Human sugar porter family transporters (gene symbol SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT) contain 14 members, which are grouped according to their sequence similarity (GLUTs Class I - III). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, using the latest release of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum , genome we provide an updated gene annotation and expression profile of putative sugar transporters. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7. Overexpression of GLUT3 placental glucose transporter in diabetic rats. (nih.gov)
  • solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 8. (lbl.gov)
  • Using mice with loxP sites flanking the Map4k4 allele and a ubiquitously expressed tamoxifen-activated Cre, we inducibly ablated Map4k4 expression in adult mice and found significant improvements in metabolic health indicated by improved fasting glucose and whole-body insulin action. (umassmed.edu)
  • To assess the role of Map4k4 in specific metabolic tissues responsible for systemic glucose regulation, we employed tissue-specific knockout mice to deplete Map4k4 in adipose tissue using an adiponectin-cre transgene, liver using an albumin-cre transgene, and skeletal muscle using a Myf5-cre transgene. (umassmed.edu)
  • However, we surprisingly found that Map4k4 depletion in Myf5-positive tissues, which include skeletal muscles, largely recapitulates the metabolic phenotypes observed in systemic Map4k4 knockout mice, restoring obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. (umassmed.edu)
  • The GLUT proteins have varied physiological functions that are related to their principal substrates, the cell type in which the GLUTs are expressed and the extent to which the proteins are associated with subcellular compartments. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Some of the GLUT proteins translocate between subcellular compartments and this facilitates the control of their function over long- and short-time scales. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Systemic glucose regulation is essential for human survival as low or chronically high glucose levels can be detrimental to the health of an individual. (umassmed.edu)
  • The overall goal of this research proposal is to examine the insulin and glucose-dependent regulation of the facilitative glucose transport systems found in rat epididymal adipose tissue and primary isolated adipocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In these studies, we will ultimately address the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of adipose glucose transporter gene expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, we propose to characterize adipocyte-specific DNA binding factors responsible for the hormonal/metabolic and tissue-specific regulation of this gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The state of chronic positive energy balance is linked to a cluster of conditions including impaired glucose regulation and insulin resistance, collectively called the metabolic syndrome [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Holman, GD 2020, ' Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family ', Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology , vol. 472, no. 9, pp. 1155-1175. (bath.ac.uk)
  • FRG is a rare disorder due mainly to mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene ( SGLT2 ) that are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
  • Although the pattern of inheritance that best fits FRG is one of co-dominance, increased glucose excretion was not observed in all individuals with similar or identical mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Heterozygosity for mutations suggest a role of nongenetic factors or other genes involved in renal glucose transport. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations exclusively in equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3), the only intracellular nucleoside transporter within the solute carrier 29 ( SLC29 ) gene family, cause an expanding spectrum of human genetic disorders (e.g. (nature.com)
  • Mutations in the SLCO1B3 gene are associated with Rotor Type HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA . (nih.gov)
  • In NSCLC, activation mutations of the EGFR gene are detected in ~15-20% of cases ( 3 , 4 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Collectively, these data suggest that the PR-regulated expression of IRS2 is necessary for proper insulin signaling for controlling gene expression and glucose utilization, which critically support the decidualization process to facilitate pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, many of the studies used diabetic status or a single glucose measurement as a proxy for classifying glucose abnormalities, likely underestimating the true hyperglycemic population. (hindawi.com)
  • Pathophysiological abnormalities in GLUT proteins are responsible for, or associated with, clinical problems including type 2 diabetes and cancer and a range of tissue disorders, related to tissue-specific GLUT protein profiles. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Probe Set ID Ref Seq Protein ID Signal Strength Name Gene Symbol Species Function Swiss-Prot ID Amino Acid Sequence 1367452_at NP_598278 16.52 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 precursor Sumo2 Rattus norvegicus " Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. (nih.gov)
