• Several rounds of genome reduplication before chromosome segregation upsets this cycle and leads to polyploidy. (ias.ac.in)
  • She has a strong background in evolutionary bioinformatics and examined problems related to the origin and genome evolution of eukaryotic microbes and archaea. (unibas.ch)
  • Dirk Schübeler has done important work in epigenomics and regulatory genomics, in particular with the dynamics of genome-wide methylation patterns, their role in gene regulation, and the interplay between chromatin state and the actions of transcription factors. (unibas.ch)
  • Presenting the genes of the human genome in their biological context, Guide to the Human Genome is an extensive online resource (also available in print) that provides easy access to information about human genes and their roles in specific processes. (cshlpress.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)
  • To identify near complete sets of genes required for the cell cycle and cell shape, we have visually screened a genome-wide gene deletion library of 4843 fission yeast deletion mutants (95.7% of total protein encoding genes) for their effects on these processes. (uzh.ch)
  • Here, we provide the first eukaryotic resource of gene deletions, which describes a near genome-wide set of genes required for the cell cycle and cell shape. (uzh.ch)
  • Previously we have shown that DDB2, a protein involved in the Global Genome Repair, interacts directly with PCNA and, in human cells, the loss of this interaction affects DNA repair machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent work has demonstrated that clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems1-3 can serve as the basis of a simple and highly efficient method for performing genome editing in bacteria, yeast and human cells, as well as in vivo in whole organisms such as fruit flies, zebrafish and mice4-13. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we show that the nuclear genomes of three strains of Anaeramoeba encode between 45 and 103 inteins, in stark contrast to four found in the most intein-rich eukaryotic genome described previously. (lu.se)
  • Each diploid cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set received from one parent. (solarnavigator.net)
  • This chromatin remodelling activity is associated with regulation of gene expression in heterochromatin regions of plant and mammal chromosomes and with the cellular response to DNA damage. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Throughout the life of a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes undergo drastic conformational rearrangements that play essential roles in almost all nuclear processes, including gene expression, DNA repair and cell division. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • This note covers the following topics: quantitative versus qualitative genetics, Hardy-Weinberg law for gene frequency stability in large populations, Relationship and inbreeding, Estimation of breeding values, Inbreeding, crossing and bred structure, Chromosomes and chromosome aberrations, Genetics on hair and coat colour in mammals, Estimating- and biotechnology and disease resistance. (freebookcentre.net)
  • Topics covered includes: historical perspective of genetics, inheritance patterns and the chromosomal basis of heredity, sex chromosomes in sex determination and sexual dimorphism, cells reproduce through DNA and nucleic acids, DNA transcribes into RNA that ultimately translates into protein, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, genetic basis of cancer and how it relates to the cell cycle. (freebookcentre.net)
  • Topics covered includes: structure and function of genes, chromosomes and genomes, biological variation resulting from recombination, mutation, and selection, population genetics, use of genetic methods to analyze protein function, gene regulation and inherited disease. (freebookcentre.net)
  • Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
  • These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional non-coding RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescently-tagged proteins are ideal reporters for studying the physiological status of living cells. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Protein diffusion plays a crucial role in determining what function a protein serves within the cell and how, when and where it may physically interact with other proteins and macromolecules in response to external stimuli. (uni-marburg.de)
  • INTRODUCTION: Proteins that undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis are subject to lysosomal degradation, requiring radioiodination methods that minimize loss of radioactivity from tumor cells after this process occurs. (duke.edu)
  • He mentioned this to David Stillman , who was at Stanford to interview for a faculty position, and who studied cell cycle regulation of proteins as a postdoc in Kim Nasmyth 's lab at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in the U.K. Stillman pointed out that ribonucleotide reductase was cell cycle regulated-rather than remaining stable, the RNA and protein levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. (the-scientist.com)
