• The cytokinin signaling pathway consists of sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Histidine phosphotransfer proteins transfer the phosphate in the multistep phosphorelay signaling pathway from cytokinin sensor kinases to their final target, cytokinin response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type B cytokinin response regulators are the positive regulators that oppose the negative regulation of type A cytokinin response regulators in the two-component cytokinin signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • Component of the cytokinin signaling pathway involved in cotyledons, leaves, and embryos development. (gao-lab.org)
  • The majority of the gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment responses were for membrane-building and ploidy-related processes, consistent with the excessive floral organs and altered cell size observed in the mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Then through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation, DEGs involved in some pathways that have a contribution to disease resistance including plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction were found. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • To test my hypothesis, I investigated which genes of the auxin and cytokinin pathways are regulated by WOX4, also in comparison to WUSCHEL, a stem cell regulator of the shoot apical meristem. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • they can combine with the promoter regions of key genes in signaling pathways to regulate their transcription levels and, in turn, plant resistance to stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plant hormones such as cytokinins (CK) are signaling molecules controlling gene expression and the activity of various biochemical pathways. (rutgers.edu)
  • The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin (CK) work either antagonistically or synergistically to regulate several critical development pathways such as meristem formation and maintenance. (plantae.org)
  • May be involved in the regulation of gene expression by stress factors and by components of stress signal transduction pathways (By similarity). (gao-lab.org)
  • We are especially interested in the study of pathways and mechanisms down-regulating cytokinin concentrations in plant cells. (cas.cz)
  • Researchers led by Prof. Zhang Jinsong from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently reported that the GmJAZ3-GmRR18a-GmMYC2a-GmCKXs module regulates seed-related traits through the crosstalk between cytokinin and jasmonate (JA) signaling in soybean. (phys.org)
  • The crosstalk between cytokinin and SA signaling networks may help plants fine-tune defense responses against pathogens. (dartmouth.edu)
  • In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under drought and flooding conditions were investigated using Illumina RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among them, 18,489 were identified as differentially expressed genes between the two libraries according to comparative transcript profiling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A number of significantly differentially expressed genes could be identified. (uni-giessen.de)
  • The regulatory gene CLV1 (CLAVATA 1) was found to be differentially expressed for traits such as shoot fresh weight and plant height at flowering for year 2006. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Through Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to transcription factors, peroxidases, and kinases of 2 varieties at 3 time points were identified. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Although the involvement of some plant hormones (abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) in the regulation of wound-induced suberization has been determined, quantitative information on the remaining classical plant hormones (cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin content) in resting and wound-responding potato tuber is lacking. (usda.gov)
  • Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate development and responses to the environment. (dartmouth.edu)
  • We focus on the plant hormones auxins and cytokinins. (cas.cz)
  • The response regulators can then serve as positive or negative regulators of the signaling mechanism and affect gene expression within the plant cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In Arabidopsis thaliana, most histidine phosphotransfer proteins are redundant, positive regulators in cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinin response regulators proteins are the final target of the two-step phosphorelay. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type A cytokinin response regulators serve as negative regulators for cytokinin signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinin causes the rapid induction of type A response regulators. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expression of type A cytokinin response regulators decreases sensitivity to cytokinins, and a lack of type-A cytokinin response regulators leads to increased sensitivity to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type A cytokinin response regulators can act as negative regulators of cytokinin signaling by either competing with type-B positive regulators or by regulating the pathway through direct and indirect interactions with other pathway mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Type A cytokinin response regulators are also likely involved in other processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • These regulators play a critical role in early response to cytokinin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Differing expression of type-B cytokinin response regulators likely play a role in controlling cellular response to cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major family of type-B cytokinin response regulators are expressed in locations on the plant that are heavily influenced by cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
  • In the course of my investigations, I identified specific type-A ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs), which negatively regulate cytokinin signalling, as putative WOX4 targets. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • There were 29 MADS-box genes, as well as a large number of floral-related regulators and hormone-responsive genes, considered as candidates regulating floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • These functions for cytokinin in plant immunity require a host phosphorelay system and are mediated in part by type-A response regulators, which act as negative regulators of basal and pathogen-induced SA-dependent gene expression. (dartmouth.edu)
