• Even as the nature of the exact cell in which Merkel cell carcinoma oncogenesis occurs is controversial, there is strong support for the notion that Merkel cell carcinoma results from of one of two distinct pathways. (medscape.com)
  • TP53 inhibition allows LINE-1 + cells to grow, and genome-wide-knockout screens show that these cells require replication-coupled DNA-repair pathways, replication-stress signaling and replication-fork restart factors. (nih.gov)
  • Most patients had 3 or more actionable mutations affecting key cancer regulatory networks including mitogenic signalling pathways, DNA-damage repair pathways and cell cycle checkpoints. (businesswire.com)
  • Affects various cell signaling pathways, host immunity and lipid metabolism (Probable). (proteopedia.org)
  • The objective of this work is to identify dysregulated genes and pathways of ccRCC temporally according to systematic tracking of the dysregulated modules of reweighted Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, gene compositions of altered modules were analyzed, and pathways enrichment analyses of genes in altered modules were carried out based on Expression Analysis Systematic Explored (EASE) test. (hindawi.com)
  • We successfully identified dysregulated genes and pathways of ccRCC in different stages, and these might be potential biological markers and processes for treatment and etiology mechanism in ccRCC. (hindawi.com)
  • Delineating the pathogenesis of ccRCC by investigating the gene and epigenetic changes and their effects on key molecules and their respective biologic pathways is of crucial importance for the improvement of current diagnostics, prognostics, and drug development [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We shall consider each subtype in turn describing genes and pathways of oncogenesis and how these relate to prognosis and treatment response. (springer.com)
  • the chorion gene loci in follicle cells (21 22 In pre-RC development the effective launching of multiple MCM complexes is necessary for the toleration of replication strains and activation of checkpoint pathways (23-25). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Notable examples are genes from two cell cycle checkpoint pathways - CHEK1 and CHEK2 - which regulate a broad variety of DNA repair processes. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. (wikipedia.org)
  • Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Checkpoint control kinases is a term used to describe a group of enzymes that regulate progression of a cell through the cell cycle. (tocris.com)
  • Here we show that cell cycle progression through mitosis following double-stranded DNA breaks leads to the formation of micronuclei, which precede activation of inflammatory signalling and are a repository for the pattern-recognition receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). (nature.com)
  • Inhibiting progression through mitosis or loss of pattern recognition by stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-cGAS impaired interferon signalling. (nature.com)
  • This pathway describes progression of a serrated precursor lesion, often followed by the onset of epigenetic instability involving promoter methylation and silencing of key tumour suppressor genes, and accounts for 15%-20% of sporadic colorectal cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
  • The most relevant articles summarising existing knowledge on RCC genomics, including tumour cell evolution and progression, were selected for this review. (springer.com)
  • In this dissertation, I explore the mechanisms that coordinate and regulate cell-cycle progression in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (duke.edu)
  • For instance, DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints delay cell cycle progression until each chromosome is fully replicated and physically intact. (rupress.org)
  • In addition, Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1), an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. (shu.edu)
  • The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, in adults, Merkel cells undergo slow turnover and are replaced by cells originating from epidermal stem cells, not through the proliferation of differentiated Merkel cells. (medscape.com)
  • BRAF is a protein kinase and part of the MAP kinase signalling cascade which involves transduction of a growth signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus via a chain of protein kinases and is responsible for cellular proliferation and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • Finally, transcription factors within the nucleus must initiate the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation. (britannica.com)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • The expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors was profoundly affected with early activation and then repression of p21 cip1/waf1 and persistent activation of both p27 kip1 and p57 kip2 , whereas genes involved in cell survival and proliferation were suppressed. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Binds to dendritic cells (DCs) via C1QR1, resulting in down-regulation of T-lymphocytes proliferation (PubMed:11086025, PubMed:17881511). (proteopedia.org)
  • Genes clustering in the categories fatty acid beta oxidation, cell adhesion, DNA replication and polyamine biosynthesis were up-regulated indicating increased lipolysis, cell attachment, proliferation and growth. (wada-ama.org)
  • AMPK deficient cells showed impairment of the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, and were unable to support long-term proliferation during starvation following radiation. (ucsc.edu)