  • In this millennium, two gathering forces will reshape molecular cell biology: genomics, the complete DNA sequence of many organisms, and proteomics, a knowledge of all the possible shapes and functions that proteins employ. (freepdfbook.com)
  • 3. Describe regulation of proteins, chromatin structure and gene expression. (setur.fo)
  • In the online version, these sections contain links to more information about proteins encoded by over 17,000 known or predicted human genes. (cshlpress.com)
  • We wish to understand at a molecular level how specific eukaryotic proteins are selected for rapid degradation even while most proteins are spared. (yale.edu)
  • More generally, we study the reversible enzymatic coupling of proteins to other proteins within cells. (yale.edu)
  • One such protein that we study, SUMO, is attached to many proteins and is crucial for cell-cycle progression. (yale.edu)
  • First, we wish to understand, at a mechanistic and molecular level, how specific proteins are rapidly degraded within eukaryotic cells while most proteins are spared. (yale.edu)
  • The Ubl called SUMO is attached to many proteins in vivo and is crucial for cell-cycle progression. (yale.edu)
  • Unlike necrosis, an unregulated form of cell death caused by external physicochemical stress, necroptosis is highly regulated and acts as a defense mechanism or escape route for cells infected with viruses that inhibit apoptosis signaling proteins (examples of these viruses include the murine cytomegalovirus, West Nile virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and herpes simplex virus). (bioradiations.com)
  • Apoptosis, on the other hand, is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, condensation, margination of nuclear chromatin, packaging of apoptotic bodies, and engulfment of the immunogenic intracellular proteins by phagocytes and macrophages. (bioradiations.com)
  • O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) is a ubiquitous post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells. (mcw.edu)
  • Despite their low abundance, O -GlcNAc-modified proteins play many important roles in regulating gene expression, signal transduction, and cell cycle. (mcw.edu)
  • This novel immobilized triarylphosphine reagent enables efficient enrichment and sensitive detection of more than 1700 potential O -GlcNAc proteins from HeLa cell using mass spectrometry, demonstrating its potential as a general strategy for low-abundance target enrichment. (mcw.edu)
  • The results have shown that DDB2 Wt recognize and repair the UV-induced lesions in plasmidic DNA transfected in the cells, whereas a delay in these processes were observed in the presence of DDB2 PCNA- , as also confirmed by the different extent of co-localization of DDB2 Wt and some NER proteins (such as XPG), vs the DDB2 mutant form. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typical applications include single-cell measurements of gene expression, analysis of transcriptional reporters, and cell cycle studies in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Stephen Elledge has built a career studying how eukaryotic cells maintain genomic integrity. (the-scientist.com)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the induction of genomic instability, genotoxicity, mutations and consequent increased cell proliferation are still a matter of intense research. (benthamscience.com)
  • Camp's research focuses on using single-cell genomic and imaging technologies, together with stem-cell-derived organoids, to understand human development, disease, and evolution. (unibas.ch)
  • Gene expression is summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology first formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, further developed in his 1970 article, and expanded by the subsequent discoveries of reverse transcription and RNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
  • The process of gene expression is used by all known life-eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses-to generate the macromolecular machinery for life. (wikipedia.org)
  • In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. (wikipedia.org)
  • All steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (regulated), including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of gene expression gives control over the timing, location, and amount of a given gene product (protein or ncRNA) present in a cell and can have a profound effect on the cellular structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regulation of gene expression is the basis for cellular differentiation, development, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein diffusion in living cells is effectively measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a fluctuation-based approach that allows to carry out measurements at a physiological protein expression level. (uni-marburg.de)
  • His work primarily focuses on a step in gene expression referred to as RNA splicing. (unibas.ch)
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cas9 is a programmable endonuclease routinely used to generate sequence deletions, insertions, and even to regulate gene expression from bacteria to mammals. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, human cDNA of NDRG1 from normal placenta was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and transfected into the three cancer cell lines. (scirp.org)
