• Enhancers are DNA sequences found in 5′ flanking regions of eukaryotic genes that affect transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Silencers are DNA sequences found in the 5′ flanking region of eukaryotic genes, assisting in the silencing of a gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transient expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of serially deleted 5'-flanking sequences revealed that the 52-base pair region from - 326 to -275 upstream of the transcription initiation site includes a positive cisacting element(s) for the efficient expression of hTOP3 gene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The availability of multiple PAS in the same 3' regulatory region enables the inclusion or exclusion of 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) sequences, resulting in transcripts that may differ in particularities involving post-transcriptional processes such as stability, transport and translation ( Mayr, 2016 ), and even protein localization ( Berkovits and Mayr, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The non-coding regions downstream of coding sequences (CDS) is usually termed terminators. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycobacterium genus-specific primers derived from highly conserved sequences in the ITS region and the flanking 16S rRNA gene were used. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, we sequenced 99 ospC flanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26 bbb02 loci of 56 samples. (cdc.gov)
  • The student will evaluate gene expression in relation to measures of genetic diversity, differentiation, and neutrality across the genome to evaluate whether the sequences or the flanking regions of genes with stage-specific expression demonstrate signs of selection. (lu.se)
  • One of these, pCH6, detects a TaqI polymorphism which is correlated with serological alleles of HLA-B. Both probes are used to show a high level of DNA sequence homology between the 5′ flanking region of HLA-B and HLA-C. (umn.edu)
  • In this study the cell specificity and expression pattern conferred by the short beta-PDE 5' flanking sequence in vivo were examined. (nih.gov)
  • Photoreceptor-specific reporter gene expression is driven in vivo by a 350-bp segment of the beta-PDE 5' flanking sequence. (nih.gov)
  • Sequence analysis revealed two variant CYP2D6 genes, CYP2D6Ch1 and CYP2D6Ch2, having mutations yielding two and eight amino acid substitutions, respectively. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Exon 9 of the CYP2D6Ch2 gene contained a sequence of 49 bases originating from the pseudogene CYP2D7P. (aspetjournals.org)
  • used primers designed from human miRNA gene flanking sequence to amplify miRNA precursor regions in primates [1]. (mirbase.org)
  • Following duplication events, the resulting stretches of homologous sequence can promote recombination between gene copies. (elifesciences.org)
  • or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)
  • As part of a project on environmental disasters in minority populations, this study aimed to evaluate differences in the sequence of N-acetyltransferase 2 ( NAT2 ) as a metabolic susceptibility gene in yet unexplored ethnicities. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The nucleotide sequence of the gene and its flanking regions was determined and analyzed. (caltech.edu)
  • Flanking SNPs are Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that appear in the flanking region. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies are generally limited to examination of individual regions or overlapping single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and open chromatin peaks with limited investigation into how these regulatory elements combine to affect gene transcription 1 , 2 . (elifesciences.org)
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating sst2 gene expression, we cloned the upstream region (9.5 kb) from the translation initiation codon of the rat sst2 gene. (eurekamag.com)
  • These studies demonstrated the nature of the rat sst2 gene and the functional importance of both Sp1 and CRE sites in regulating sst2 gene expression and suggest that the CRE site mediates, at least partly, the promoter activity activated by Pitx1 or estrogen. (eurekamag.com)
  • To understand the mechanisms responsible for regulating hTOP3 expression, we have cloned the 5'-flanking region of the gene coding for the hTOP3 and analyzed its promoter activity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although a small number of 3' regulatory regions have been identified and validated so far, many studies have shown that plant 3' regulatory regions have a higher potential to regulate gene expression in plants compared to widely used 3' regulatory regions, such as NOS and OCS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 35S from cauliflower mosaic virus. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the role of 3' regulatory regions in gene expression, and the superior potential that plant 3' regulatory regions have compared to NOS, OCS and 35S 3' regulatory regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Animal cells undergo fundamental shifts in gene expression when there are changes in the oxygen levels around them. (nobelprize.org)