  • After Lef1 overexpressing plasmid and the vector were transfected into hyperoxia-induced MLE-12 cells, cell proliferation assays were carried out. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
  • Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our results establish a crucial role for E4F during early embryonic cell cycles and reveal an unexpected function for E4F in mitosis. (cnrs.fr)
  • Likewise, a checkpoint during mitosis ensures that the cell's spindle fibres are properly aligned in metaphase before the chromosomes are separated in anaphase. (britannica.com)
  • Many chemotherapeutic agents explore defects in the cell cycle machinery of cancer cells to halt the cycle through mitosis inhibition. (medicalxpress.com)
  • However, existing mitosis-targeting chemotherapeutic agents do not discriminate between healthy and malignant cell lines, resulting in severe side-effects . (medicalxpress.com)
  • The challenge therefore is to identify molecular targets associated with mitosis of cancer cells. (medicalxpress.com)
  • From late mitosis to the G1 phase of the cell cycle ORC CDC6 and Cdt1 form the machinery necessary to load MCM2-7 complexes onto DNA. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The G 2 gap phase further separates S-phase from mitosis, allowing for continued cell growth and maturation before cell division. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
  • For a cell to progress through the cycle and replicate, it must pass through checkpoints between phases to ensure that DNA is replicated correctly and that chromosomes segregate. (tocris.com)
  • Tight regulation of this process ensures that a dividing cell's DNA is copied properly, any errors in the DNA are repaired, and each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because BRCA mutations are observed in fewer than 10% of cancer patients (cBioPortal: 6.7%) 11 , 12 , 13 the identification of additional genes that share synthetic lethal sensitivity relationships with mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressors would greatly enhance the implementation of tumor cell-specific synthetic lethal sensitivity to improve an anticancer therapeutic response. (nature.com)
  • Because most tumors are deficient in one or more aspects of the function of the p53 tumor suppressor, either as a consequence of mutations within p53, or impairment of upstream and downstream modulators of p53 activity 19 , targeting MK2 has the potential to selectively enhance tumor cell killing without increasing the genotoxic effects of chemotherapy on normal p53-wild type tissues. (nature.com)
  • Oncologica's Next generation sequencing platform captures 764 of the leading anti-cancer targeted medicine drug combinations and immunotherapies via analysis of actionable genomic mutations across 505 genes. (businesswire.com)
  • 166 actionable mutations were detected across 36 genes linked to 17 off label targeted therapy protocols and 111 clinical trials. (businesswire.com)
  • Frequent inactivating mutations of the ATM gene have been reported in patients with rare sporadic T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), and most recently, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (bmj.com)
  • The presence of inactivating mutations, together with the deletion of the normal copy of the ATM gene in some patients with T-PLL, B-CLL, and MCL, establishes somatic inactivation of the ATM gene in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies, and strongly suggests that ATM functions as a tumour suppressor. (bmj.com)
  • For example, studies suggest that ccRCC is closely associated with tumor suppressor von-Hippel Lindau ( VHL ) gene mutations that lead to stabilization of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1 α and HIF-2 α , also known as HIF1A and EPAS1) in both sporadic and familial forms [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These studies reveal that recurrent somatic mutations occur in only a handful of genes, with an overall mutational burden of roughly 1-2 per Mb. (springer.com)
  • By definition, mutations that cause CIN in cancer cells produce "sub-lethal" deficiencies in an essential cellular process (chromosome maintenance) and therefore may represent genetic vulnerabilities in tumor cells that could be exploited for therapeutic benefit in the treatment of cancer. (ubc.ca)
  • A proto-oncogene is a gene that becomes an oncogene, a gene that has the potential to cause cancer, through mutations or an increase in expression. (shu.edu)
  • Cell-free DNA in the supernatant of pleural effusion can be used to detect driver and resistance mutations, and can guide tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment decisions. (cdc.gov)
  • Also see Merkel Cell Tumors of the Head and Neck and Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Rare Appendageal Tumors . (medscape.com)
  • In a genome-wide screen for putative tumor suppressor genes, the EBF3 locus on the human chromosome 10q26.3 was found to be deleted or methylated in 73% of the examined cases of brain tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The novel PLK1 inhibitor, onvansertib, is the first available for oral administration and has shown tumor growth inhibition in hematologic tumors, osteosarcoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer and colon adenocarcinoma cells. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and accounts for approximately 60% to 70% of all renal tumors [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although carcinogenic roles for the INK4B, INK4C, INK4D, CIP1, KIP1, and KIP2 genes appear to be limited, INK4A is among the most commonly mutated genes in human tumors. (medscape.com)
