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RNA Polymerase IDNA-Directed RNA PolymerasesRNA Polymerase IIDNA Polymerase IPol1 Transcription Initiation Complex ProteinsTranscription, GeneticRNA Polymerase IIIRNA, RibosomalMolecular Sequence DataRNATemplates, GeneticDNA, RibosomalBase SequenceDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseAmanitinsCell NucleolusAmino Acid SequenceRNA, ViralElectron Transport Complex IProtein SubunitsPromoter Regions, GeneticEscherichia coliRNA, Small InterferingRNA ReplicaseSaccharomyces cerevisiaePhotosystem I Protein ComplexTranscription FactorsNADH DehydrogenaseDNAMutationRNA, MessengerCell NucleusRNA VirusesRNA, BacterialKineticsRNA SplicingDNA Polymerase IITATA-Box Binding ProteinTerminator Regions, GeneticRNA EditingProtein BindingMacromolecular SubstancesPlasmidsTranscriptional Elongation FactorsRNA, FungalNucleic Acid ConformationBinding SitesHeLa CellsPolymerase Chain ReactionBacteriophage T7Saccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsDNA Polymerase IIIDNA ReplicationRNA, Double-StrandedCloning, MolecularRNA InterferenceCell LineModels, MolecularRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalRNA PrecursorsNucleolus Organizer RegionSequence Homology, Amino AcidNucleotidesChromatinDNA, FungalSigma FactorMolecular WeightProtein Structure, TertiaryRNA, TransferRNA, Small NuclearViral ProteinsMitochondriaDNA Polymerase betaDactinomycinGenes, FungalRestriction MappingRNA NucleotidyltransferasesSequence AlignmentT-PhagesDNA, ViralGenesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelDNA, BacterialDeoxyribonucleotidesTranscription Factors, TFIIConserved SequenceDNA PrimersNuclear ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsRNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseRNA, CatalyticCell-Free SystemManganeseTATA BoxBacterial ProteinsSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidFungal ProteinsNucleic Acid HybridizationProtein Conformation
RibosomalRRNAMulti-subunitEukaryoticMRNABacteriophageEukaryotesTranscriptPromoterPromotersBacterialNucleotidesNuclear genesNucleusRibozymesBindsGenomeNascentBacteriaSequencesPolypeptideDifferRNAPTranscription FactorsComplexesSynthesisPrimarilyFunctionsTranscriptsPathwaysFunctionalExpressionRegulatoryRegulationSignificantlyEnzymeProbeUnderstoodLargeStrandOccurCharacteristicGenerateInteractionsCleavageHumanStart pointMolecularEssentialFound
Ribosomal10
  • RNA polymerase produces all types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and even non-coding RNAs and ribozymes. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The numerous modified nucleotides in eukaryotic ribosomal RNA. (printerresource.com)
  • Distel, D. L., DeLong, E. F., and Waterbury, J. Epub … Bacterial Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis Background All bacteria contain 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of approximately 1500 base pairs (bp) in length. (printerresource.com)
  • The most widely understood role of RNA is in protein synthesis, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (see Chapter 2). (printerresource.com)
  • A. Ribosomal RNA analysis StructRNAfinder - predicts and annotates RNA families in transcript or genome sequences. (printerresource.com)
  • rRNA genes contain regions of variable DNA sequence that are unique to the species carrying the … Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribosome subunits. (printerresource.com)
  • 6. I want to study ribosomal RNA expression and potential processing sites in bacteria. (printerresource.com)
  • A., 1992, The use of 16S ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminai fibrolytic bacteria. (printerresource.com)
  • Base modifications occur primarily in tRNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and occur after the RNA is transcribed. (printerresource.com)
  • In bacteria , a single RNA polymerase produces the primary transcript precursors for all three major classes of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (basicmedicalkey.com)
RRNA3
  • The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) produced from transcription are further used to encode functional proteins or make non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) synthesizes pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into the ribosome 's 28S, 18S, and 5.8S subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
  • To such effect, I want to perform an RNA-Seq experiment in order to analyze potential rRNA transcripts isoforms and processing sites. (printerresource.com)
Multi-subunit1
  • A notable example is the replacement of an original multi-subunit bacteria-like RNA polymerase (inherited from the proto-mitochondrial ancestor and still encoded in certain jakobid - but no other - mitochondrial genomes) by a single-subunit bacteriophage T3/T7-like RNA polymerase, which directs mitochondrial transcription in virtually all eukaryotes [ 24 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic2
MRNA3
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We speculate that by coupling RNA processing to the status and activity of Pol II itself, the cell ensures that nascent RNA is properly protected from degradation and efficiently matures into a functional mRNA. (nature.com)
Bacteriophage1
