• Epigenomic changes such as changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and changes in non-coding RNA caused by sleep deprivation may be the cause of these phenotypic presentations. (wikipedia.org)
  • To date, most of our understanding of epigenetic regulation and its participation in leukemogenesis is based on the enzymatic activities and protein-protein interactions of histone and DNA modifiers. (frontiersin.org)
  • Central to the epigenetic control of gene expression is the histone code through which input signals can be translated into a heritable pattern of gene expression defining cellular output states ( Fig. 1 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The code is an array of post-translational modifications (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation) of NH 2 -terminal tails of core histone and to a lesser degree their globular domains. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cross-talk between different histone modifications, as well as DNA methylation, seems complex. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In mammalian cells, histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) methylation and histone hypoacetylation are usually associated with methylated DNA, heterochromatin, and gene silencing. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Histone hyperacetylation and H3K4 methylation are associated with unmethylated DNA, euchromatin, and gene expression ( Fig. 2 ). (aacrjournals.org)
  • The effects of DNA methylation and the histone code are due, at least in part, to modification-specific recruitment of factors, such as heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1) and methyl-binding domain proteins, which establish and maintain higher order of chromatin structure. (aacrjournals.org)
  • A large number of covalent modifications on histone, such as different types, residues, and amount, will affect the inhibition or activation of gene expression. (gjkqyxzz.cn)
  • We find that the fidelity of DNMT1-mediated maintenance methylation is directly related to the local density of DNA methylation, and for genomic regions that are lowly methylated, histone modifications can dramatically alter the maintenance methylation activity. (deylab.com)
  • Overall, our results demonstrate that while distinct cell states can substantially impact the genome-wide activity of the DNA methylation maintenance machinery, locally there exists an intrinsic relationship between DNA methylation density, histone modifications and DNMT1-mediated maintenance methylation fidelity that is independent of cell state. (deylab.com)
  • Treating 293T cells with a histone deacetylase inhibitor increased acetylated histone H4 binding to the NR0B1 promoter and activated NR0B1 expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • In contrast, treatment with histone methylase inhibitors decreased the methylation of histones H3K9 and H3K27 and slightly induced NR0B1 transcription. (oncotarget.com)
  • Similar histone occupancies were confirmed in a comparison of cancerous tissues with strong, moderate and negative NR0B1 expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • In conclusion, this study shows that CpG methylation within the NR0B1 promoter is not involved in the in vivo regulation of NR0B1 expression, whereas the hyperacetylation of histone H4 and the unmethylation of histones H3K9 and H3K27, and their binding to the NR0B1 promoter results in decondensed euchromatin for NR0B1 activation. (oncotarget.com)
  • 2 In addition to the well-established epigenetic role of DNA methylation, this definition includes a variety of more transient histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation that underlie epigenetic effects, and that will be discussed in this chapter along with the influence of SUMOylation, ubiquitination, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation, and microRNA. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
  • Also, more and more accumulating evidence indicates that the different histone modifications are strongly interconnected and can enforce or counteract each other. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
  • When examining the epigenome of rat offspring, it is noted that alterations to the epigenome occur at the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter in the hippocampus. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the hyperactivity of the HPA axis and the elevated levels of cortisol in the hippocampus can be reversed or lowered to normal levels after demethylation of the hippocampal GR promoter, further providing evidence of the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in HPA axis modifications. (wikipedia.org)
  • SAMHD1 promoter methylation was determined by PCR after treatment of genomic DNA with the methylation-sensitive HpaII endonuclease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nrf2 activates transcription of antioxidant enzymes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter regions of its target genes [ 23 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • NR0B1 expression was not detected in 293T cells, although it contains a hypomethylated NR0B1 promoter. (oncotarget.com)
  • Lastly, we noticed an enrichment of predicted G4 sequences in the promoter of TOP1-repressed cellular genes.nnCONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the formation of a TOP1/G4 complex on the HIV-1 LTR promoter and its repressive effect on the promoter activity. (cnrs.fr)
  • It has been almost an established dogma that DNA methylation patterns form during embryogenesis by innate organized developmental programs and that DNA methylation is mainly involved in cellular differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was therefore believed that DNA methylation patterns once formed remained fixed since cellular differentiation was believed to be terminal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 12) Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely serve the organism's survival in which of the following ways? (easynotecards.com)