  • This theory holds that tumors arise from 1 of 2 undifferentiated stem cells: the excretory duct reserve cell or the intercalated duct reserve cell. (medscape.com)
  • Small tumors have a greater percentage of actively dividing cells than do large tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Adapted from the 2015 Cancer Product Guide, Edition 3, this poster summarizes the stages of the cell cycle and DNA repair. (tocris.com)
  • It also highlights strategies for enhancing replicative stress in cancer cells to force mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (tocris.com)
  • These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
  • Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)
  • Inflammatory gene expression following genotoxic cancer therapy is well documented, yet the events underlying its induction remain poorly understood. (nature.com)
  • This skin cancer has been called by several other names, including primary small-cell carcinoma of the skin, APUDoma, primary undifferentiated carcinoma of the skin, and the Toker tumor. (medscape.com)
  • We identified a colorectal cancer wherein a fast-growing tumor subclone downregulated LINE-1, prompting us to examine how LINE-1 expression affects cell growth. (nih.gov)
  • Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
  • Cancer Cell Metabolism: Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities. (nyas.org)
  • The latest targeted cancer medicines offer great advantages over standard therapeutic approaches as they directly attack the cancer cells but leave normal cells relatively undisturbed. (businesswire.com)
  • The researchers screened 20 solid cancer cell lines relative to gene silencing to identify a highly responsive chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cell line that underwent significant depletion in mitotic spindle-dynamics for effective experimental cancer treatment. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Dose-dependent response of CKAP5 knockdown across various cancer cell lines. (medicalxpress.com)
  • In this work, Chatterjee and the team screened the effect of CKAP5 silencing in solid cancer cell lines and in normal non-cancer epithelial cell lines as a negative control. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The oncogenic kinase PLK1 controls cell cycle and growth and is a cancer therapeutic target. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) is highly expressed in rapidly dividing normal cells and is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including Group 3 medulloblastoma, and is associated with poor prognosis. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • Disruption of normal regulation of the cell cycle can lead to diseases such as cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • for example, Chu and Chen [ 13 ] combined PPI and gene expression data to construct a cancer perturbed PPI network in cervical carcinoma to study gain- and loss-of-function genes as potential drug targets. (hindawi.com)
  • Polyploidy is often witnessed in cells prior to differentiation, in embryonic cells or in diseases such as cancer. (ias.ac.in)
  • Clear cell, papillary cell, and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) have now been well characterised thanks to large collaborative projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). (springer.com)
  • In this review, we consider what is currently known of the genetic landscape of the commonest subtypes of renal cell cancer (RCC). (springer.com)
  • DNA repair targeted therapy, which kills cancer cells preventing DNA repair [1-3]. (termedia.pl)
  • These inhibitors inhibit NHEJ-catalyzed DSB repair and sensitize in vitro cancer cells to DSB-inducing agents. (termedia.pl)
  • CHEK2 is not only a breast cancer susceptibility gene but also a multi-organ cancer susceptibility gene [15]. (termedia.pl)
  • We investigated a panel of 34 known high/moderate-risk cancer genes, including 16 related to breast or ovarian cancer (BC/OC) genes, and 63 candidate genes to BC/OC in 192 clinically suspicious of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC) Spanish families without pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2). (cancerindex.org)
  • Some treatments target specific characteristics of cancer cells, so they only work on those particular cancers. (healthline.com)
  • Radiation therapy can be used after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that may have been left behind, which lowers the chance of recurrence. (healthline.com)
  • Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy, which means it can destroy cancer cells anywhere in the body. (healthline.com)
  • Some therapies block the production of these hormones and others interfere with the effect the hormones have on cancer cells. (healthline.com)
  • Genes that maintain genome structure are evolutionarily conserved and are often somatically mutated in cancer. (ubc.ca)
  • We have established an extensive genome instability gene catalog in yeast that provides a resource to identify cross-species, candidate human genes that are somatically mutated and could cause chromosome instability (CIN) in cancer. (ubc.ca)
  • We have also developed a strategy to identify genes in yeast synthetic lethal (SL) interaction networks as a means for identifying novel cancer drug targets. (ubc.ca)
  • To identify candidate drug targets, we have been testing synthetic lethal interactions, predicted in yeast, using RNAi, gene knockouts, and mutants in both C. elegans and mammalian cell culture, to identify evolutionarily conserved SL gene pairs involving CIN genes somatically mutated in cancer. (ubc.ca)