  • Unpredictably, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and DNA synthesis were unaffected fol lowing NDRG1 expression. (scirp.org)
  • These results revealed that NDRG1 is functional in prostate cancer cells and able to induce expression of differentiation factors through p53 independent pathway. (scirp.org)
  • N. van Belzen, W. N. Dinjens, B. H. Eussen and F. T. Bosman, "Expression of Differentiation-Related Genes in Colorectal Cancer: Possible Implications for Prognosis," Histology and Histopathology, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1998, pp. 1233-1242. (scirp.org)
  • As docking units, they influence the recruitment of the transcriptional machinery, thus establishing unique gene expression patterns that ultimately promote different biological outcomes. (aging-us.com)
  • Attributed to the failure of neurons to clear dysfunctional mitochondria , loss of gene expression leads to loss of nigrostriatal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
  • However, in contrast to higher eukaryotic cells, trypanosomes do not seem to regulate gene expression through regulation of transcription initiation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Transient cotransfections of Drosophila cells with Sp1 and Sp3 expression vectors and with the histone H4, thymidine kinase (TK), or dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoters show that only the DHFR promoter, containing multiple functional GC boxes, displays Sp3 repression of Sp1 activation. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of different isoforms and splice variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues. (antibodypedia.com)
  • Bone marrow & Lymphoid tissues Brain Breast and female reproductive system Connective & Soft tissue Endocrine tissues Eye Gastrointestinal tract Kidney & Urinary bladder Liver & Gallbladder Lymphoid Male reproductive system Muscle tissues Myeloid Pancreas Proximal digestive tract Respiratory system Skin * nTPM: Normalized TPM levels represent consensus gene expression calculated using two data sets. (antibodypedia.com)
  • Whether the inhibition of eIF4E was responsible for the observed toxicity and death was studied by silencing the cellular expression of eIF4E gene by employing a small interfering RNA (SiRNA) specifically targeting the eIF4E gene. (cdc.gov)
  • The SiRNAmediated silencing of eIF4E gene expression resulted in significant cytotoxicity and cell death suggesting that the cytotoxicity and cell death noticed among the Cdtreated cells were probably due to the chemical-induced inhibition of eIF4E gene expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Pre-exposure of cells to proteasome inhibitors blocked the Cd-induced inhibition of eIF4E gene expression as well as the resulting cytotoxicity and cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, exposure of cells to Cd resulted in a significant inhibition of expression of the cell cycle and growth regulating gene, cyclin D1. (cdc.gov)
  • Transfection of cells with SiRNA specifically targeting eIF4E gene expression also resulted in a significant inhibition of cyclin D1 gene expression suggesting that the observed inhibition of cyclin D1 gene in the Cd-treated cells is most likely mediated through inhibition of eIF4E gene. (cdc.gov)
  • Taken together, our results demonstrate that the exposure of cells to cadmium chloride resulted in cytotoxicity and cell death due to the enhanced ubiquitination and proteolysis and the consequent inhibition of eIF4E gene expression leading to diminished cellular level of critical genes such as cyclin D1. (cdc.gov)
  • Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
  • In the last decade, diagnostic and prognostic evaluation has been facilitated by global gene expression profiling (GEP), provid- ing a new powerful means for the classification, prediction of survival, and response to treatment of lym- phomas. (lu.se)
  • The identified transcription factors influence both the global and specific gene expression of the BCLs and have possible implications for diagnosis and treat- ment. (lu.se)
  • Principles of gene expression. (lu.se)
  • Molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression at different levels: remodeling of chromatin, initiation of transcription, nuclear transport and signalling, and RNA interference. (lu.se)
  • Methods for analysis of gene expression: microarray, hybridisation, promoter analyses. (lu.se)
  • Principles for regulation of gene expression through intercellular signalling. (lu.se)
  • Strategies for gene therapy and production of medicines via genetically-modified organisms (expression vectors and viral vectors). (lu.se)
  • How Reliable Are Gene Expression-Based and Immunohistochemical Biomarkers Assessed on a Core-Needle Biopsy? (lu.se)
  • RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribes all protein-coding genes but also some non-coding RNAs (e.g., snRNAs, snoRNAs or long non-coding RNAs). (wikipedia.org)
