Gene characteristic embryonic structures. Medical search. Frequent questions

Polycomb-group proteins (PcG proteins) are a family of protein complexes first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that epigenetic silencing of genes takes place. (wikipedia.org)
Polycomb-group proteins are well known for silencing Hox genes through modulation of chromatin structure during embryonic development in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). (wikipedia.org)
Trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain the active state of gene expression while the Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins counteract this activation with a repressive function that is stable over many cell generations and can only be overcome by germline differentiation processes. (wikipedia.org)
Polycomb-group proteins also intervene in the control of flowering by silencing the Flowering Locus C gene. (wikipedia.org)
The proteins produced from the PITX2 and FOXC1 genes are transcription factors, which means they attach (bind) to DNA and help control the activity of other genes. (medlineplus.gov)
Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that inhibit cell division and growth, acting as a control mechanism to prevent excessive cell proliferation. (pharmiweb.com)
1 All possess the same DNA code, but they differ from each other in terms of the parts of the code-genes-that are expressed in them, that is, which range of proteins are manufactured to build and run each cell. (hachettebookgroup.com)
The discovery of the ' Yamanaka factors '-four transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4), ), proteins that can reprogram a fully mature cell into an embryonic-like state-earned Kyoto University researcher Shinya Yamanaka a share of the Nobel prize in 2012. (scientificamerican.com)
These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA , transfer RNA or small nuclear RNA genes, the product is a functional RNA. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Molecular characteristics such as the distribution of substance P and the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) indicate, that the zebrafish extended centromedial (autonomic and reproductive) amygdala is predominantly located in the GABAergic and isl1 -negative territory. (frontiersin.org)
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of genes, or the production of mRNA from DNA. (biolegend.com)
N-Glycosylation plays an important role in the structure and function of membrane and secreted proteins. (cdc.gov)
Although there are likely acquired cases, most cases result from inherited mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, or mitochondrial proteins. (msdmanuals.com)

The ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) comprise a large, heterogeneous group of inherited disorders that are defined by primary defects in the development of 2 or more tissues derived from embryonic ectoderm. (medscape.com)
This enzyme is detected in all tissues, especially in embryonic tissues and immune cells ( https://www.proteinatlas.org/ ) ( Figures 1B,C ). The full-length human RNase T2 has 256 amino acids (AA) and a predicted size of 29 kD ( Table 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
The evolutionary conservation structure of RNase T2 and distribution of RNASET2 in human tissues and immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
(B) Expressions of RNASET2 in human tissues were analyzed in the Human Protein Atlas database, and the resulting transcript expression values, denoted normalized expression (NX), were calculated for each gene in every sample. (frontiersin.org)
But when examined from the viewpoint of the gene and the cell, there are many paths that development can follow, along with the creation of tissues and organs that escalate in form and complexity so rapidly that, paradoxically, while trying to discern the origins of a human life, one can find oneself staring into what seems to be a pathless future. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
Much of this process relies on the morphogenesis of the extra-embryonic tissues and the effect this has on the organization of embryonic cells. (nature.com)
Dental anomalies are defined as congenital malformations of tooth tissues that are due to changes that affect the natural process of odontogenesis, which involves various genes that regulate this process. (scielo.edu.uy)
Facial skeleton is a complex structure consisting of different tissues with variable characteristics. (unibe.ch)
The team also reports details about the genes that became activated during the development of a PASE, and the signals that the cells in a PASE send to one another and to neighboring tissues. (newswise.com)
Several groups, including those headed by Stanford University's Vittorio Sebastiano, the Salk Institute's Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte and Harvard Medical School's David Sinclair (See Table), have shown that partial reprogramming can dramatically reverse age-related characteristics in the eye, muscle and other tissues in cultured mammalian cells and even rodent models by countering epigenetic changes associated with aging. (scientificamerican.com)
A disease that causes tissues or organs to deteriorate in structure or function over time. (mayo.edu)
To model and thus be able to study thse childhood malignancies in an embryonic context, we have developed a paradigm of human tumor cell transplantation within selected tissues of the avian embryo. (inmg.fr)
Pax-6 acts as a critical gene for the development of eyes and other sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as other homologous structures, usually derived from ectodermal tissues. (biolegend.com)

In mammals Polycomb Group gene expression is important in many aspects of development like homeotic gene regulation and X chromosome inactivation, being recruited to the inactive X by Xist RNA, the master regulator of XCI or embryonic stem cell self-renewal. (wikipedia.org)
Published reports have indicated that a cell known as the "very small embryonic-like stem cell" (VSEL) can be isolated from bone marrow and is pluripotent-i.e., has the ability to generate all types of tissue in the body. (ca.gov)
Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs) 3 . (nature.com)
Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions) 4 . (nature.com)
The finding, described in 2006, transformed stem cell research by providing a new source of cells that resemble embryonic stem cells, which are able to give rise to any type of specialized cell in the body except sex cells. (scientificamerican.com)
Scientists at Cambridge University who wanted to study early embryo development first derived embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines in the 1980s from cells inside the embryos of young mice. (sangerinstitute.blog)
In 2006, Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka established a new type of stem cell by introducing four genes, Oct4 , Sox2 , c-Myc and Klf4 (4F) into differentiated cells to make them become ESC-like cells. (sangerinstitute.blog)
The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
We discuss these properties with examples both from the hematopoietic and embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems. (lu.se)

