• In this work, we introduce a new class of genetically encoded reporters for MRI that work by altering water diffusivity. (biorxiv.org)
  • Overall, our results establish AQP1 as a new, metal-free, nontoxic and sensitive genetically encoded reporter for diffusion weighted MRI. (biorxiv.org)
  • In efforts to develop genetically-encoded molecular reporters, we previously engineered an AraC variant that responds to the compound triacetic acid lactone (TAL). (doe.gov)
  • Plasmids encoding PB2 mutants of A/Anhui/1/2013 (AN/PB2-627E and AN/PB2-627E-701N) were also described previously ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The indicated mutants (all are conditional, temperature sensitive) were transformed with either the empty vector pAid or pAid clones bearing nudE and nudF6 genes (plasmids recovered in the multicopy suppressor screen) and grown at 32°C. Transformants were gridded on YAG plates with or without KCl and incubated at 43°C or 32°C for 2 d. (xenbase.org)
  • Responsiveness of the α5 gene toward collagen was determined by transfection of recombinant plasmids bearing the CAT reporter gene under the control of various segments from the human α5 promoter into primary cultured rabbit (RCECs) and human (HCECs) CECs cultured on BSA or on collagens. (nih.gov)
  • Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between the ospC gene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. (cdc.gov)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
  • This includes the study of the promoter regions that regulate gene expression, the splicing mechanisms that generate different mRNA isoforms, and the translation mechanisms that produce the final protein products. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Recent advancements in messenger RNA (mRNA) technology have made it possible to directly introduce therapeutic genes into cells, but the efficacy of this approach is still limited by the delivery method. (avantilipids.com)
  • Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have recently investigated the potential use of RGD peptide-conjugated lipids for targeted mRNA delivery and gene editing applications. (avantilipids.com)
  • The researchers synthesized a series of RGD peptide-conjugated ionizable lipids The lipids were formulated with DOPE, cholesterol, and lipid-PEG to form lipid nanoparticles which were used to deliver mRNA in vitro and in vivo , as well as co-deliver Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA for evaluation as a platform for gene editing applications. (avantilipids.com)
  • The study found that the RGD peptide-conjugated lipids were able to efficiently deliver mRNA to specific cell types and achieve high levels of gene editing efficiency. (avantilipids.com)
  • The researchers used a luciferase reporter system to demonstrate the efficacy of the lipids in vitro , showing that they were able to deliver mRNA to HeLa cells with high specificity and efficiency. (avantilipids.com)
  • The lipids were also able to deliver mRNA encoding the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system and base editor BE3 to HeLa cells, resulting in efficient gene editing. (avantilipids.com)
  • This versatility allows for the development of lipids that can deliver mRNA to different types of cells and tissues, increasing the potential for the development of effective gene therapies. (avantilipids.com)
  • For example, RGD peptide-based lipids can be used to deliver mRNA encoding a therapeutic protein, while an antibody can be used to enhance the specificity of the therapy. (avantilipids.com)
  • The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project which aims "to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current phase of ENCODE (2016-2019) is adding depth to its resources by growing the number of cell types, data types, assays and now includes support for examination of the mouse genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • ENCODE was launched by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in September 2003. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intended as a follow-up to the Human Genome Project, the ENCODE project aims to identify all functional elements in the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Humans are estimated to have approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, which account for about 1.5% of DNA in the human genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ENCODE Consortium is composed primarily of scientists who were funded by US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (wikipedia.org)
  • One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. (nature.com)
  • First, a full-length functional ZIKV cDNA clone was engineered as a bacterial artificial chromosome, with each reporter gene under the cap-independent translational control of a cardiovirus-derived internal ribosome entry site inserted downstream of the single open reading frame of the viral genome. (mdpi.com)
  • This can be done through genetic engineering, which involves the insertion of specific genes or DNA sequences into an organism's genome. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • For example, if a transgenic organism has been modified to express a fluorescent protein, PCR can be used to amplify the DNA sequence encoding the protein and confirm its presence in the organism's genome. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The development of tools to manipulate the mouse genome, including knockout and transgenic technology, has revolutionized our ability to explore gene function in mammals. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we review the arrival of genetic screens in malaria parasites to analyse parasite gene function at a genome-scale and their impact on understanding parasite biology. (portlandpress.com)
  • explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)
  • Recombinant Lucia Luciferase Protein is a positive control for luciferase reporter assays. (invivogen.com)
  • The pattern and timing of gene expression can be determined by creating recombinant DNA with a reporter gene under the control of a cis -regulatory sequence of interest and introducing it into cells or an organism. (jove.com)
  • This recombinant gene is introduced into different cell types, and both the gene of interest and the reporter gene are allowed to express. (jove.com)
  • This recombinant DNA was introduced into the worm using a microinjection, and the gene was expressed, similarly to β-tubulin. (jove.com)
  • The second platform is complementary to the first and expresses gLuc as a reporter gene product encoded in recombinant infect. (genscript.com)
  • The second platform is complementary to the first and expresses gLuc as a reporter gene product encoded in recombinant infectious MARV and EBOV, thereby allowing for rapid quantification of viral growth during treatment with antiviral compounds. (genscript.com)
  • The activity and expression of protein-coding genes can be modulated by the regulome - a variety of DNA elements, such as promoters, transcriptional regulatory sequences, and regions of chromatin structure and histone modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is thought that changes in the regulation of gene activity can disrupt protein production and cell processes and result in disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • A reporter gene codes for a protein that can be tracked, such as a protein with a known enzymatic activity or one that is fluorescent. (jove.com)
  • One of the well-known reporter genes is one that encodes for a protein called green fluorescent protein - or GFP. (jove.com)
  • Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. (jove.com)
  • Thus, reporter genes "report" the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell. (jove.com)
  • Commonly used reporter genes are - GFP (green fluorescent protein gene), lacZ (β- galactosidase gene), RFP (red fluorescent protein gene), and Luc (luciferase gene). (jove.com)
  • We have generated a lentiviral vector-based system for expression of multiple shRNAs from a single viral vector, which also encodes an EGFP reporter protein. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • To facilitate the identification of potential antivirals, we developed two reporter-expressing ZIKVs, each capable of expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein or an improved luminescent NanoLuc luciferase. (mdpi.com)
  • Effects of EGCG on nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcriptional activity were assessed by reporter gene assay. (molvis.org)
  • Streamlining Regulon Identification in Bacteria Regulons are a group of genes that can be turned on or off by the same regulatory protein. (doe.gov)
  • The Escherichia coli regulatory protein AraC regulates expression of ara genes in response to L-arabinose. (doe.gov)
  • For example, a promoter region can be fused to a gene encoding a fluorescent protein, and the expression of the protein can be visualized using fluorescence microscopy. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Furthermore, the adaptation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-Associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has dramatically improved gene editing efficiency at the single gene level. (portlandpress.com)
  • NUDF protein, the product of the nudF gene, displays 42% sequence identity with the human protein LIS1 required for neuronal migration. (xenbase.org)
  • The product of the nudE gene isolated in the screen, NUDE, is a homologue of the nuclear distribution protein RO11 of Neurospora crassa. (xenbase.org)
  • One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by the ospC gene on the cp26 plasmid. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. (cdc.gov)
  • However, existing MRI reporter genes, based primarily on metal-binding proteins or chemical exchange saturation transfer probes, are limited by their reliance on metal ions or relatively low sensitivity. (biorxiv.org)
  • This strongly suggested that the proteins encoded by these clones are binding partners of acetylcholinesterase in yeast. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • One important tool in molecular analysis is the use of reporter genes, which are genes that encode for easily detectable proteins or enzymes that are used to measure gene expression levels. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • These reporters can be used to tag certain cellular proteins to monitor their function. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • The cells expressing the Luc gene produce luciferase enzymes that catalyze a reaction with luciferin to produce light. (jove.com)
  • For identification and characterization of genes involved in the expressional control of antioxidant enzymes several Arabidopsis mutants with low activation of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A (2CPA) promoter were isolated from a chemically mutagenized reporter gene line, which expresses luciferase under control of the redox-regulated 2CPA promoter. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ABA treatment around véraison resulted in the upregulation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for both general flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis. (scirp.org)