  • While transcription of prokaryotic protein-coding genes creates messenger RNA (mRNA) that is ready for translation into protein, transcription of eukaryotic genes leaves a primary transcript of RNA (pre-RNA), which first has to undergo a series of modifications to become a mature RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tight control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells exists to control proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • Differentiation and apoptosis have cell cycle withdraw in common, while cancer and degenerative processes both show altered control of the cell cycle. (benthamscience.com)
  • Polyploidy is often witnessed in cells prior to differentiation, in embryonic cells or in diseases such as cancer. (ias.ac.in)
  • N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), also known as differentiation related gene 1, was previously identified as an up - regulated gene upon cellular differentiation. (scirp.org)
  • Even though its sequence along with its expressional pattern in cancer cell lines are evident, the functional aspects concerning cell proliferation, viability, differentiation and cell cycle regulation of NDRG1 remains vague. (scirp.org)
  • T. Napso, N. Azzam, A. Lerner and F. Fares, " N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 1 Increases Differentiation Factors Level in Human Prostate Cancer Cells without Affecting Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Profiles," Journal of Cancer Therapy , Vol. 4 No. 2, 2013, pp. 568-574. (scirp.org)
  • A Novel Gene Which Is Up-Regulated during Colon Epithelial Cell Differentiation and Down-Regulated in Colorectal Neoplasms," Laboratory Investigation: A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology, Vol. 77, No. 1, 1997, pp. 85-92. (scirp.org)
  • In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)
  • 5] "Molecular Biology of the cells", B. Alberts et al. (sns.it)
  • In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of the molecules within cells and of the interactions between cells that allow construction of multicellular organisms. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Molecular Cell Biology concentrates on the macromolecules and reactions studied by biochemists, the processes described by cell biologists, and the gene control pathways identified by molecular biologists and geneticists. (freepdfbook.com)
  • All the concepts of molecular cell biology continue to be derived from experiments, and powerful experimental tools that allow the study of living cells and organisms at higher and higher levels of resolution are being developed constantly. (freepdfbook.com)
  • In this fourth edition, we address the current state of molecular cell biology and look forward to what further exploration will uncover in the twenty-first century. (freepdfbook.com)
  • Define the basis of eukaryotic cell biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Develop a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists, encompassing microscopy, cell structure, cellular membranes, and nucleic acids biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Laboratory demonstrations of cell culture, and laboratory exercises elucidating some cellular processes and some methods in cell biology, including use of light microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. (setur.fo)
  • Developmental stages of the trypanosome life cycle differ in their morphology, biology, and biochemical properties. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 1 Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA. (nih.gov)
  • The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology and Molecular Biology. (lu.se)
  • Gene regulation in developmental biology and the cell cycle. (lu.se)
  • [ 5 ] Although enormous progress has recently been made in defining and characterizing the molecular biology, immunology, and antiviral therapeutic targets for CMV, considerable work remains in devising strategies for prevention of CMV infection and in understanding the role of specific viral genes in pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Elledge had found that Rnr2 protein levels increased when yeast cells were grown in the presence of agents that damaged DNA. (the-scientist.com)
  • SWR1 complex (ySWR1 in yeast, and hSRCAP in humans) is a 1.1 MDa multi-subunit complex that utilizes ATP to replace canonical H2A histones with the Htz1 variant (H2A.Z in mammalian cells). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Much of our work is conducted in baker's yeast, a model organism ideal for genetic and biochemical analysis, but we also use human tissue culture cells and Drosophila in certain studies. (yale.edu)
  • Tuğba Nur Atalay visited the lab for summer 2021 as an Erasmus+ student and worked expressing quinone biosynthesis genes in yeast. (lu.se)
  • Overview of Fungal Infections Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that exist as yeast, molds, or both forms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The available information suggests that surveillance mechanisms or 'checkpoints' which are known to regulate the eukaryotic cell cycle may be absent or altered in E. histolytica . (ias.ac.in)