  • A nucleus-like structure composed of phage-encoded proteins and containing replicating viral DNA is formed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells infected by jumbo bacteriophage phiKZ. (bvsalud.org)
Eukaryotes4
  • This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. (origene.com)
  • Eukaryotes have a mechanism termed alternative polyadenylation (APA), which allows the selective use of PAS in genes containing multiple PAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • Eukaryotes have many different nuclear RNAPs, and each recognizes a different promoter sequence, synthesizing some form of the RNA or the other. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. (nature.com)
Transcript3
  • However, individual transcript sequences of the same gene can differ through naturally occurring variations (e.g. polymorphisms), each with its own valid existence. (origene.com)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Through APA, a single gene containing multiple PAS can generate a considerable number of transcript isoforms, thereby producing a highly diversified transcriptome ( Tian and Manley, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
Promoter7
  • αNTD helps assemble the enzyme, and αCTD recognizes and interacts with the promoter and the upstream DNA elements. (sciencefacts.net)
  • To bind to the promoter, the core RNAP binds to the sigma (σ), forming the holoenzyme (ββ′α2ω σ) with 6 subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The σ factor reduces the core enzyme's affinity for binding to non-specific DNA sequences while binding to the promoter. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Once RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter (where RNA polymerase begins transcribing a gene), it moves along the DNA template in the 5 to 3' direction, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Primer extension analysis identified a transcriptional start site 30 bp upstream of the hyfA structural gene, with appropriately located -24 and -12 boxes indicative of a sigma(54)-dependent promoter. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The nomenclature of different promoter-associated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) species is explicitly defined in an effort to provide consistency in future literature. (nature.com)
  • A gene also includes regions of DNA that regulate production of the encoded product, such as a promoter region. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Promoters5
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Core, L. J., Waterfall, J. J. & Lis, J. T. Nascent RNA sequencing reveals widespread pausing and divergent initiation at human promoters. (nature.com)
  • RNA polymerase III promoters differ significantly from RNA polymerase II promoters in that they are located downstream from the transcription start site and within the transcribed segment of the DNA. (printerresource.com)
  • Specific sequences on DNA, called promoters , determine where the RNA polymerase binds and how frequently it initiates transcription. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Bacterial1
  • It encodes an extremely large virion-associated RNA polymerase unique for bacterial viruses that became characteristic for this group. (mdpi.com)
Nucleotides1
Nuclear genes1
Nucleus3
  • Mitochondrial DNA may also lose genes whose functions are substituted for by unrelated genes encoded in the nucleus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gradual conversion from endosymbiont to organelle during the course of evolution has clearly been accompanied by a dramatic reduction in genome size as the chloroplasts lost most of their genes to the nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • We provide direct evidence of PhiKZ vRNAP injection in infected cells and show that it is excluded from the phage nucleus. (bvsalud.org)
Ribozymes1
  • The involvement of RNA in such fundamental processes as protein synthesis and RNA processing has led to the idea that ribozymes were more common in early life. (printerresource.com)
Binds1
  • Moreover, PRIN2 and CSP41b form a distinct protein complex in vitro that binds DNA. (frontiersin.org)
Genome2
Nascent2
  • Also, it contains some elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
  • It contains the other part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis and the rest of the elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
Bacteria1
Sequences1
Polypeptide1
  • A gene is a segment of DNA that functions as a unit to generate an RNA product or, through the processes of transcription and translation, a polypeptide chain. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Differ1
  • RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases in that they can initiate the synthesis of new strands in the absence of a primer. (basicmedicalkey.com)
RNAP8
  • RNA polymerase (RNA Pol or RNAP) is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a template of DNA, a process known as transcription. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) produces precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) produces siRNA in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
  • RNA polymerase V (RNAP V) has RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Unlike DNA polymerase , RNAP has increased infidelity. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The PhiKZ genes are transcribed independently from host RNA polymerase (RNAP) by two RNAPs encoded by the phage. (bvsalud.org)