  • 15.Wianny F,Real F X,Mummery C L,et al.G1-phase regulators,cyclinD1,cyclinD2,and cyclinD3:up-regulation at gastrulation and dynamic expression during neurulation[J].Dev Dyn,1998,212(1):49-62. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • Cytokinin cause a rapid increase in the expression of response regulator genes Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones that promote cell division in plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • A novel rice ( Oryza sativa L.) acidic PR1 gene highly responsive to cut, phytohormones, and protein phosphatase inhibitors. (chinaagrisci.com)
  • Cytokinins are naturally occurring phytohormones that act in concert with auxins to regulate cell division and differentiation and thus efficiently control plant growth and development. (cas.cz)
  • Our research is focused on the metabolic regulation of intra- and extracellular levels of cytokinins and their cooperation with auxins and other phytohormones to understand cytokinin's physiological role in plants. (cas.cz)
  • AHP4, however, might play a negative role in cytokinin responses. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2021) A genome-wide association study unravels cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • We demonstrate that cytokinin levels in Arabidopsis are important in determining the amplitude of immune responses, ultimately influencing the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. (dartmouth.edu)
  • We show that high concentrations of cytokinin lead to increased defense responses to a virulent oomycete pathogen, through a process that is dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and activation of defense gene expression. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Our results support a model in which cytokinin up-regulates plant immunity via an elevation of SA-dependent defense responses and in which SA in turn feedback-inhibits cytokinin signaling. (dartmouth.edu)
  • We research how the transport and metabolism of cytokinins affect their dynamic distribution in plants and what plant responses they trigger. (cas.cz)
  • The soybean root transcriptome revealed that Bel2-5 induces expression of cytokinin-related genes, which are important for nodule organogenesis and represses ethylene- and defense-related genes that are deleterious to nodulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cytokinins control the differentiation of meristem cells in plant development, particularly in shoots and roots where plants undergo growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinins act in a restricted region of the root meristem, and their signaling and regulation of genes occurs through a multi-step phosphorelay mediate by cytokinin histidine sensor kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and cytokinin response regulator proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • We characterize early patterning during de novo development of the Arabidopsis shoot meristem using fluorescent reporters of known gene and protein activities required for shoot meristem development and maintenance. (biologists.com)
  • These genes comprise 289 Transcription Factors (TFs) representing Basic Helix-loop Helix (bHLH), Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs), myeloblastosis (MYB), No apical meristem (NAC), and WRKY amino acid motif (WRKY) type major families known to be involved in the mechanism of stress tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • The regulation of WUS transcription is crucial for meristem homeostasis, whereby high WUS expression leads to enlarged meristems and low expression leads to the formation of small meristems 3 , 14 . (nature.com)
  • The objective of this study was to determined content and, where possible, associated expression of genes limiting biosynthesis and catabolism of some of these hormones in potato tuber for coordination with established wound-healing processes. (usda.gov)
  • Wound-induced activation of cytokinin biosynthesis was suggested by the appearance of precursors (trans) zeatin riboside and (cis) zeatin riboside (t-ZR and c-ZR respectively) at 0.5 d and large increases in IPA and c-ZR by 3 d and throughout 7 d after wounding. (usda.gov)
  • On the other hand, mRNA transcript levels of some hormone genes (ABA 8'-hydroxylase, adenylate isopentenyltransferase (AIPT3), auxin-related protein (AUX/ IAA), MeJA biosynthesis and gibberellin 20-oxidase and NRAMP2 gene known to be involved in Cd transport, were detected. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • According to the results, while ABA 8'-hydroxylase, gibberellin 20-oxidase, and NRAMP2 genes were overexpressed in all stress treatments, AIPT3 and AUX/IAA genes were down-regulated and also, MeJA biosynthesis gene varied depending on dose and stress. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • In collaboration with the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, ARS scientists at the Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, FL show that cytokinin hypersignalling promotes JA production by turning on genes for JA biosynthesis. (usda.gov)
  • Abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid contents and gene expressions related to them were investigated. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • As a result of the study, we determined that there was a significant decrease in the content of IAA, GA, SA, cytokinin, zeatin, and jasmonic acid with increasing doses of drought and Cd. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)
  • Important regulatory factors, TFs bind to the promoter regions of target genes and activate or inhibit their transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNA sequencing revealed 132 conserved miRNA families expressed in flowers of C. goeringii , and 11 miRNAs corresponding to 455 putative target genes were considered to be responsible for multi-tepal development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we are studying what factors are responsible for untethering the stress transducers from the ER in response to stress, how they are transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, how they are proteolytically processed and relocated to the nucleus and how they participate in the formation of transcription complexes to activate target genes. (iastate.edu)
  • Here we examine the Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, which perceives an overabundance of cytokinin and also accumulates jasmonic acid (JA) to abnormally high levels. (usda.gov)