  • Blencowe's research team studies the mechanisms by which genes are regulated and coordinated to provide critical functions in mammalian cells. (unibas.ch)
  • His laboratory investigates the molecular mechanisms that cause cancer and those that determine the response of malignant tumour cells to diverse anti-cancer agents. (unibas.ch)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • In collaboration with Prof. Luis Aragon ( Cell Cycle Group, MRC-LMS ), we are developing single-molecule approaches to investigate these mechanisms. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Although the CDTs are generally considered to all function as bacterial genotoxins, the extent to which individual members of the CDTs employ similar mechanisms of cell surface binding, uptake, and trafficking within sensitive cells is poorly understood. (illinois.edu)
  • give basic review over the regulatory mechanisms of the cycle, and mechanisms for controlled cell death. (setur.fo)
  • Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)
  • Such turnover occurs primarily through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and is central to a variety of cell regulatory mechanisms, many of medical relevance including many cancers. (yale.edu)
  • These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)
  • Mechanisms that regulate development from single cell to multicellular organisms. (lu.se)
  • Protein-protein interactions in living cells are monitored in a quantitative time- and space-resolved fashion by the microscopy-based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) approach. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • Confocal microscopy-based imaging and quantitative analysis of root parenchyma cells at the division-elongation transition zone showed increased average cell diameter as a sign of cellular heterosis in plants from TH17/17 and TH21/2 triploid lines. (bvsalud.org)
  • Downregulation of CDCA5 Can Inhibit Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion, and Induce Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • Additional processes in which mitochondria are involved include heat production, storage of calcium ions, calcium signaling, programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cellular proliferation. (justia.com)
  • In the present study, we analyze the activity and binding of Sp3 on several eukaryotic promoters that contain G/C boxes and are known to be regulated during cellular proliferation and the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
  • The data suggest that Sp3 may contribute to the control of proliferation- and/or cell-regulated promoters depending upon the context and/or number of functional Sp1 binding sites. (nih.gov)
  • Nuclear transfer efficiency is enhanced by introduction of compatible cytoplasm or mitochondrial DNA (same species or similar to donor cell or nucleus). (justia.com)
  • WO 2013/002880 describes compositions and methods comprising bio-energetic agents for restoring the quality of aged oocytes, enhancing oogonial stem cells or improving derivatives thereof (e.g., cytoplasm or isolated mitochondria) for use in fertility-enhancing procedures. (justia.com)
  • A third, more recent research focus has been on endosymbiotic bacteria that manipulate their eukaryotic hosts by secreting enzymes, including ubiquitin-specific proteases, into the host cell cytoplasm. (yale.edu)
  • Studies on the protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica suggest that in its proliferative phase, this organism may accumulate polyploid cells. (ias.ac.in)
  • It has also been shown that although this organism contains sequence homologs of genes which are known to control the cell cycle of most eukaryotes, these genes may be structurally altered and their equivalent function yet to be demonstrated in amoeba. (ias.ac.in)
  • Although Maraffini and colleagues7 recently performed a systematic investigation of Cas9 RGEN specificity in bacteria, the specificities of RGENs in human cells have not been extensively defined and, to our knowledge, bona fide off-target mutations induced by Cas9 have not been identified in any eukaryotic cell or organism. (cdc.gov)
  • While most molecular biologists thought signaling pathways worked by sensing signals extrinsic to the cell and relaying the information to the nucleus, Elledge was proposing an internal signaling pathway that senses cell-intrinsic events. (the-scientist.com)
  • Each human cell contains the equivalent of two meters of DNA packed in a small, micrometre-sized nucleus in the form of chromatin. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)
  • Using antibodies specific for Sp1 and Sp3, we observe that both of these factors localize to the cell nucleus and have a similar, dispersed subnuclear distribution. (nih.gov)
  • He found that RNR2 RNA levels increased dramatically, even more than the protein levels, upon exposure of cells to DNA damage and that mutations in RNR2 resulted in hypersensitivity to DNA damage. (the-scientist.com)
  • Nevertheless, NDRG1 sequencing assay disclosed no mutations in the gene. (scirp.org)