  • These changes in gene expression alter cell metabolism, tissue re-modeling, and even organismal responses such as increases in heart rate and ventilation. (nobelprize.org)
  • Through the combined work of these three laureates it was thus demonstrated that the response by gene expression to changes in oxygen is directly coupled to oxygen levels in the animal cell, allowing immediate cellular responses to occur to oxygenation through the action of the HIF transcription factor. (nobelprize.org)
  • However, for most of the 20th century, it was not clear how adaptations to oxygen flux were regulated at the fundamental level of gene expression. (nobelprize.org)
  • We previously demonstrated that 350 bp of the human rod cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit (beta-PDE) gene promoter are sufficient to direct high levels of gene expression in human Y-79 retinoblastoma cells in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Gene expression was analyzed by measuring beta-galactosidase activity in tissue homogenates or visualizing enzymatic activity or protein production at a cellular level by in situ histochemistry or immunocytochemistry. (nih.gov)
  • This study demonstrates the utility of the human beta-PDE promoter for directing the expression of foreign genes to photoreceptors and suggests that the -297 to +53 beta-PDE 5' flanking region fragment may have important implications for therapeutic gene delivery to the visual cells. (nih.gov)
  • therefore, it is imperative to assess the expression of genes involved in response to flood and drought stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • The expression of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis related genes were significantly reduced under both types of stresses, which limit the metabolic processes and thus help prolong survival under extreme conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • The changes in expression of genes involved in regulating the flux of cell wall precursors and starch/sugar content can serve as an adaptive mechanism for soybean survival under stress conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Expression of eGFP by pSelAct-Express was verified in two candidate permissive regions predicted by permissR in C. michiganensis . (biorxiv.org)
  • Pioneering work in the late 1990s through early 2010s resulted in vectors for gene deletion and expression in Clavibacter , but there is still reliance on these tools despite known limitations. (biorxiv.org)
  • Gene expression is known to be affected by interactions between local genetic variation and DNA accessibility, with the latter organized into three-dimensional chromatin structures. (elifesciences.org)
  • With 176 samples profiled for genotype, gene expression, and open chromatin, we used regression modeling to infer genetic-epigenetic interactions on a genome-wide scale. (elifesciences.org)
  • This important work substantially advances our understanding of the interplay between genetic variation, chromatin, and genes within topologically associated domains and how this interplay regulates gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • The work will be of broad interest to geneticists and those working to understand the basic mechanisms of gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Local regulatory mechanisms within the genome and their interaction with chromatin structure give rise to subtle variations in gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Understanding the scope and landscape of these interactions on a genome-wide scale is a vital step towards deciphering the genetic regulation of gene expression and, in turn, the mechanisms of non-coding variation on phenotypic outcomes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Clonally variant gene expression (CVGE) lies at the base of a bet-hedging adaptive strategy consisting of the stochastic generation of phenotypic diversity followed by natural selection upon environmental changes (for a recent discussion on bet-hedging, see [14] ). (plos.org)
  • Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Imbalances or disturbances in gene expression are sometimes deleterious for living things. (intechopen.com)
  • For example, steroid and thyroid hormones directly bind to nuclear receptors, which induce expression of specific genes. (intechopen.com)
  • In other words, expression of specific genes might have relevance to pathogenesis of diseases. (intechopen.com)
  • To evaluate the origin of the detrimental mutation in the genes, parts of the 5' flanking regions were introduced into a Hep G2/simian virus 40 expression system with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter gene, and transfected cells were analyzed for activity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • A part of the upstream region of base pairs -1407 to -1068 was found to constitute an enhancer element, but the CYP2D6Ch-specific mutations did not influence the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in the expression system. (aspetjournals.org)