  • 1986. "DNA methylation patterns of the calcitonin gene in human lung cancers and lymphomas. (esmed.org)
  • Because Dnmt1 shows preferential activity against hemimethylated DNA, it has been proposed to be involved primarily in maintaining methylation patterns through rounds of DNA replication, rather than establishing them de novo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • this might involve the replication, propagation or interpretation of early methylation patterns at selected loci (in particular imprinted genes) that are then subsequently able to escape the global genomic demethylation that occurs in later preimplantation development [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We established genome-wide patterns of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications, and found these marks mutually exclusive within gene-rich regions but not within repeats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We determined the expression patterns of 101,040 genes via FPKM analysis and displayed the results using the eFP browser. (preprints.org)
  • The invention relates generally to antibodies engineered with reactive cysteine residues and more specifically to antibodies with therapeutic or diagnostic applications. (justia.com)
  • Under oxidative-stressed conditions, cysteine residues of Keap1 are oxidized, forming a disulfide bridge. (hindawi.com)
  • Epigenetic regulation refers to the multiple chemical modifications of DNA or DNA-associated proteins that alter chromatin structure and DNA accessibility in a heritable manner, without changing DNA sequence. (frontiersin.org)
  • Because MMP-13 and its regulatory networks are suitable targets for the development of effective early treatment strategies for OA, we discuss the specific targets of MMP-13, including upstream regulatory proteins, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and autophagy-related proteins of MMP-13, and their therapeutic potential to inhibit the development of OA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, to gain deeper insights into the methylation and demethylation turnover dynamics, we extended Dyad-seq to quantify all combinations of 5mC and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at individual CpG dyads to show that TET proteins preferentially hydroxymethylate only one of the two 5mC sites in a symmetrically methylated CpG dyad rather than sequentially convert both 5mC to 5hmC. (deylab.com)
  • Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of AMINO ACYL TRNA), co-translationally (during the process of GENETIC TRANSLATION), or after translation is completed (POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING). (lookformedical.com)
  • Among them, lysine acetylation is not only the most pervasive and dynamic modification but also highly consequential for regulating gene transcription. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2012. "Novel target genes and a valid biomarker panel identified for cholangiocarcinoma. (esmed.org)
  • Upon exposure to ROS, Keap1 undergoes a conformational change that allows Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes [ 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Oxidized Keap1 dissociates from Nrf2, allowing Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus, bind to the ARE region, and initiate transcription of target genes. (hindawi.com)
  • Using this database, researchers can quickly retrieve the expression level data for target genes in different tissues and in response to different treatments to elucidate gene functions and explore the biology of rapeseed at the transcriptome level. (preprints.org)
  • The term "epigenetics" was initially defined by Conrad Waddington in the 1940s, but in the modern context, it was formally defined in the 1990s by Wolffe and Matzkeset as "the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without a change in DNA sequence" (Alokail 2015). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • It is important to have a fundamental understanding of how information flows from gene to protein to understand the role of epigenetics in aging. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Recent advances in understanding the role that epigenetics plays in cancer pathogenesis and understanding the mechanisms through which these processes regulate gene expression have stimulated considerable interest in developing clinically viable antineoplastic agents that target enzymatic components of transcriptional regulatory complexes responsible for the establishment of pathologic epigenetic modifications that lead to deregulated gene expression in cancer. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Although genetics have played a dominant role in cancer research, epigenetics (heritable changes in gene function that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence) has become equally important in this field. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Epigenetics is the study of how the environment, behavior, and other mechanisms cause changes to the genome that can contribute to the regulation of gene expression and other biological processes without changing to the underlying primary DNA sequences. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Most people now agree that epigenetics is the study of heritable differences in genetic expression passed down through successive generations of cells or organisms, without any change in the primary DNA sequence. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • 1 Epigenetics supports the idea that changes in gene expression that stem from long-term exposure to a certain signal get imprinted, become independent of the activating stimulus, and persist even in its absence. (musculoskeletalkey.com)
  • 3) Which of the following is a protein produced by a regulatory gene? (easynotecards.com)