  • Our research involves a direct path from identification and mechanistic studies of CIN genes in yeast, to mining sequence data for orthologs mutated in cancer, to interrogation of the function of somatic variants and finally, the identification of (1) therapeutic target genes defined by synthetic lethality and (2) small-molecule inhibitors of those targets. (ubc.ca)
  • The relationship between p53 and Mdm2 has been shown to be vital to the normal functioning of the human cell, and also has other implications in cancer. (shu.edu)
  • This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A cancer may release cells into the circulation at a very early stage of development. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
  • NEW ORLEANS - For patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), further clinical data continue to show benefit from preoperative treatment with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) with chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Event-free survival was improved in patients with a pathological complete response compared with those without, suggesting pCR is a surrogate endpoint for long-term outcomes in resectable non-small cell lung cancer, and this is the first time [this has been shown] in a randomized phase 3 study," he said. (medscape.com)
  • Opportunistic testing of BRCA1, BRCA2 and mismatch repair genes improves the yield of phenotype driven hereditary cancer gene panels. (cdc.gov)
  • Use of targeted next generation sequencing to characterize tumor mutational burden and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition in small cell lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical assessment and identification of immuno-oncology markers concerning the 19-gene based risk classifier in stage IV colorectal cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. (wikipedia.org)
  • In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)
  • The ATM gene encodes a large protein that belongs to a family of kinases possessing a highly conserved C-terminal kinase domain related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase domain. (bmj.com)
  • Members of this kinase family have been shown to function in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control following DNA damage. (bmj.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (caslab.com)
  • Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), a cell cycle checkpoint regulator gene, codes for a kinase protein activated in response to radiation and other agents that cause breaks in the DNA. (termedia.pl)
  • Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, STING loss prevented the regression of abscopal tumours in the context of ionizing radiation and immune checkpoint blockade in vivo . (nature.com)
  • These findings implicate temporal modulation of the cell cycle as an important consideration in the context of therapeutic strategies that combine genotoxic agents with immune checkpoint blockade. (nature.com)
  • Among 358 patients in the trial, the median event-free survival (EFS) was 31.6 months for patients randomly assigned to the combination of the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab and platinum-base chemotherapy, compared with 20.8 months for patients assigned to chemotherapy alone. (medscape.com)
  • DNA damage is the main indication for a cell to "restrict" and not enter the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Catastrophic genetic damage can occur if cells progress to the next phase of the cell cycle before the previous phase is properly completed. (tocris.com)
  • These checkpoints may stop the cell cycle after DNA damage, loss of DNA replication or disruption of the mitotic spindle, in order for repair processes to take place. (tocris.com)
  • In the context of DNA damage, p53 is thought to be a decision-making transcription factor that selectively activates genes as part of specific gene expression programmes to determine cellular outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Checkpoints at the end of G1 and at the beginning of G2 are designed to assess DNA for damage before and after S phase. (britannica.com)
  • Linkage with immunotherapy and PARP inhibitors was identified in 44% of glioblastoma patients because of alterations in DNA-damage repair genes. (businesswire.com)
  • This complex is recruited by checkpoint protein RAD17 to the sites of DNA damage, which is thought to be important for triggering the checkpoint-signaling cascade. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Research in the Andreassen Laboratory at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center focuses on DNA damage response mechanisms, including cell cycle checkpoint signaling and DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR), that maintain genome stability and thereby prevent tumorigenesis. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. (cancerindex.org)
  • The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in or damage to the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. (medscape.com)
  • As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
  • SL originally described a relationship between two genes, where alteration of either gene alone results in viable cells, but alteration (mutation, loss, or inhibition) of both genes simultaneously was lethal. (nature.com)
  • Regulates the activity of cellular genes, including c-myc and c-fos (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)