  • On the other hand, the gene expressions of enzymes involved in proanthocyanidin synthesis were drastically decreased at véraison and remained extremely low even with ABA treatment. (scirp.org)
  • one includes structural genes encoding enzymes that directly participate in the formation of anthocyanins and other flavonoids, and the other comprises regulatory genes controlling the transcription of structural genes. (scirp.org)
  • Although a small number of 3' regulatory regions have been identified and validated so far, many studies have shown that plant 3' regulatory regions have a higher potential to regulate gene expression in plants compared to widely used 3' regulatory regions, such as NOS and OCS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 35S from cauliflower mosaic virus. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mutations in the PB2 and PA genes were generated by PCR amplification of the RNA polymerase I plasmid for the PB2 and PA segments with primers possessing the desired mutations (primer sequences available upon request). (cdc.gov)
  • The insulin gene from humans was inserted into a plasmid. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In this example, the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Positive control for QUANTI-Luc™ , a luciferase reporter assay reagent. (invivogen.com)
  • Here, we use a human cell-based reporter assay to characterize off-target cleavage of CRISPR-associated (Cas)9-based RGNs. (nature.com)
  • Our results suggest a possible effect of non- env HIV-1 genes on the interaction of Env and neutralizing antibodies and highlight the need to generate a library of IMCs representative of the HIV-1 subtype spectrum to be used as standardized neutralization assay reagents for assessing HIV-1 vaccine efficacy. (plos.org)
  • In the first stage of weight problems induced by HFD, raised free of charge essential fatty acids will be the initial stimulus for adipocyte hypertrophy and MHCII-related gene upregulation, possibly via activation of JNK and STAT1, which Purpureaside C may further activate CIITA, a prime regulator of MHCII expression (103, 104). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • A complex interaction between the cleavage and polyadenylation molecular complex and cis -elements determine the polyadenylation site, which may result in the choice of non-canonical sites, resulting in alternative polyadenylation events, involved in the regulation of more than 80% of the genes expressed in plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • Microarray analyses of MCF-7 cells transfected with control or SMRT small interfering RNA revealed SMRT regulation of genes involved in DNA damage responses, and the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX as well as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage were elevated in SMRT-depleted cells treated with doxorubicin. (nih.gov)
  • The rimb -mutants (redox-imbalanced) were compared for gene expression regulation, metabolite patterns and stress responses. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Subsequently, we analyse them and their trans -regulators in vivo and in vitro to study the nuclear transformation of chloroplast signals into gene expression regulation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Molecular analysis involves the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression and regulation in transgenic organisms. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Targeting one single gene can lead to the development of escape mutants or may be insufficient to silence redundant pathways. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • A) Suppression of nud mutants by extra copies of the nudE and nudF6 genes. (xenbase.org)
  • CRISPR/Cas9 screens, which have revolutionised human and model organism research, have not yet been implemented in malaria parasites due to the need for more complex CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting vector libraries. (portlandpress.com)
  • Determining the location of these regulatory elements and how they influence gene transcription could reveal links between variations in the expression of certain genes and the development of disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • RIViT-seq technology could speed up associating transcription factors with their target genes. (doe.gov)
  • Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and Western blot analyses were used to monitor both the DNA binding and expression of the transcription factors required to ensure basal transcription of the α5 gene. (nih.gov)
  • These collagen-dependent regulatory influences also correlated with alterations in either the expression or the DNA binding of the transcription factors Sp1/Sp3, NFI and AP-1 that ensure basal transcription of the α5 gene. (nih.gov)
  • The ∼30 Mb genomes of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria each encode ∼5000 genes, but the functions of the majority remain unknown. (portlandpress.com)
  • With roughly 30,000 genes in mammalian genomes, fection with a vector encoding MyoD (Tapscott et al. (lu.se)
  • In the first series of experiments, we demonstrated that a 24 h cold stimulus modifies chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS signalling still 5 days after the priming stress event, which regulatio of genes responding to the canonical cold signalling pathway was not affected. (fu-berlin.de)
  • These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)