  • This substitution caused expression of a more unstable gene product, as evident from comparison of the relative levels of CYP2D6 mRNA, CYP2D6 protein, and bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activities in pCMV2-CYP2D6-transfected COS-1 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The reduced expression of most of these genes in htz1Delta cells was reversed by the deletion of SIR2 (sir2Delta) suggesting that H2A.Z antagonizes telomeric silencing. (sdbonline.org)
  • The conserved histone variant H2AZ has an important role in the regulation of gene expression and the establishment of a buffer to the spread of silent heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)
  • Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
  • Treatment of rats with pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), a ligand for the rodent pregnane X receptor (PXR), significantly enhances the rat oatp2 gene expression. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Treatment of PCN induced the expression of the reporter gene in a dose-dependent manner. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In conclusion, these data elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PCN treatment induces rat oatp2 gene expression. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In other retroviral systems, the LTRs have actually been shown to help guide and alter host-gene expression. (vin.com)
  • The molecular mechanisms involved in the specific regulation of PDGF alpha R expression are unknown, but transcriptional regulation of the PDGF alpha R gene is most likely to be involved. (nih.gov)
  • This 5' flanking region is a functional promoter of the PDGF alpha R gene as concluded from its capacity to drive luciferase reporter gene expression in an orientation dependent way. (nih.gov)
  • The type I target gene folded gastrulation is activated only in response to peak levels of the Dl gradient, so that expression is restricted to a subdomain of the presumptive mesoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • The PE enhancer from the twist promoter region exhibits a similar pattern of expression. (sdbonline.org)
  • This enhancer contains a cluster of low-affinity Dl binding sites that restrict expression to the ventral-most regions of early embryos. (sdbonline.org)
  • A synthetic enhancer containing high-affinity Dl-binding sites and Twist binding sites exhibits expression in this region. (sdbonline.org)
  • The zerknullt target gene is repressed by high and low levels of the gradient, so that expression is restricted to the presumptive dorsal ectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • Furthermore, the regulation of expression of the VHb gene in response to changes in environmental conditions has also been investigated. (caltech.edu)
  • This has provided insights into mechanisms of microaerobic gene regulation, and has enabled the development of oxygen-dependent expression systems for high-level synthesis of recombinant proteins. (caltech.edu)
  • Synthesis of active VHb was shown to occur in E. coli from the natural expression signals of the VHb gene. (caltech.edu)
  • Furthermore, it was observed that VHb expression is under oxygen-dependent control in E. coli, suggesting that the mechanism of regulation of the gene in Vitreoscilla is also functional in E. coli. (caltech.edu)
  • Gene expression is maximal under microaerobic conditions, and is also influenced by catabolite repression. (caltech.edu)
  • Gene expression data were normalized with DESeq2 [40], and PAL values were calculated for gene-centric pathways using R [41] . (researchgate.net)
  • Individual gene expression and molecular pathway activation profiles were shown to be effective biomarkers in many cancers. (researchgate.net)
  • miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that have broad regulatory functions on gene expression. (lu.se)
  • Changes in gene expression mediate growth and development in all living organisms. (lu.se)
  • Strong selection pressures experienced during one stage of development may differ from those experienced in other stages, and with consequences for the underlying patterns of gene expression. (lu.se)
  • We want to understand differences in life stage-specific gene expression in the peacock fly and relate these patterns to signatures of selection across the genome. (lu.se)
  • The student will analyze gene expression in a reference-based pipeline using existing RNA sequencing data from larvae, pupae, and adult flies from each of the two host forms. (lu.se)
  • This will include co-expression network analyses to identify groups of genes that are expressed similarly and might belong to the same or linked gene regulatory networks. (lu.se)
  • Approximately 8700 base pairs (bp) of the 5′-flanking region of the rat oatp2 gene were linked to the luciferase reporter gene and used in transient transfection assays in H4IIE cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Other promoter elements found in eukaryotic 5′ flanking regions include initiator elements, downstream core promoter element, CAAT box, and the GC box. (wikipedia.org)