  • Mutations in NER genes are linked to human genetic diseases (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • U2OS.EGFP cells caused by inactivating frameshift insertion/deletion (indel) mutations introduced by error prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair of nuclease-induced double-stranded breaks (DSBs) (Fig. 1a and Methods ). (cdc.gov)
  • A multitude of pathways control cyclin-dependent kinase activities as the major event for cell cycle progression. (benthamscience.com)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
  • US 20130022666 provides compositions comprising a lipid carrier and mitochondria as well as methods of delivering exogenous mitochondria to a cell and methods of treating or reversing progression of a disorder associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in a mammalian subject in need thereof. (justia.com)
  • However, the pathway downstream NDRG1, involving p21 and c8/18, regulating cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis is unfunctional. (scirp.org)
  • A total of 513 genes have been identified as being required for cell cycle progression, 276 of which have not been previously described as cell cycle genes. (uzh.ch)
  • Pulsating tandem microbubble for localized and directional single-cell membrane poration. (duke.edu)
  • The mitochondrion is a membrane bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. (justia.com)
  • The method involves microinjecting heterologous mitochondria into an oocyte or embryonic cell wherein the heterologous mitochondria are capable of achieving at least normal levels of mitochondrial membrane potential in the oocyte or embryonic cell. (justia.com)
  • 10. Describe and categorize cellular signaling pathways, including the transfer of a stimulus across a cell membrane, and how the stimulus is propagated to its effector, it be an enzyme or one or several genes. (setur.fo)
  • The two cell death pathways share several upstream signaling elements and eventually lead to plasma membrane rupture, but the cell morphologies of each process are drastically different. (bioradiations.com)
  • Necroptosis is characterized by increased cell volume, swelling of organelles, perforation of the plasma membrane, cellular collapse, release of cellular contents that triggers an innate and adaptive immune response, and clearance of the necroptotic cells by macropinosomes. (bioradiations.com)
  • The mammalian plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoforms are encoded by at least four separate genes and the diversity of these enzymes is further increased by alternative splicing of transcripts. (antibodypedia.com)
  • This gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 3. (antibodypedia.com)
  • General organization of the eukaryotic cell. (sns.it)
  • 12. Describe two major types of tissues (connective and epithelial tissues), the concept of cellular communities and their organization (like communication between cells and the adhesion between cells), and show how stem cells maintain and renew tissues. (setur.fo)
  • While canonical histones H3.1 and H3.2 are synthetized and loaded during DNA replication, the histone variant H3.3 is expressed and deposited into the chromatin throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)
  • We are trying to understand the functional consequences of SUMO-protein modification, particularly in the cell cycle and chromatin-mediate gene transcription, and to determine the basis of specificity for the SUMO-cleaving proteases. (yale.edu)
  • The three main pathways used to generate energy in eukaryotic organisms are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, both components of cellular respiration, and beta-oxidation. (justia.com)
  • These enzymes remove bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and play a critical role in intracellular calcium homeostasis. (antibodypedia.com)
  • Two biochemical processes, protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation drive cell cycle control. (benthamscience.com)
  • Imaging individual RNA molecules in live cells is key to understanding fundamental cellular processes such as transcription, translation, splicing, transport and decay. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • With numerous illustrations and tables, each of the nearly 300 sections of the Guide describes genes involved in a specific pathway, process, or structure from the molecular and cellular levels to developmental and physiological processes. (cshlpress.com)
  • The Guide will be useful to researchers looking to connect sequence data with functional information, and can be used in parallel with traditional texts in undergraduate and graduate courses to provide a genomics dimension and experience of identifying genes underpinning processes of interest. (cshlpress.com)
  • Mitochondria perform numerous essential tasks in the eukaryotic cell such as pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle and metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids and steroids. (justia.com)
  • GDH is ubiquitously expressed, and its oxidative deamination reaction feeds the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by converting l -glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, whereas the reductive amination reaction supplies nitrogen for several biosynthetic pathways. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • 5. Give a basic overview of methods used in analyzing genes and genomes. (setur.fo)