  • Another important tool in molecular analysis is the use of microarray analysis, which allows the expression of thousands of genes to be monitored simultaneously. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The development of transgenic mouse models that express genes of interest in specific cell types has transformed our understanding of basic biology and disease. (nature.com)
  • This can occur through gene flow, which is the transfer of genetic material from transgenic organisms to wild populations. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • To track differentiating cell populations, reporter cell lines generated by homologous recombination (knock-in) or via BAC transgenes have been widely used in mouse cells (5-8 ). (lu.se)
  • We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations of B. burgdorferi in the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. (cdc.gov)
  • 2X106 clones from a cDNA mouse brain library were screened with a bait containing exons 2, 3 and 4 from ACHE mouse gene. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • From 96 clones, we thereby identified 23 prey clones that 1) grew well on histidine-free plates and displayed strong b-galactosidase activity, when coexpressed with the bait, and 2) showed no interaction with the reporter genes in coexpression with LexA binding domain or with control fusions lamin-LexA binding domain and p53-LexA binding domain. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • NHGRI's main requirement for the products from ENCODE-funded research is to be shared in a free, highly accessible manner to all researchers to promote genomic research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers have combined magnetic nanoparticles with a viral container drawn from a particular species of moth to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 payloads that modify genes in a specific tissue or organ with spatial control. (futurity.org)
  • The researchers use the magnetic nanoparticles to activate BV and deliver gene-editing payloads only where they're needed. (futurity.org)
  • Researchers use reporter genes to determine when and where a gene of interest is expressed. (jove.com)
  • The data serve as a timely warning to mouse researchers about an unexpected complication of Cre-mediated gene manipulation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Collectively, these data highlight a biological role for SMRT in mediating DNA damage responses and suggest a model where p53 binding to the DAD limits HDAC3 interaction with this coregulator, thereby facilitating SMRT coactivation of p53-dependent gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • This is the first indication of a direct interaction between a candidate gene for T1D and the activation of a specific downstream proapoptotic pathway in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Through APA, a single gene containing multiple PAS can generate a considerable number of transcript isoforms, thereby producing a highly diversified transcriptome ( Tian and Manley, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We show that knock-down of each single gene from multiple target vectors is achieved at an efficiency comparable to that obtained after transduction using single target viral vectors. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • SMRT knockdown decreased the activity of two p53-dependent reporter genes as well as the expression of p53 target genes, such as CDKN1A (which encodes p21). (nih.gov)
  • mutations high frequency of IDH1/2 mutations in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas and in alteRations in the RB1 pathway in The TET2 gene encodes the -KG- secondary glioblastomas derived thereof low-gRade diffuse gliomas lacking dependent enzyme that catalyses suggests that these tumours share a common genetic alteRations the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to common progenitor cell population. (who.int)
  • In this study, we examined whether expression of the gene encoding the α5 subunit from the FN binding integrin α5β1 changes as corneal epithelial cells (CECs) are cultured in the presence of collagens. (nih.gov)
  • Some of these problems had to be addressed in the ENCODE technology development phase, which aimed to devise new laboratory and computational methods that would improve our ability to identify known functional sequences or to discover new functional genomic elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability to inhibit two or more genes simultaneously from one single expression vector further widens the application spectrum of RNAi, both in functional studies and therapeutic strategies. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • During plant evolution and species diversification, the signalling mechanisms of the heterotrophic and phototrophic compartments were challenged by functional gene translocation and adaptation. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Transgene expression using viral vectors provides an alternative, which allows for temporal expression of genes in mice with reduced cost and effort. (nature.com)
  • This is particularly important for gene therapies, as off-target effects can lead to unwanted side effects and reduced efficacy. (avantilipids.com)
  • This can improve the therapeutic index of gene therapies and increase their efficacy. (avantilipids.com)
  • One of the key challenges of gene therapies is the risk of triggering an immune response in the patient. (avantilipids.com)
  • This approach has the potential to improve the efficacy of gene therapies and address the challenges of treating complex genetic disorders. (avantilipids.com)
  • For example, to study the expression of β-tubulin in C. elegans , the coding sequence of the β-tubulin gene was replaced by the gfp gene. (jove.com)