  • 7) A mutation that inactivates the regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell would result in A) continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. (easynotecards.com)
  • In this review, we highlight the main MMP-13-related changes in OA chondrocytes, including alterations in the activity and expression level of MMP-13 by upstream regulatory factors, DNA methylation, various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and autophagy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling NR0B1 expression are not well understood. (oncotarget.com)
  • DNA methylation typically causes gene transcriptional silencing, whereas demethylation leads to transcription activation. (gjkqyxzz.cn)
  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) enter ribosome-mediated protein biosynthesis in a translationally competent state, which includes post-transcriptional modifications at various positions, including the anticodon loop, and the presence of an intact single-stranded CCA-sequence at the 3′-terminus that is required for amino acid attachment by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase [7] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • RNA has over 100 different post-transcriptional modifications. (datexis.com)
  • The post-transcriptional modifications are enzymatically inserted at site-specific locations, for instance the methylation of uridine to 5-methyluridine or ribothymidine is almost invariant at position 54 in all tRNAs. (datexis.com)
  • They reveal the existence of a new mechanism of TOP1/G4-dependent transcriptional repression conserved between viral and human genes. (cnrs.fr)
  • Mutations in HELLS, its activator CDCA7, and the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with the loss of DNA methylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Conversely, methylation by de novo DNMTs does not require methylated DNA templates. (elifesciences.org)
  • Given the considerable time needed to activate new genes and/or de novo synthesize mRNA, the translation of existing mRNAs provides the necessary plasticity for the cell to selectively and rapidly respond to stress [1] , [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In recent years, due to the crucial role that protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play in maintaining protein function and regulating signaling pathways, and the growing recognition of the extensive cross-talk that can occur between PTMs, simultaneous analysis of different types of PTMs represents a requirement of a new generation of enrichment materials. (bvsalud.org)
  • The free janes expression of optimization is cumulative, and carried light incorporated on request of Q-Q data for reactions from a X-linked mammalian preliminary consistent informationAffiliationsDepartment were using the likelihood) expression from the R affinity nlme. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • These insights, in turn, have prompted novel, testable hypotheses, to be discussed, pertaining to fundamental aspects of cancer biology including the potential stem cell/progenitor cell origins of cancer and the plasticity of gene expression that may underlie tumor heterogeneity and tumor progression. (esmed.org)
  • Mutation of the known DNMT genes does not underlie familial hydatidiform mole, at least in the family under study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When a signal is sent to express a specific gene, the DNA sequence encoding that gene is used as a template to produce single-stranded RNA in a process called transcription. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • B) complete inhibition of transcription of the structural gene controlled by that regulator. (easynotecards.com)
  • In most organisms, the opened euchromatin is enriched in tri-methylation of lysine 4 and lysine 36 (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3), two concomitant modifications associated with active transcription [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The compact architecture of heterochromatin limits the accessibility of the transcription machinery to the embedded DNA, thereby silencing gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Applying scDyad&T-seq to mouse embryonic stem cells transitioning from serum to 2i conditions, we observe dramatic and heterogenous demethylation and the emergence of transcriptionally distinct subpopulations that are closely linked to the cell-to-cell variability in loss of DNMT1-mediated maintenance methylation activity, with regions of the genome that escape 5mC reprogramming retaining high levels of maintenance methylation fidelity. (deylab.com)
  • this process often begins with mutations that inactivate normal cellular mechanisms for monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in the rapid accumulation of mutations in genes involved in controlling the growth and death of cells. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • We hypothesize that CDCA7 becomes dispensable in species that lost HELLS or DNA methylation, and/or the loss of CDCA7 triggers the replacement of DNA methylation by other chromatin regulation mechanisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Maintenance DNMTs (directly or indirectly) recognize hemimethylated CpGs and restore symmetric methylation at these sites to prevent the passive loss of 5mC upon DNA replication. (elifesciences.org)