  • The results showed significant modifications of the gene, protein, and metabolite profiles were caused by elevated CK, particularly changes related to energy production, metabolism, and stress defense. (rutgers.edu)
  • Furthermore, GF14 (G BOX FACTOR 14-3-3 OMEGA) also known as GRF2 was identified within the co-expression network interacting almost all aspects of plant growth and development, including hormonal metabolism and gene transcription. (uni-giessen.de)
  • This study has revealed the involvement of TFs, transporters, and photosynthetic genes, and has also given a glimpse of hormonal cross talk under the extreme water regimes, which will aid as an important resource for soybean crop improvement. (frontiersin.org)
  • Among these are traits that depend on functional meristems, populations of stem cells maintained by the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop that controls the expression of the WUS homeobox transcription factor. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that the maize dominant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) mutant harbors a tandem duplicated copy of the ZmWUS1 gene, ZmWUS1-B , whose novel promoter enhances transcription in a ring-like pattern. (nature.com)
  • Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the bZIP transcription factor family genes in response to abiotic stress in Nicotiana tabacum L. (biomedcentral.com)
  • variegata by down regulating the transcription of 28 chloroplast genes and disturbing chloroplast biogenesis and thylakoid membrane development. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, elevated Ca 2+ levels can activate calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs) or phosphatases that in turn can phosphorylate/dephosphorylate specific transcription factors, thus, regulating expression levels of stress-responsive genes [ 2 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • 2021) Nitric oxide coordinates growth, development, and stress response via histone modification and gene expression. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • AHK4, a cytokinin histidine kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a cytokinin sensor that allows binding of multiple types of cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • AHK4 has been shown, through three-dimensional modeling, to completely surround bound cytokinin in the binding pocket. (wikipedia.org)
  • The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This allows us to generate the first biologically-informed gene expression map of this leaf, with the entire developmental gradient from meristematic to fully differentiated cells captured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using the semidominant Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, that hypersignals the perception of cytokinin (CK), we show that CK can reduce leaf size and growth rate by decreasing cell division. (usda.gov)
  • Expression analysis revealed increased transcript accumulation of several JA pathway genes in the Hsf1 leaf growth zone. (usda.gov)
  • Annotation of these Top Hub Unigenes with Arabidopsis thaliana genome (by BLASTX, TAIR 10 and agriGO) was performed to determine gene functions and they could be related to leaf and shoot system development, cytokinin pathway and circadian clock. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Research with maize and Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that some cytokinin sensor kinases bind multiple types of cytokinins while other cytokinin sensor kinases are specific for distinct cytokinins. (wikipedia.org)
  • A distinct ZmFCP1-FEA3 ligand-receptor combination, originally identified in maize, prevents WUS gene expression in the region below the OC (also called rib zone, RZ), thus confining WUS expression within the OC of meristems 6 . (nature.com)
  • In this study, by characterization of the dominant maize mutant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) we identified a tandem-duplicated copy of ZmWUS1 whose expression is dramatically enhanced by the insertion of a short stretch of chimeric proximal promoter sequence. (nature.com)
  • A transient treatment of growing wild type maize shoots with exogenous CK also induced JA pathway gene expression, although this effect was blocked by co-treatment with cycloheximide. (usda.gov)
  • RNA-Seq revealed that 28 chloroplast genes (cpDEGs) were all down-regulated in YSs, of which, four involved in chloroplast protein translation and 21 of photosynthesis system (PS)I, PSII, cytochrome b6/f complex and ATP synthase are crucial for chloroplast biogenesis/development. (bvsalud.org)
  • A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, findings in this study propose that WOX4 itself is regulated by cytokinin via the DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGER 2.1 (DOF2.1) protein. (uni-heidelberg.de)
  • A systematic comparison between mRNA and protein displayed emerging expression patterns of key therapeutic targets (CD274, YAP1, AKT1, and CDH1). (bvsalud.org)
  • The LHCB3 gene is a component of the main light harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of Photosystem II (PSII) and is therefore very important during the photosynthetic process. (uni-giessen.de)
  • The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade by H 2 O 2 and subsequent upregulation of specific stress-related genes in Arabidopsis is a perfect example of ROS-mediated stress-response [ 5 ]. (beds.ac.uk)
  • 9.Jacqmard A,De Veylder L,Segers G,et al.Expression of CKS1At in Arabidopsis thaliana indicates a role for the protein in both the mitotic and the endoreduplication cycle[J].Planta,1999,207(4):496-504. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • In this study, the phytohormonal activity and hormone gene expressions of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated in different drought levels and soils with different levels of cadmium accumulation. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Together our results suggest that CK can promote JA accumulation possibly through increased expression of specific JA pathway genes. (usda.gov)
  • The results highlighted that the treatments with Cd impacts shoot and root size and shape by altering the paralogous WOX genes expression via cytokinin accumulation. (unical.it)
  • Despite the large economic and nutritional importance of tuber wound-healing, little is known about the induction of hormones that regulate molecular mechanisms and related genes controlling these processes and how they are expressed during the two major stages of wound-induced suberization, i.e. closing layer formation followed by wound periderm formation. (usda.gov)