Homozygous loss of Men1 in the germ line of mice results in early embryonic lethality, with defective development of neural tube, heart, liver, and craniofacial structures. (johnshopkins.edu)
The expression changes associated with the loss of the tumor suppressor menin provide insights into the defective organogenesis observed during early embryonic development in Men1-null mouse embryos. (johnshopkins.edu)
Then, using time-lapse microscopy techniques, postdoctoral scientist Jennifer Gutzman observed the shape changes of individual cells as the neural tube constricted and dilated to form the early embryonic brain. (news-medical.net)
Zygotic mutants develop to pupal stages, but do not eclose, whereas maternal mutants display severe defects in early embryonic patterning (Veraksa, 2002). (sdbonline.org)

Recent work, using both in vitro and in vivo models of MN subtype differentiation, have revealed how patterning morphogens and regulation of chromatin structure determine cell-type specific programs of gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
Rb is directly involved in heterochromatin formation by maintaining chromatin structure and that of constitutive heterochromatin by stabilizing histone methylation. (biolegend.com)

The cells that go awry in HSCR are a subset of what are called neural crest cells, embryonic cells that spring from the developing brain and spinal cord in mice or humans and then travel long distances to form, among others, structures in the face and heart, smooth muscle, and neurons of the peripheral nervous system, including those that innervate the gut. (stowers.org)
Studies on the subtype diversification of spinal motor neurons (MNs) have provided a tractable system to explore the function of Hox genes during differentiation, and have provided an entry point to explore how neuronal fate determinants contribute to motor circuit assembly. (bvsalud.org)
Like in tetrapods, medial amygdaloid (MeA) nuclei are defined by the presence of substance P immunoreactive fibers and calretinin-positive neurons, whereas central amygdaloid (CeA) nuclei lack these characteristics. (frontiersin.org)
The mature cerebral cortex of higher mammals consists of a six-layered structure with each layer comprising different types of neurons that perform distinct functions. (biomedcentral.com)
The layered structure is created during development by migration of young post-mitotic neurons along glial fibers from the proliferative zones lining the ventricles to the outer layers of the developing cortical plate (CP). (biomedcentral.com)
By means of immunofluorescence and BrdU birthdating experiments, we observed that this structure consists of neurons of all layers and generated at all stages of neurogenesis, with late-born neurons of upper-layer identity being the majority. (uni-muenchen.de)
A potentially pre-clinical aspect of this thesis is detailed in paper №4 where I describe a robust protocol for the generation of functional mesDA neurons from human embryonic stem cells that are functional in a rat model of PD. (lu.se)

Consequently, loss of PcG causes de-differentiation and promotes embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Genes & Development. (wikipedia.org)
They appear to play important roles in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of structures in the anterior segment of the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in either the PITX2 or FOXC1 gene disrupt the activity of other genes that are needed for normal development. (medlineplus.gov)
These molecules are essential for embryonic development, wound healing, immune cell recognition, and many other physiological functions. (pharmiweb.com)
They play a vital role in tissue development, maintaining tissue integrity, and organizing complex cellular structures. (pharmiweb.com)
To achieve this, the team of scientists from the medical schools at USC and the University of Pittsburgh analyzed how lizard tails form during adult regeneration, compared to embryonic development. (sciencedaily.com)
In a recent paper published the November issue of Genes in Development, entitled "Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state," Lapasset and colleagues from the Institute of Functional Genomics in France report that they have overcome this barrier and generated iPS cells from human donors as old as 101 years. (biologists.com)
Gene regulation as a determining factor in development. (dur.ac.uk)
Knowledge of different model systems for studying development, and their individual characteristics. (dur.ac.uk)
Knowledge of embryonic structures and tissue development in animals. (dur.ac.uk)
Four main waves of miRNA expression were recognized (with most miRNA changes occurring during the embryonic stages): the first from day 0 to day 1 of embryogenesis, the second during mid-embryogenesis (days 0-6), the third (with an acute expression peak) on day 2 of embryonic development, and the fourth during post-embryonic development. (biomedcentral.com)
miRNAs follow well-defined patterns of expression over hemimetabolan ontogeny, patterns that are more diverse during embryonic development than during the nymphal stages. (biomedcentral.com)
The results suggest that miRNAs play important roles in the developmental transitions between the embryonic stages of development (starting with maternal loading), during which they might influence the germ-band type and metamorphosis mode. (biomedcentral.com)
A team from the University of Michigan reports in Nature Communications that they have coaxed pluripotent human stem cells to grow on a specially engineered surface into structures that resemble an early aspect of human development called the amniotic sac. (newswise.com)
They show that a stable two-halved PASE structure relies on a signaling pathway called BMP-SMAD that's known to be critical to embryo development. (newswise.com)
These studies have not only shed light on basic mechanisms of rostrocaudal patterning in vertebrates, but also have illuminated mechanistic principles of gene regulation that likely operate in the development and maintenance of terminal fates in other systems. (bvsalud.org)
In conclusion, the porcine NANOG gene, accompanied by a single-exon processed pseudogene, exhibits two transcripts and plays a pivotal role in the development of early-stage embryos. (bvsalud.org)
Trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene is caused by instability in early development and during germ cell production and is thought to be a result of DNA polymerase slippage during DNA replication. (ny.gov)
Thus, during embryonic and post-natal development, millions of axons go in search of their partners, some remaining confined in the brain or the spinal cord, others colonizing the whole organism to innervate the muscles, the skin, viscera. (inmg.fr)
Childhood malignancies of the nervous system: exploring the dissemination of tumoral cells in light of the mechanisms of the embryonic development. (inmg.fr)
RUNX1 regulates CD4 gene transcription during multiple stages of T cell development and represses the CD4 gene in CD4-CD8- (double negative) T cells. (biolegend.com)
Pax6 is a transcription factor present during embryonic development. (biolegend.com)
It is a key regulatory gene of eye and brain development. (biolegend.com)
In order to establish an animal model for neuronal migration disorders in the pig, we have studied the expression pattern and structure of Reelin during pig brain development. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell migration plays a critical role in a number of biological processes such as embryonic development, wound healing, and immune response. (clarkson.edu)
These scores will give precise quantitative measures for comparison between fruit flies with different gene knockdowns throughout different stages of development, and allow for a better understanding of the processes and mechanisms driving repeated pattern formation in this system. (clarkson.edu)
1994. Embryonic development of the cornea in the eye of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria. (mote.org)
Detailed site-specific glycan analysis of a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants provides useful information toward the understanding of the role of protein glycosylation on viral protein structure and function and development of effective vaccines and therapeutics. (cdc.gov)