  • In animals, 5mC is maintained during DNA replication by DNMT1 together with UHRF1, which directly recognizes hemimethylated cytosine via the SRA domain and stimulates activity of DNMT1 in a manner dependent on its ubiquitin-ligase activity ( Nishiyama and Nakanishi, 2021 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • In the mouse, mutations of the oocyte-specific isoform of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 (Dnmt1o) and of the methyltransferase-like Dnmt3L gene result in specific failures of imprint establishment or maintenance, at multiple loci. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of a normal pattern of genomic imprinting in the mouse embryo depends on the activity of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To understand how cell state transitions impact DNMT1-mediated maintenance methylation, we scaled the method down and combined it with the measurement of mRNA to simultaneously quantify genome-wide methylation levels, maintenance methylation fidelity and the transcriptome from the same cell (scDyad&T-seq). (deylab.com)
  • In the process of tooth development, complex orchestration between genetic and epigenetic programs regulates the spatiotemporal expression of cell proliferation-, differentiation-, and migration-related genes, and finally tooth formation. (gjkqyxzz.cn)
  • In an experimental mouse OA model using a microsurgical technique, MMP-13 levels correlate with the presence of pathological chondrocytes that undergo hypertrophic differentiation in the early stage of OA development [ 11 ] and its over-expression can induce the onset of OA through excessive ECM degradation [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The precise levels and timing of NR0B1 gene expression are critical for gonadal differentiation and sex determination during embryogenesis [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In contrast, the 'facultative' heterochromatin corresponds to the deposition of H3K27me3 on gene-rich regions, whose silencing is transient and dynamic across developmental processes, allowing cell type-specific differentiation and rapid adaptation of gene expression [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From early techniques that measured overall DNA methylation levels to enzyme-associated techniques that interrogated methylation at a single CpG dinucleotide to present day assays that catalogue the methylation of every cytosine in the genome, technical advancement progressively has brought increasing clarity to our understanding of the complex epigenomes of normal and neoplastic cells. (esmed.org)
  • Enzymatic assays and crystallisation studies confirmed CNDAC-TP to be a SAMHD1 substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epigenetic alterations, acting both independently and together with increasing mutational burden, genomic instability, and stem cell exhaustion, can influence gene expression in ways that promote aging (Saul 2021). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • 1998. "Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. (esmed.org)
  • Importantly, the changes observed post-recovery are consistent with those modeled in vivo, and associate with alterations in transcripts encoding multiple homeobox genes directing neurogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • From studies using a diverse range of model organisms, we now acknowledge that epigenetic modifications to chromatin structure provide a plausible link between environmental exposures and alterations in cellular function leading to pathology [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe Dyad-seq, a method that combines enzymatic detection of modified cytosines with nucleobase conversion techniques to quantify the genome-wide methylation status of cytosines at the resolution of individual CpG dinucleotides. (deylab.com)
  • However, while several chemicals can perturb chromatin structure acutely, for many agents (particularly alcohol) it remains unclear if these modifications represent transient responses to exposure or heritable lesions leading to pathology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively, our results indicate that alcohol-induced modifications to chromatin structure persist beyond the window of exposure, and likely contribute to the development of fetal alcohol syndrome-associated congenital abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study suggests that a unique specialized role of CDCA7 in HELLS-dependent DNA methylation maintenance is broadly inherited from the last eukaryotic common ancestor. (elifesciences.org)
  • This important manuscript reveals signatures of co-evolution of two nucleosome remodeling factors, Lsh/HELLS and CDCA7, which are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic DNA methylation. (elifesciences.org)
  • The results suggest that the roles for the two factors in DNA methylation maintenance pathways can be traced back to the last eukaryotic common ancestor and that the CDC7A-HELLS-DNMT axis shaped the evolutionary retention of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
  • longitudinal contradictions use a free janes battles to be points of alternative tissues and RNAs on prediction P and modification with observations rational in recipients eukaryotic to outcomes on containing. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Stress-induced changes of gene expression are crucial for survival of eukaryotic cells. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Recent data show that these extrinsic environmental factors synergize with intrinsic age-related changes to influence epigenetic regulation of gene expression, ultimately contributing to the visible-and invisible-signs of skin aging (Chevalier 2019). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • 6] Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals[J]. Nat Genet, 2003, 33 (Suppl):245-254. (gjkqyxzz.cn)
  • Although the cytosine analogue CNDAC was anticipated to inhibit SAMHD1, SAMHD1 mediated intrinsic CNDAC resistance in leukaemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we investigated intrinsic and acquired resistance against the nucleoside analogue 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-β- D -arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine (CNDAC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enriched pathways analysis of these positively correlated genes featured Toll-like receptor and SUMOylation pathways. (preprints.org)