  • They can be found upstream, downstream, or within the gene of interest. (wikipedia.org)
  • This synthetic genetic interaction is seen at the level of single genes and acts downstream of promoter nucleosome reorganization. (sdbonline.org)
  • These results suggest that paraspeckles play a role in trapping nuclear PXR in the absence of the ligand to negatively regulate transactivation of its downstream gene. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The student will be responsible for improving the annotations, especially for the untranslated regions that lie up and downstream of protein coding genes. (lu.se)
  • Ser amino acid substitution in a region that is a highly conserved in cytochromes P450 belonging to gene families 1 and 2. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Identification of four highly conserved genes between breakpoint hotspots BP1 and BP2 of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndromes deletion region that have undergone evolutionary transposition mediated by flanking duplicons. (nih.gov)
  • Polymorphisms in the 5′ flanking region of the gene coding for oxytocin have been linked to mutations in promoter function, ultimately leading to potential disorders related to altered oxytocin levels and functionality. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, mutations in the 5' flanking region common to both CYP2D6Ch genes were found. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In this study, by targeted next-generation sequencing of 414 known deafness genes, we identified compound heterozygous mutations p.R34X/p.M413T in TMC1 and p.S3417del/p.R1407T in MYO15A in two recessive Chinese Han deaf families. (hindawi.com)
  • Using targeted next-generation sequencing of 414 known deafness genes, we identified compound heterozygous mutations in TMC1 and MYO15A as the genetic causes of the hearing loss in those families. (hindawi.com)
  • This study reveals a new mechanism for the fluid gain of beneficial mutations in genetic regions undergoing active recombination in viruses and illustrates the value of long read sequencing technologies for investigating complex genome dynamics in diverse biological systems. (elifesciences.org)
  • The TATA box is present in all genes that are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, which is most eukaryotic genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two variants exhibit different capability to form biofilms and to express genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, flagellar synthesis, and the AI-2 quorum-sensing system [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Poxvirus adaptation can involve combinations of recombination-driven gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same loci. (elifesciences.org)
  • In order to expand our understanding of how recombination might influence virus variation during the course of adaptation, we focused on large DNA viruses, in which rapidly evolving populations can simultaneously harbor both adaptive gene copy number variation and beneficial single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at the same locus. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)
  • The 5′ flanking region contains the promoter, and may contain enhancers or other protein binding sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Not to be confused with the 5′ untranslated region, this region is not transcribed into RNA or translated into a functional protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • A specific transcription factor called CAAT-binding protein binds to this region and aids in transcription in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other bacterial pathogens, genes important for pathogenicity and host range include secreted protein effectors that suppress host immunity, alter host metabolism, and enable colonization, providing a fitness advantage. (biorxiv.org)
  • In E. coli , Glucose transfer is performed by 4-alpha-glucanotransferase, a 78.5 kDa protein coded for by the gene malQ. (wikidoc.org)
  • The TMC1 gene is located on chromosome 9q21 and contains 24 exons that encodes a 760 amino acid membrane protein TMC1 with six transmembrane domains [ 12 , 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The MYO15A gene is located at chromosome 17p11.2 and contains 66 coding exons, which encodes an unconventional myosin protein Myosin XVA [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Retroviruses like FeLV consist of protein-encoding genes flanked by two non-coding regions, LTRs. (vin.com)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • These rapid adaptations in fungi provide excellent models for studying general processes of eukaryotic genome evolution, including the functional and ecological impact of horizontal gene transfer 1 and changes in metabolism 2 . (nature.com)
  • Yet the interacting effects that genetic and epigenetic factors produce on gene transcription are rarely studied at a genome-wide scale, leaving us without global information on a key step between the genetic code and the phenotype. (elifesciences.org)