  • Cytoplasmic proteins targeted for turnover are covalently linked to the small protein ubiquitin , which then interacts with a large protein complex, the proteasome , to degrade the protein in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent process. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Glucose uptake is regulated by several mechanisms, where insulin plays the most prominent role. (intechopen.com)
  • We will present regulatory mechanisms and modulators of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. (intechopen.com)
  • Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
  • As plasma glucose concentration increases, there is concordant increase in the filtered load of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • When her pediatrician discovered that her levels of the serum proteins albumin and prealbumin were low to low-normal (indicating protein malnutrition), Susan F. was given enteric-coated microspheres of pancreatic enzymes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Recently, brexpiprazole, an antipsychotic drug, was reported to chemosensitize glioma cells to osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI, by suppressing survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein, but their combinational effects on lung and pancreatic cancers remain unknown. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is activated by gene mutation, gene amplification, or both in several types of cancer, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck ( 1 , 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction due to a reduction in the renal tubular reabsorption of glucose. (medscape.com)
  • Renal glucosuria has also been reported in patients with acute pyelonephritis in the presence of a normal blood glucose level. (medscape.com)
  • Gluconeogenesis in the kidneys exceeds renal glucose consumption. (medscape.com)
  • Urea transporters are divided into renal tubular/testicular type (urea transporter 2 consisting of (UT) A1 to A5, encoded by SLC14A2 gene) and erythrocyte type (urea transporter 2 or UT-B1 encoded by the SLC14A1 gene). (nih.gov)
  • He had been diagnosed with cystinuria, a genetically determined amino acid substitution in the transport protein that normally reabsorbs cysteine, arginine, and lysine from the kidney lumen back into the renal tubular cells. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Rats showed high expression profiles of peptide transporter PEPT1, amino acid transporters CSNU1 and 4F2HC, nucleoside transporter CNT2, organic cation transporter OCT5, organic anion transporter SDCT1, glucose transporter GLUT2 and GLUT5, and folate carrier FOLT. (nih.gov)
  • This form of glucose transport is predominantly mediated by members of the GLUT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary active transport occurs in the intestine and the kidney tubules (predominantly proximal tubule) and is mediated by members of the SGLT transporter family. (medscape.com)
  • When food is digested, there is a high concentration of glucose within the small intestine. (lmelectricals.com)
  • Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a GI hormone produced in endocrine cells in the distal small intestine by alternative processing of the proglucagon gene product. (pancreapedia.org)
  • More water than glucose is reabsorbed resulting in an increase in the glucose concentration in the urine along the tubule. (medscape.com)
  • In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
  • Facilitative transport occurs in essentially all cell types and is driven by the concentration gradient across cellular membranes. (medscape.com)
  • Children with kwashiorkor suffer from muscle wasting and decreased concentration of plasma proteins, particularly albumin. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • To identify novel regulators of insulin-mediated glucose transport, our laboratory performed an siRNA-mediated gene-silencing screen in cultured adipocytes and measured insulin-mediated glucose transport. (umassmed.edu)
  • GLP-1 and GLP-2 were identified in the distal small intestinal mucosa as the product of post-translational processing by prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) of the proglucagon gene product (8) which in the Islets is processed by PC2 to yield glucagon (71, 82, 92). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Proline hydroxylation is crucial for collagen and extracellular matrix assembly as well as for assembly of other protein molecules that have collagen-like domains, including surfactants and complement. (nih.gov)
  • Also, we should shift our attention from DNA to proteins and/or other molecules that offer a much broader and more vulnerable target for metal interactions. (nih.gov)
  • The molecular pathogenesis stems from the loss of lysosomal adenosine transport, which impedes autophagy-regulated stem cell differentiation programs via misregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-ULK axis. (nature.com)
  • Lysosomal proteases ( cathepsins ) degrade proteins that enter lysosomes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The control of GLUT function is necessary for a regulated supply of metabolites (mainly glucose) to tissues. (bath.ac.uk)