  • 8. Examine and discuss evolution of genes and genomes at basic levels. (setur.fo)
  • The organisation and evolution of the eukaryotic genomes. (lu.se)
  • We evaluated cell lines commonly used to isolate viruses and diagnose related diseases for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • We analyzed MDCK cells, which are most commonly used for surveillance and study of influenza viruses, and found that they were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolating and propagating viruses from clinical specimens in cell cultures or embryonated chicken eggs is widely used to identify multiple viruses and produce vaccines, mostly under Biosafety Level 2 containment. (cdc.gov)
  • We conducted this study to determine whether cell lines and eggs commonly used to isolate and propagate influenza viruses, poliovirus, and other human viruses can support productive replication of SARS-CoV-2. (cdc.gov)
  • Our study provides additional information on the risk of inadvertently propagating SARS-CoV-2 in cell lines and substrates when isolating, identifying, propagating, or producing vaccines for other viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • W hen he began a postdoc in Ronald Davis 's laboratory at Stanford University in 1984, Stephen Elledge wanted to develop new ways to knock out and mutate specific genes in mammals. (the-scientist.com)
  • The present invention provides stem cells enriched with healthy functional mitochondria, and therapeutic methods utilizing such cells for the alleviation of debilitating conditions, including aging, and age-related diseases as well as the debilitating effects of anti-cancer therapies in subjects in need thereof. (justia.com)
  • The present invention relates to stem cells enriched with functional mitochondria, and therapeutic methods utilizing such cells to diminish the debilitating effects of various conditions, including aging and age-related diseases as well as the debilitating effects of anti-cancer therapy treatments. (justia.com)
  • Loss of sensitivity to p21 cell cycle control may be associated with prostatic cancer behavior. (scirp.org)
  • 13. Contrast cancer cells and normal cells, and show how cancer behaves and disobeys the 'rules' of the normal cellular community. (setur.fo)
  • BIOL 6341 Oncogenes (3 semester credit hours) Properties of cancer cells, in vivo and in vitro. (utdallas.edu)
  • This method allows studying the DNA repair capability in different types of human cells [ 11 ] and may be employed as a marker for genetic instability and cancer risk [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High-risk types (e.g., types 16 and 18) can cause low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, high-grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and cancers ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Cancer Lett, 300:215-224.doi:10.1016/j. squamous cell carcinoma in north-eastern Iran. (who.int)
  • 99:209 -215.doi:10.1007/s11060 - 010 - 0129 -5 cell carcinoma-a population-based study in with and without cervical cancer in Tbilisi, Georgia. (who.int)
  • The majority of this ATP production by non-photosynthetic eukaryotes takes place in the mitochondria, which can make up nearly 25% of the total volume of a typical cell. (justia.com)
  • As a start to designing those gene-targeting tools, Elledge, now a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, began by trying to clone the mammalian homolog of recA , a bacterial gene required for DNA repair via recombination. (the-scientist.com)
  • Role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in cadmium -induced cytotoxicity and cell death. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), in cadmium -induced cytotoxicity and cell death was investigated. (cdc.gov)
  • Various mitochondrial disorders are known to result from defective genes in the mitochondrial DNA. (justia.com)
  • WO 2016/135723 to the present inventors discloses mammalian bone marrow cells enriched with mitochondria for treatment of mitochondrial diseases. (justia.com)
  • The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin , which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
  • The major theme will be devoted to describe and analyze the molecules of life, light microscopy, fine cell structure and function, cell membranes structure and function, cell division and staining procedures. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Describe the structures of eukaryotic cells and their major organelles. (setur.fo)
  • This lecture note discusses the principles of genetics with application to the study of biological function at the level of molecules, cells, and multicellular organisms, including humans. (freebookcentre.net)
  • The X chromosome is larger and carries many genes not on the Y chromosome, which means that recessive diseases associated with X-linked genes, such as hemophilia, affect men more often than women. (solarnavigator.net)
  • The mtDNA contains only 37 genes, thus most of the gene products in the mammalian body are encoded by nuclear DNA. (justia.com)