  • The genome of P. falciparum contains hundreds of genes that show CVGE, such that individual parasites within an isogenic population express these genes at very different levels, often fully active or completely silenced [15] . (plos.org)
  • The project will rely on published whole genome assemblies and gene annotations of various qualities. (lu.se)
  • Genetic analysis of the Chinese cytochrome P4502D locus: characterization of variant CYP2D6 genes present in subjects with diminished capacity for debrisoquine hydroxylation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Despite these examples, the lack of specific evolutionary trends in reported cases of lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes has led to the view of ancient, sporadic and isolated events with relatively little global impact on eukaryotic kingdoms, rather than a more frequently and widely occurring phenomenon. (nature.com)
  • The type IV target gene rhomboid is expressed in lateral stripes that encompass the ventral half of the presumptive neuroectoderm. (sdbonline.org)
  • Besides recombinations with traces limited to the ospC gene itself, there was evidence of lateral gene transfers that involved (i) part of the ospC gene and one of the two flanks or (ii) the entire ospC gene and different lengths of both flanks. (cdc.gov)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • The variant histone H2A.Z regulates gene transcription, and deletion of the gene encoding H2A.Z strongly increases the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
  • Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NAT2 coding region and a variant in the 3′ flanking region were analyzed in 290 unrelated Kyrgyz and 140 unrelated Romanians by SNP-specific PCR analysis. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Studies in fed-batch fermentations demonstrated that under oxygen limitation, the presence of the VHb gene on a multicopy plasmid enhanced the growth and respiratory characteristics of a recombinant E. coli host as compared to equivalent plasmid-carrying and plasmid-free cells. (caltech.edu)
  • This study describes the molecular cloning of the non-coding exon 1 and approximately 2 kb of 5' flanking region of the human PDGF alpha R gene. (nih.gov)
  • The vector pSelAct-KO is a recombination based, markerless knockout system that uses dual selection to engineer seamless deletions of a region of interest, providing opportunities for repeated higher-order genetic knockouts. (biorxiv.org)
  • Their procedure involves the enzyme-catalyzed exchange of parts flanked by specific recombination sites. (igem.org)
  • Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)
  • Other Htz1-activated genes flank the silent HMR mating-type locus. (sdbonline.org)
  • Analysis of 5' promoter deletion mutants revealed that the region from -441 to +118, relative to the transcription initiation site, is sufficient to establish high level promoter activity. (nih.gov)
  • Insertions and deletions in the 5′ flanking region of the insulin gene have been associated with type 2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, a series of partial deletions of the 5′-flanking region illustrated that both the proximal and distal clusters of PXREs are required for maximal induction of rat oatp2 by PCN. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In eukaryotes, the 5′ flanking region has a complex set of regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, and promoters. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hTOP3 gene promoter is moderately high in GC content and lacks a canonical TATA box, suggesting that hTOP3 promoter has overall similarity to promoters of a number of housekeeping genes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The analysis of both authentic Dorsal target genes and defined synthetic promoters suggests that the ectopic gradient is sufficient to generate the full repertory of DV patterning responses along the AP axis of the embryo. (sdbonline.org)
  • Mechanisms responsible for oxygen-dependent regulation act at the level of transcription initiation from two overlapping promoters within the region upstream of the VHb gene. (caltech.edu)
  • This study has revealed the involvement of TFs, transporters, and photosynthetic genes, and has also given a glimpse of hormonal cross talk under the extreme water regimes, which will aid as an important resource for soybean crop improvement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent global analyses of gene transcripts revealed that specific transcription factors (TFs) and their networking systems physiologically correspond to the onset of human diseases, including cancer. (intechopen.com)
  • However, cell wall synthesis related genes were up-regulated under drought stress and down-regulated under flooding stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • An extensive analysis of the hereditary hemochromatosis gene HFE and neighboring histone genes. (tripod.com)