  • One such protein is the cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5), widely expressed in a variety of cells to regulate the dynamics of microtubules in human cells. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The available information suggests that surveillance mechanisms or 'checkpoints' which are known to regulate the eukaryotic cell cycle may be absent or altered in E. histolytica . (ias.ac.in)
  • The BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) gene encodes a protein that belongs to the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (hindawi.com)
  • 4 - 7 The ATM gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein of approximately 350 kDa (3056 amino acids) and is ubiquitously expressed. (bmj.com)
  • The gene, which is called MYBL2 , encodes a transcription factor that helps to control the cell division cycle. (elifesciences.org)
  • For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
  • Important concepts and elements of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology, are examined in an experimental context. (princeton.edu)
  • The association between mutation of the ATM gene and a high incidence of lymphoid malignancy in patients with AT, together with the development of lymphoma in Atm deficient mice, supports the proposal that inactivation of the ATM gene may be of importance in the pathogenesis of sporadic lymphoid malignancy. (bmj.com)
  • Germline mutation of one TP53 allele is found in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome who generally inherit a mutated TP53 gene from an affected parent. (medscape.com)
  • NSCLC known to have a known or likely oncogenic-driver mutation in the EGFR gene, as identified by site local testing or Sponsor central testing Liver disease Positive hepatitis B surface antigen test at screening Patients known to be positive for hepatitis C virus antibody HIV infection, patients are excluded if HIV is not adequately controlled (specific criteria apply). (who.int)
  • Multiple genes negatively impact overall cellular fitness and are targets for effective treatment. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • The outcomes highlighted the importance of the gene of interest as a therapeutic target to investigate genetically unstable ovarian cancers to further elucidate its mechanisms of action. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control cell-cycle events remains to be a fundamental question in cell biology. (duke.edu)
  • This suggests that additional mechanisms must be acting to reduce expression of their remaining copy of the gene. (elifesciences.org)
  • The potential regulatory relationship between ETS1 and Nrf2/HO-1 was examined by treating hyperoxia-induced A549 cells with the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385. (bvsalud.org)
  • The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
  • The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is a tumor suppressor gene, involved in DNA DSB repair through the process of homologous recombination [16]. (termedia.pl)
  • A common deleted region (CDR) in both myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) affects the long arm of chromosome 20 and has been predicted to harbor a tumor suppressor gene. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition to revealing a new tumor suppressor gene and its contribution to myeloid malignancies, the study by Heinrichs et al. (elifesciences.org)
  • [ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
  • A proportion of BRAF mutant lesions will methylate a DNA mismatch repair gene, MLH1 , which leads to the onset of microsatellite instability (MSI) [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The protein is associated with microtubules , and Chatterjee and colleagues silenced the gene via short interfering RNA (siRNA) a molecular biological mechanism to study genes, targeting the CKAP5 encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles for in vivo delivery. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Fusion with the host cell is most likely mediated by both E1 and E2, through conformational rearrangements of the heterodimer required for fusion rather than a classical class II fusion mechanism (PubMed:16533059, PubMed:29505618, PubMed:24698129). (proteopedia.org)
  • To further understand the mechanism of action of OTQ, gene expression was studied in four strains of primary normal human mammary epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
  • This finding adds a new layer of regulation to the second model, providing a mechanism that coordinates cell-cycle events with a TF network oscillator. (duke.edu)
  • In the first phase of the project cell lines of specific leukocyte subsets (THP-1/monocyte, IM-9/T lymphocyte, H9/B lymphocyte), PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from healthy donors, respectively will be treated in vitro with hgh to identify candidate genes influenced by hghapplication. (wada-ama.org)
  • To find additional hgh-candidate genes, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technology will be applied on hgh-treated PBMCs and on those cultured leukocyte subsets which showed a response to hgh before during in vitro studies. (wada-ama.org)
  • After confirming SSH-genes to be differentially expressed in a series of microarray experiments, oligonucleotide probes will be designed for both SSH-genes and the candidate genes identified along gene expression profiling using whole genome/leukocyte relevant arrays. (wada-ama.org)
  • The worst prognosis is in Group 3 patients, who often have high MYC expression, a transcription factor that triggers or blocks any array of target genes. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