  • Integrated mRNA and miRNA profiling data provided comprehensive gene expression information on the wild-type and multi-tepal mutant at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • We use a mathematical modelling approach to unravel mechanisms regulating the auxin and cytokinins' action in plants. (cas.cz)
  • abstract = "Auxin and cytokinin are key hormonal signals that control the cellular architecture of the primary root and the initiation of new lateral root organs in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. (edu.sa)
  • These results gave an insight into the genetic regulation of complex traits, providing some candidate genes and allowing to some extent an interpretation of their regulatory role. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Genes controlling floral organ identity have been identified through the genetic analysis of homeotic mutants, leading to the ABCDE model, in which five classes of regulatory genes (A, B, C, D and E) work in a combinatorial manner to confer the organ identities of the four whorls [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequently, DGE analysis to identify candidate regulatory genes associated with complex traits during seedling development was performed. (uni-giessen.de)
  • In addition, a total of fifteen Top Hub Brassica Unigenes for A (B. rapa) and C (B. oleracea) genomes were identified as candidate regulatory genes for complex trait interaction during seedling development. (uni-giessen.de)
  • Selective gene dosage by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in hexaploid Camelina sativa. (viaf.org)
  • The transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR, and the result showed AtCYCD 2;1 gene was integrated into tobacco genome. (nefu.edu.cn)
  • The activated Ca 2+ sensors can either bind to cis -elements in the promoters of major stress-responsive genes or can interact with DNA-binding proteins controlling these genes, thereby, resulting in their activation or suppression. (beds.ac.uk)
  • Digital gene expression analysis during seedling development of complex traits in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. (uni-giessen.de)
  • To investigate the effects of foliar application of cytokinin on the physiological traits and yield of wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with tree replications was conducted at the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan, during the 2016 cropping seasons. (ac.ir)
  • Surprisingly, treatment with lower concentrations of cytokinin results in increased susceptibility. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Through construction of gene co-expression network construction, GmJAZ3 was identified as a regulator of seed development and acted as a transcriptional repressor. (phys.org)
  • The DGE data presented in this study comprise a novel basis for further genetical genomics approaches, e.g. eQTL, gene isolation, functional validation, and development of gene expression markers (GEMs). (uni-giessen.de)
  • RecQ helicases function in development, DNA repair, and gene targeting in Physcomitrella patens. (viaf.org)
  • The reason why PAT plays a very important role in plant development is that it helps to establish auxin concentration gradients that subsequently regulate gene expression and also many other post-translational processes. (cas.cz)
  • Furthermore, the ectopic expression (EE) of CmNAC1 in Arabidopsis led to ABA hypersensitivity and enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought and cold stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
  • therefore, it is imperative to assess the expression of genes involved in response to flood and drought stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, cell wall synthesis related genes were up-regulated under drought stress and down-regulated under flooding stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • Elevated CK content in the creeping bentgrass plants was achieved by drought induced expression of an ipt transgene encoding the enzyme adenine isopentenyltransferase promoting CK synthesis. (rutgers.edu)
  • First, they regulate the expression of the BRC1 gene in buds. (europa.eu)
  • The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytokinin signaling involves a phosphorelay circuitry similar to two-component systems used by bacteria and fungi to perceive and react to various environmental stimuli. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
  • In this paper, sub-cellular and multi-cellular mathematical models are developed to investigate how interactions between auxin and cytokinin influence the size and location of regions of division and differentiation within the primary root, and describe how their cross-regulation may cause periodic branching of lateral roots. (edu.sa)
  • Using a multi-cellular model, we also analyse the roles of cytokinin and auxin in specifying the three main regions of the primary root (elongation, transition and division zones), our simulation results being in good agreement with independent experimental observations. (edu.sa)
  • The hormones include strigolactones (SLs) and cytokinins (CKs), which are made throughout the plant and move upward from root to shoot. (europa.eu)
  • GFP cytokinin-sensitive sensor as relevant components of hormone circuit controlling shoot and root growth. (unical.it)
  • A transient enhancement of auxin in relation to cytokinin levels induces root formation while the opposite shift results in shoot formation. (cas.cz)
  • The expression of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis related genes were significantly reduced under both types of stresses, which limit the metabolic processes and thus help prolong survival under extreme conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Whole-exome sequencing identified significantly mutated genes including TP53, PIK3CA, ERBB2, and GATA3 with recurrent somatic mutations. (bvsalud.org)
  • METHODS: Molecular subgroups were identified in gene expression data from GSE10846 by a consensus clustering algorithm. (bvsalud.org)
  • The changes in expression of genes involved in regulating the flux of cell wall precursors and starch/sugar content can serve as an adaptive mechanism for soybean survival under stress conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • When Gm SubPep is supplied to soybean cultures, it was found to induce the expression of defense genes. (isaaa.org)
  • In conclusion, this study suggests that a mechanism of cell fate decision making in vascular cambium stem cells is based on the regulation of cytokinin signalling by WOX4 and by type-A ARRs. (uni-heidelberg.de)