  • Recall that these mechanisms are examples of horizontal gene transfer -the transfer of genetic material between cells of the same generation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Gene editing has emerged as a promising strategy for treating a wide range of genetic disorders. (avantilipids.com)
  • Susceptibility to T1D is linked to genetic factors, but T1D-predisposing genes have low penetrance and only a small proportion of individuals genetically at risk will develop the disease. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • That's big enough to transport more than 38,000 base pairs of DNA, which is enough to supply multiple gene-editing units to a target cell, Bao says. (futurity.org)
  • Application of the magnetic field allows BV transduction, the payload-delivery process that introduces gene-editing cargo into the target cell. (futurity.org)
  • Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. (jove.com)
  • Reporter genes can be fused to the regulatory regions of other genes, allowing the expression of the target gene to be monitored in real-time. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • However, the efficacy of gene therapy is limited by the challenge of delivering therapeutic agents to target cells. (avantilipids.com)
  • Soon after fertilization, the vast majority of methylcytosine in sperm is converted by the Tet3 enzyme to hydroxymethylcytosine that gets lost by dilution during replication, effectively erasing cytosine methylation patterns except for a subset that is maintained, including those of some imprinted genes. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The influence collagens on the patterns of genes expressed by HCECs was also studied be gene profiling on microarrays. (nih.gov)
  • states'' or gene expression patterns. (lu.se)
  • Gene profiling on microarray revealed that CI more profoundly alter the pattern of genes expressed by HCECs than what is observed with CIV. (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the role of 3' regulatory regions in gene expression, and the superior potential that plant 3' regulatory regions have compared to NOS, OCS and 35S 3' regulatory regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • This research often requires the tissue-specific expression of transgenes to better mirror human diseases, to visualize pathways being studied or to modulate the expression of a disease-related gene. (nature.com)
  • A new technology that relies on a moth-infecting virus and nanomagnets could edit defective genes that give rise to diseases like sickle cell, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. (futurity.org)
  • Since the gene of interest and the reporter gene have the same cis -regulatory sequence, they are expressed in the same cells and at the same time. (jove.com)
  • Using lentiviral constructs, stable gene silencing is established both in dividing and non-dividing cells. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Since these reporters are encoded into the cell's own DNA, it ensures that the MRI signal we detect is only from live cells. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • In summary, nanoparticles enable the non-invasive tracking of transplanted cells, and now, the new technology of reporter genes will allow us to monitor cellular viability and function as well. (parentsguidecordblood.org)
  • Collagens considerably suppressed expression of the α5 gene in CECs at confluence suggesting that the sustained staining for CI and CIV after corneal injury may play a role in controlling adhesion to the temporary FN matrix and further differentiation of CECs into suprabasal epithelial cells through a mechanism involving the α5β1 integrin. (nih.gov)
  • Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
  • In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)
  • Remarkably, we not only observed reporter expression in the epididymis when Cre expression was driven from neuron-specific transgenes, but also when Cre expression in the brain was induced from an AAV vector carrying a Cre expression construct. (elifesciences.org)
  • This allows the expression levels of thousands of genes to be quantified simultaneously. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The enhanced efficacy and exquisite specificity of SELECTIV has broad utility in development of new mouse model systems and expands the use of AAV for gene delivery in vivo. (nature.com)
  • The pilot phase consisted of eight research groups and twelve groups participating in the ENCODE Technology Development Phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, genes expressed early in development may preferentially retain histones. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • Customers should verify that the version of a gene sold by InvivoGen is suitable for the customer needs. (invivogen.com)
  • But roadblocks remain, especially in delivering the gene-editing payloads with high efficiency. (futurity.org)
  • Using enhancer trapping techniques and reporter gene approaches we screen for cis -regulatory elements which are involved in sensing photosynthetically controlled signals. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Intragenic recombination among ospC genes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond the ospC locus itself is undefined. (cdc.gov)
  • cDNA-Array experimentes demonstrated that thousands of nuclear encoded genes respond to photosynthetic signals. (fu-berlin.de)
  • Our approach is simple to use and offers a reporter system that can be as reliable as BAC transgenesis or knock-in technology. (lu.se)