  • Feng et al established in 2008 that approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas in the Northern hemisphere occur after genomic integration by a ubiquitous skin commensal virus, Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV). (medscape.com)
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • 3 , 4 The ATM gene is located at 11q22-23, spans 184 kb of genomic DNA, and has 66 exons. (bmj.com)
  • The most common non-clear cell renal cancers have also undergone genomic profiling and are characterised by distinct genomic landscapes. (springer.com)
  • This deletion is only ever seen in one of their two copies of the chromosome-suggesting that at least some of these genes are essential for survival-but the identity of the gene(s) that are associated with the increased risk of myeloid malignancies is unknown. (elifesciences.org)
  • With the advent of improved immunohistochemical profiling, the tumor was reclassified as Merkel cell carcinoma because shared epithelial and neuroendocrine markers, along with ultrastructural features suggestive of neural crest origin, were observed in both the constituent tumor cell and the physiologic Merkel cell of the skin. (medscape.com)
  • Within skin, Merkel cells have also been shown to cluster in the basal layers of the interfollicular epidermis in specialized epithelial structures called touch domes, where they are juxtaposed with epidermal keratinocytes. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 , 6 ] Furthermore, experiments have demonstrated that epidermal progenitors in the touch domes are capable of producing Merkel cell lines and that epithelial progenitor populations in adults have the capacity to give rise to both neuroendocrine and squamous lineages. (medscape.com)
  • Other suggested cells of origin include the neural crest‒derived cell of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system, dermal fibroblasts, pre or pro B cells, residual epidermal stem cells, and epithelial, non-Merkel cell progenitors. (medscape.com)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples from BPD patients and healthy volunteers were gathered, and an in vitro model of BPD was developed in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) MLE-12 induced by hyperoxia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two SNPs in X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing 2 gene (XRCC2) rs2040639 and interferon gamma (IFNG) rs2069705 genes were found to be associated with ARSR. (cancerindex.org)
  • This signal transduction pathway is initiated by epidermal growth factor ligands binding to and activating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) at the cell membrane. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we describe the concept of augmented synthetic lethality (ASL): depletion of a third gene product enhances a pre-existing synthetic lethal combination. (nature.com)
  • The cell strains were derived from tissue discarded at mammoplasty and obtained through the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (NCI/NDRI). (cdc.gov)
  • Previous work in the laboratory allowed the use of cell strains containing both the major and intermediate haplotype for p53. (cdc.gov)
  • Interindividual variation in response to OTQ was observed in various clustering patterns for the four cell strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Further clustering highlighted >400 species with increased expression after treatment in one or more of the cell strains, including metabolic enzymes and transcription factors. (cdc.gov)
  • Of these RNA species, only 32 were found to be upregulated for at least one time point in three of more of the cell strains analyzed. (cdc.gov)
  • Cluster analysis for the >300 RNA species downregulated in one or more cell strains as a result of treatment found only 14 RNA species downregulated in three or more of the cell strains analyzed. (cdc.gov)
  • The two strains expressing the major variant of p53 had only 80 genes altered at one or more time point by 2 fold or more (49 increased, 31 decreased). (cdc.gov)
  • The intermediate variant strains showed 100 genes altered in both strains (71 increased, 29 decreased). (cdc.gov)
  • Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Taken together, these data provide further insight into the regulation of the cell cycle. (duke.edu)
  • The Von Hippel-Lindau ( VHL ) tumour suppressor gene undergoes bi-allelic knockout in the vast majority of clear cell RCCs. (springer.com)
  • Checkpoint control kinases function to halt the cell cycle at these critical points. (tocris.com)
  • Tocris offers the following scientific literature for Checkpoint Control Kinases to showcase our products. (tocris.com)
  • Cell-cycle events have been shown to be triggered by oscillations in the activity of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) when bound to cyclins. (duke.edu)
  • Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. (caslab.com)
  • Additionally, in mice, they have successfully manipulated several key genes associated with these variants to extend their reproductive lifespan. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our functional studies of selected CIN genes in yeast have elucidated mechanistic insights into various aspects of the chromosome cycle, including sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochores, DNA replication and repair, and cell cycle checkpoints. (ubc.ca)
  • The second model proposes that a transcription factor (TF) network oscillator controls the timing of cell-cycle events, via proper timing of gene expression, including cyclins. (duke.edu)