  • As with other parasites that infect both mammalian and insect hosts, the life cycle of T cruzi is complex (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • As epimastigotes (depicted in the first image below) move to the hindgut, they differentiate into metacyclic trypomastigotes (depicted in the second image below), which are nondividing forms resistant to mammalian complement that have the capacity to infect mammalian cells. (medscape.com)
  • T cruzi can also be transmitted when mammalian hosts ingest infected insects, and this mechanism of transmission may play a major role in maintaining the sylvatic cycle. (medscape.com)
  • abstract = "The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) comprise a family of intracellular-acting bacterial protein toxins whose actions upon eukaryotic cells result in several consequences, the most characteristic of which is the induction of G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. (illinois.edu)
  • The interactions between these microbes can have major environmental impacts to global geochemical carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles. (lu.se)
  • The genes encoding the CDTs have been identified in a diverse array of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. (illinois.edu)
  • The extent to which functional differences between individual CDTs reflect the specific requirements for intoxicating cells and tissues within the diverse range of host microenvironments colonized by CDT-producing pathogenic bacteria remains to be experimentally explored. (illinois.edu)
  • We also study endosymbiotic bacteria that live in eukaryotic cellsand often manipulate their hosts by causing changes to the ubiquitin system. (yale.edu)
  • Overview of Bacteria Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)
  • WO 2001/046401 discloses embryonic or stem-like cells produced by cross species nuclear transplantation. (justia.com)
  • To clarify this issue, we decided to apply a transfection-based assay, named Host Cell Reactivation (HCR), to investigate DNA lesions removal efficacy in the presence of DDB2 Wt protein or DDB2 mutated one. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Deletions of a further 333 genes lead to specific alterations in cell shape and another 524 genes result in generally misshapen cells. (uzh.ch)
  • To provide the students with knowledge of cell structure and function, organelles, growth and cell cycle, and cellular and molecular interactions. (setur.fo)
  • protein sorting and protein maturation by passage through the cytoplasmic organelles of the cell. (lu.se)
  • Elledge's idea that eukaryotic cells sense the progress of DNA replication and transform that information into a DNA-damage response was new. (the-scientist.com)
  • Those results led him to study how cells monitor roadblocks to replication and DNA damage, such as nicks and double-stranded breaks, and how the cell handles that information. (the-scientist.com)
  • Therefore, if any of these cell lines or eggs support productive replication of SARS-CoV-2, then a validated procedure should be implemented to rule out the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the specimens before their inoculation. (cdc.gov)
  • A very important modification of eukaryotic pre-mRNA is RNA splicing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology that allows the simultaneous measurement of fluorescence in single cells at different wavelengths reporting the cellular concentration of several fluorescently-tagged molecules, and of other physical or biological parameters such as cell size or granularity in a statistically robust fashion. (uni-marburg.de)
  • 9. Examine and explain structure, functions and components of cellular membranes, including transport of molecules and ions across membranes and the importance of such transport in cell homeostasis and neuronal signaling. (setur.fo)
  • The T cruzi life cycle consists of 3 main developmental forms. (medscape.com)
  • Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Recent animal studies also indicate that necroptosis may regulate the number of T cells in peripheral tissues and is required for clearance of abnormal lymphocytes during T cell development. (bioradiations.com)
  • The ubiquitin system has only recently come under close scrutiny, and an extraordinary array of cell regulatory functions is gradually being uncovered. (yale.edu)
  • The cdc25 gene product is a tyrosine phosphatase that acts as an initiator of M-phase in eukaryotic cell cycles by activating p34 cdc2 . (biologists.com)
  • GEP analyses were performed on highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted tumor-cells from eight subgroups of BCLs. (lu.se)
  • This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)
  • The human life cycle is similar to that of other placental mammals. (solarnavigator.net)
  • T cruzi is found mostly in blood-sucking triatomine insects (kissing bugs) and small mammals in a sylvatic cycle that is enzootic from the southern and southwestern United States to central Argentina and Chile. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we use a human cell-based reporter assay to characterize off- target cleavage of Cas9-based RGENs. (cdc.gov)