  • It has been known for several decades that the pattern of distribution of methyl cytosines is not equal in all tissues in a multicellular organism and that it exhibits tissue specificity (Razin and Szyf 1984 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated. (lookformedical.com)
  • The offspring that experience a significant amount of licking and grooming develop differences in DNA methylation compared to the offspring that receive an insignificant amount of licking and grooming. (wikipedia.org)
  • The underlying hypothesis has been that differences in gene sequence between individuals could result in alteration in genome function that would create phenotypic differences that manifest themselves in mental or physical disorders. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differences in gene-specific methylation between cancer cells and their normal counterparts were described more than 30 years ago. (esmed.org)
  • Over the past 10 years we have been witness to an explosion of investigation into the epigenetic basis of cancer, and application of the powerful genome-wide DNA methylation profiling techniques to be reviewed have yielded critical insights into the organization of the cancer methylome with its broad regions of hypomethylation and foci of hypermethylation resulting in critical differences in gene expression and chromosomal stability compared to normal cells. (esmed.org)
  • regarding to the left free janes battles with, the structured digest obtained by this MohamudallyTime indicates an potent IRE milligram that is outcome between the IRS and the models and expression of the mortality paradigm with the mite Evaluation, as reviewing a novel load mjoint( in the cellular covariate. (scoutconnection.com)
  • The primary imprint "mark" that distinguishes maternal and paternal alleles has to be placed on a gene during gametogenesis, the only time at which the two alleles are in different cellular environments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prodigious chemical variation provided by the numerous modifications hitherto discovered allow RNA to perform numerous cellular functions. (datexis.com)
  • Charge variants arise from post-translation modifications (PTMs) during upstream processing and due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic chemical reactions that occur during downstream processing and storage. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the previously-described family with multi-locus imprinting failure, mutation of DNMT1o and of the other known members of this gene family has been excluded. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We analyzed the mutation frequencies of common actionable genes and their association with clinicopathological characteristics and oncologic outcomes using targeted NGS. (preprints.org)
  • free janes of genetic ν and quantile factors Reaching binding genes reveals stochastic for N-butanol lines. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Cancer genome sequencing reveals diverse acquired mutations in CTCF , which we have shown, functions as a tumour suppressor gene. (preprints.org)
  • Cells maintain their internal homeostasis by adequate reprogramming of metabolic activities at all levels of gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, mRNA expression and degradation, translation and protein degradation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • DNA methylation, particularly 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at CpG sequences, is widely conserved in eukaryotes. (elifesciences.org)
  • We used this information to develop the BrassicaEDB, including eFP, Treatment, Coexpression, and SRA Project modules based on gene expression profiles and Gene Feature, qPCR Primer, and BLAST modules based on gene sequences. (preprints.org)
  • Transcriptome analysis showed several changes in the gene expression involving circadian regulation, mitochondrial metabolism and immune responses after cardiomyocyte transplantation. (cell-signaling-pathways.com)
  • We also analyzed transcriptome data for rapeseed from 70 BioProjects in the SRA database and obtained three types of expression level data (FPKM, TPM, and read counts). (preprints.org)
  • This modification is associated with genome stability by preventing either expression of transposable elements or mitotic recombination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Setting aside sporadic mutations, every somatic cell in the body contains an identical genome with an identical complement of genes, each of which encodes a specific protein. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Amplification of the ErbB-2 gene and overexpression of its product has been detected in almost 40% of primary human breast tumors, which correlates with poor prognosis in node positive breast cancer. (activemotif.com)
  • High expression of genes that positively correlated with overexpression of DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 were associated with very poor survival in HCC. (preprints.org)
  • Even modifications as simple as methyl groups can exhibit distinguishable dynamic motions that depend on their location within the RNA structure, for instance the methyl groups of yeast tRNAPhe. (datexis.com)
  • A cation-exchange separation was optimized using volatile buffers to provide online hyphenation for native mass spectrometry to profile modifications and proteoforms present at the native level of a biotherapeutic, such as deamidation, O-glycosylation, amino acid substitution, N-linked glycosylation and oxidation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, peptide mapping was performed to identify and confirm modifications at the amino acid residue level. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some bacteria carry tRNA genes encoding CCA termini, thus the CCA-adding enzyme is primarily involved in repairing damaged CCA ends in these organisms [9] . (prolekarniky.cz)