  • The virion RNAP (vRNAP) transcribes early viral genes and must be injected into the cell with phage DNA. (bvsalud.org)
  • The non-virion RNAP (nvRNAP) is composed of early gene products and transcribes late viral genes. (bvsalud.org)
Transcription Factors2
  • Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
Complexes1
Synthesis2
  • It is part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The transcribed region of a gene contains the template for synthesis of an RNA, which begins at the start point. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Primarily1
  • The RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for transcription, the process by which a template DNA strand is used to form RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
Functions1
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection and the overexpression of Nsp6, Nsp8, or M coherently upregulated genes associated with apoptosis and immune/inflammation pathways, whereas downregulated genes linked to heart contraction and functions. (bvsalud.org)
Transcripts1
  • The primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce the mature RNAs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Pathways1
  • Current data indicate that pausing is particularly enriched at genes in signal-responsive pathways. (nature.com)
Functional1
Expression5
  • Expression varies depending on the nature of the gene. (origene.com)
  • Although a small number of 3' regulatory regions have been identified and validated so far, many studies have shown that plant 3' regulatory regions have a higher potential to regulate gene expression in plants compared to widely used 3' regulatory regions, such as NOS and OCS from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 35S from cauliflower mosaic virus. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the role of 3' regulatory regions in gene expression, and the superior potential that plant 3' regulatory regions have compared to NOS, OCS and 35S 3' regulatory regions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, inactivation of the chromosomal hyfR gene had no effect on hyfA-lacZ expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We propose that spatial separation of two phage RNAPs allows coordinated expression of phage genes belonging to different temporal classes. (bvsalud.org)
Regulatory2
  • α subunit also contains elements for interaction with the regulatory factors. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Pausing provides a mechanism to tune these key genes to cellular and external regulatory cues. (nature.com)
Regulation1
  • A complex interaction between the cleavage and polyadenylation molecular complex and cis -elements determine the polyadenylation site, which may result in the choice of non-canonical sites, resulting in alternative polyadenylation events, involved in the regulation of more than 80% of the genes expressed in plants. (frontiersin.org)
Significantly1
  • Importantly, it was found that ginkgolic acid could significantly suppress the transcription of PRV late genes, while the transcription of viral immediate early and early genes was not affected. (bvsalud.org)
Enzyme2
  • The core enzyme (ββ′α 2 ω) consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (sciencefacts.net)
  • ω is the smallest of all subunits that helps assemble and provide stability to the core enzyme. (sciencefacts.net)
Probe1
  • Click gene/probe ID to show a list of genes that are co-expressed with the gene. (or.jp)
Understood1
  • SARS-CoV-2 virus encodes 27 genes, whose specific impacts on CM health are not fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
Large2
  • In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
  • β is the second large subunit and is encoded by the rpoB gene. (sciencefacts.net)
Strand1
  • RNAPs not only transcribe DNA but are also responsible for proofreading the newly synthesized RNA strand and taking part in the recognition of the transcription start and termination sites. (sciencefacts.net)
Occur1
  • Pol II pausing and release occur at a point when 5′ end RNA processing and phosphorylation of the Pol II carboxy-terminal domain occurs. (nature.com)
Characteristic1
  • The product of this gene contains four conserved cysteines characteristic of an atypical zinc-binding domain. (origene.com)
Generate1
  • Genes are transcribed by enzymes called RNA polymerases that generate a single-stranded RNA identical in sequence (with the exception of U in place of T) to one of the strands of the double-stranded DNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
Interactions1
  • Global interactome analysis revealed interactions between Nsp6, Nsp8, and M with ATPase subunits. (bvsalud.org)
Cleavage1
Human1
  • This study elucidates the deleterious effects of SARS-CoV-2 genes Nsp6, M, and Nsp8 on human CMs. (bvsalud.org)
Start point1
Molecular1
  • The molecular sequence of this clone aligns with the gene accession number as a point of reference only. (origene.com)
Essential1
  • Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process. (frontiersin.org)
Found1
  • Taken together, a novel PRV replication inhibitor, ginkgolic acid, which worked through suppressing the transcription of the late genes, was found in this study. (bvsalud.org)