  • As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specifically, we discuss how the interaction of p53 with DNA and chromatin affects gene expression, and how p53 post-translational modifications, its temporal expression dynamics and its interactions with chromatin regulators and transcription factors influence cell fate. (nih.gov)
  • This process is mediated by various enzymes modifying chromatin structures to achieve the diversity of epigenetic space and the intricacy in gene expression files. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • An investigation of PLK1 expression in DepMap found PLK1 is a critical mediator in 55 central nervous system cell lines, including eight medulloblastoma cell lines. (childrenscolorado.org)
  • 14 ] combined PPI and gene expression data to construct tissue-specific PPI networks for 60 tissues and used them to prioritize disease genes. (hindawi.com)
  • Gene expression was analyzed over a 2 hr treatment period (0, 15, 60 and 120 min). (cdc.gov)
  • Data Mining Tool software (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) was used to separate genes in clusters based on their expression patterns over time. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the function of these genes varied, these findings provide insight into the effects of OTQ, and emphasize the role of inter-individual variation in gene expression profiles. (cdc.gov)
  • By measuring global gene expression dynamics in cells with persistent CDK activity, I show that periodic transcription continues. (duke.edu)
  • Microarray technology will be used to search for changes in leukocyte gene expression which are directly related to the application of human growth hormone (hgh). (wada-ama.org)
  • Whole genome cDNA microarrays as well as oligonucleotide microarrays including leukocyte-relevant genes will be used to characterize potential hgh-specific genes by comparing gene expression profiles of treated and untreated cells. (wada-ama.org)
  • The "hgh-chip" will then be thoroughly evaluated by performing numerous gene expression experiments on hgh-treated and untreated leukocyte subsets, cultured PBMCs as well as PBMCs obtained from hgh-patients. (wada-ama.org)
  • During the proposed project new, nucleic acid-based analytical techniques will be used to gain insight into specific effects of hgh on gene expression of leukocytes. (wada-ama.org)
  • Results obtained from gene expression profiling utilising whole genome arrays were in accordance with published data. (wada-ama.org)
  • The importance of AMPK expression for radiation responses was investigated using both MEFs (mouse embryo fibroblasts) double knockout for AMPK α1/α2 subunits and human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116) with AMPK α1/α2 shRNA mediated knockdown. (ucsc.edu)
  • Search the gene expression profiles from curated DataSets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. (cancerindex.org)
  • By 6 months post-transplantation, the reconstituted mice had developed a clonal myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disorder originating from the cells with aberrantly reduced Mybl2 expression. (elifesciences.org)
  • Myeloid malignancy patients lacking one copy of this gene showed levels of MYBL2 expression that were less than 50% of those in healthy individuals. (elifesciences.org)
  • Hence, this finding reveals a more general role for MYBL2 as it indicates that more patients are likely to be affected by altered expression of this gene. (elifesciences.org)
  • used gene silencing techniques to reduce the expression of MYBL2 in mice and showed that this induced symptoms of myeloid malignancies in the animals. (elifesciences.org)
  • ETS1 overexpression suppressed PTGS2 and CHAC1 expression, reduced ROS, MDA and ferrous iron (Fe2+) production and increased GSH levels in hyperoxia-induced A549 cells and BPD mice. (bvsalud.org)
  • How Reliable Are Gene Expression-Based and Immunohistochemical Biomarkers Assessed on a Core-Needle Biopsy? (lu.se)
  • This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell to spend in each phase of the cell cycle, while at the same time it also responds to information received from the processes it controls. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team discovered that many of the genes involved are linked to processes of DNA repair. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Examples are drawn from industrial practice (including the environmental impact of chemical processes), from energy generation and storage, e.g., batteries and fuel cells, and from emerging technologies, e.g., photonic and biomedical devices. (blogspot.com)
  • The AT locus was mapped to the chromosomal region 11q22-23 using genetic linkage analysis in the late 1980s and the causative gene was identified by positional cloning several years later. (bmj.com)
  • These changes can be inherited and are, therefore, found in every cell, but more often, they are somatically acquired and restricted to tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Blood cells are produced within bone marrow by specialized stem cells and progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • External insults (eg, infections, radiation, drugs) may disrupt stem cell homeostasis in marrow environment, leading to altered growth. (medscape.com)
  • Two theories predominate: the bicellular stem cell theory and the multicellular theory. (medscape.com)
  • Excretory stem cells give rise to squamous cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, while intercalated stem cells give rise to pleomorphic adenomas, oncocytomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and acinic cell carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)