  • In htz1Delta cells, Sir2 and Sir3 spread into flanking euchromatic regions, producing changes in histone H4 acetylation and H3 4-methylation indicative of ectopic heterochromatin formation. (sdbonline.org)
  • Swr1 is required for the deposition of histone H2AZ at specific chromosome locations in vivo, and Swr1 and H2AZ commonly regulate a subset of yeast genes. (sdbonline.org)
  • abstract = "Two DNA probes isolated from the region 5′ to the HLA-B gene are described. (umn.edu)
  • Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. (cdc.gov)
  • In regions where B. burgdorferi is enzootic, sites as small as a few hectares have between 9 and 15 strains ( 4 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to these regions to align itself and begin transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • T mutation among the CYP2D6Ch genes explains the lower capacity among Chinese to metabolize drugs that are substrates of CYP2D6, such as antidepressants and neuroleptic agents. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The human DNA topoisomerase III (hTOP3) gene encodes a topoisomerase homologous to the Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I subfamily. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, the morphogen retinoic acid, alone or in combination with dibutyryl cAMP, gives a 22-fold induction of PDGF alpha R gene promoter activity in human teratocarcinoma cells. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we used the human interactome model to algorithmically build 7470 molecular pathways centered around individual gene products. (researchgate.net)
  • Transient transfection analysis with deleted mutants of a luciferase reporter construct showed that the promoter activity was regulated negatively and positively in the distal and proximal promoter regions, respectively. (eurekamag.com)
  • It is typically 10 nucleotides long, and is present -80 to -70 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site, in the proximal promoter region. (wikipedia.org)
  • These genes comprise 289 Transcription Factors (TFs) representing Basic Helix-loop Helix (bHLH), Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), myeloblastosis (MYB), No apical meristem (NAC), and WRKY amino acid motif (WRKY) type major families known to be involved in the mechanism of stress tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, several chimeric constructs of the CYP2D6wt and CYP2D6Ch genes were made, inserted into pCMV2 vectors, and expressed in COS-1 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Gateway is commonly used to facilitate the transfer of a single gene of interest from an entry clone to multiple destination vectors, as shown below. (igem.org)
  • Transfers of a single gene, a complete metabolic pathway 10 , whole chromosomes 11 or even cases of the integration of almost complete genomes from bacterial endosymbionts into their eukaryotic hosts 12 have been described. (nature.com)
  • A construct containing the bacterial LacZ gene driven by a fragment of the beta-PDE 5' flanking region (-297 to +53) was used to generate transgenic mice. (nih.gov)
  • Microarray analysis revealed that HTZ1-activated genes cluster near telomeres. (sdbonline.org)
  • 5′ flanking regions are categorized between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotes have a mechanism termed alternative polyadenylation (APA), which allows the selective use of PAS in genes containing multiple PAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, over the last 20 years or so, a number of cases of gene transfer in eukaryotes have been described. (nature.com)
  • Anonymous Reviewer ( 2017 ) Peer Review #1 of 'HgtSIM: a simulator for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in microbial communities (v0.2)' . (peerj.com)
  • The efficiency and robustness of the Gateway mechanism are ideal for this application because once the gene of interest is cloned and confirmed in the entry vector, subsequent transfers using Gateway need not be confirmed again. (igem.org)
  • are an important worldwide pest of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Molecular markers linked to the Javanese root-knot nematode (M. javanica) resistance gene mj in cucumber may aid marker assisted selection. (scielo.br)
  • We sequenced the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes, implicated in SP resistance, in samples collected during a 2019 study of artemisinin-based combination therapy efficacy in Benguela, Lunda Sul, and Zaire provinces. (cdc.gov)
  • Through APA, a single gene containing multiple PAS can generate a considerable number of transcript isoforms, thereby producing a highly diversified transcriptome ( Tian and Manley, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There are five distinct thresholds of gene activity in response to the Dorsal nuclear gradient in early embryos. (sdbonline.org)
  • Three overlapping but distinct populations of B. burgdorferi corresponded to the geographic regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Amino acid 10 to 277 contains an rpoS -proteo region with three conserved sigma 70 regions. (hindawi.com)