and (3) Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome, all of which are caused by mutations in the TP63 gene. (medscape.com)
SLOS is caused by mutations in the gene DHCR7 (Wassif et al . (scielo.br)
X-linked dominant - Disorders caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. (assistedfertility.com)
X-linked recessive - Disorders caused by mutations on genes on the X chromosomes. (assistedfertility.com)
ARPKD is caused by mutations in the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1) gene,[6] which consists of 86 exons that are variably assembled into numerous alternatively spliced transcripts. (medscape.com)

3) did not express a gene common to pluripotent cells (i.e. (ca.gov)

The gene associated with type 2 is likely located on chromosome 13, but it has not been identified. (medlineplus.gov)
In this study, we analyzed the gene structure and sequence characteristics of porcine NANOG and found that the porcine NANOG gene is localized on chromosome 5, while NANOG sequence on chromosome 1 is the processed pseudogene. (bvsalud.org)
Some have asserted in response that 'maleness' ought to be determined by the SRY gene that is typically present in the Y chromosome. (liberalcurrents.com)
Sometimes, the SRY gene is translocated to the X chromosome, creating an XX male. (liberalcurrents.com)

Do pluripotent stem cells exist in adult mice as very small embryonic stem cells? (ca.gov)
Both Human Molecular Genetics papers employ imaging techniques to visualize and track neural crest migration in mice mutant in HSCR candidate genes. (stowers.org)
The earlier study, published in January of 2012, reported that mice missing one of their two copies of a gene called Tcof1 not only produced fewer neural crest cells but that colonization of the gut by the remaining cells proceeded slowly compared to normal mice. (stowers.org)
Double mutant mice showed serious defects: fewer neural crest cells migrated out of the embryonic spinal cord, and the ones that remained underwent increased cell death as they traveled toward the gut. (stowers.org)
Despite the severe cortical malformations at embryonic stages, the mice get born and reach the age of weaning at no apparent difference from the Mendelian rate. (uni-muenchen.de)
The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
Immunohisto- have been used for positive selection of NSCs from em- chemistry on human embryonic central nervous system bryonic mice (Nagato et al. (lu.se)

These developmental abnormalities underlie the characteristic features of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Based on molecular and evolutionary-developmental characteristics, the study identifies the elaborate amygdala ground plan in zebrafish and stresses the evolution of a complex emotional system in early vertebrates. (frontiersin.org)

The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed in unfertilised egg cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte. (wikipedia.org)
RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity. (wikipedia.org)
iPS cells showed many characteristics of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) such as expression of pluripotency markers, reactivation of telomerase and the ability to form teratomas, demonstrating a potential to redifferentiate into descendants of all three embryonic lineages. (biologists.com)
examined individual clones and found that endogenous pluripotency gene expression was activated and the promoters of OCT4 and NANOG , which are usually heavily methylated in differentiated cells, were demethylated in the newly converted iPS cells. (biologists.com)
We generated immortalized wild-type (WT) and menin-null mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cell lines and evaluated their characteristics, including global expression patterns. (johnshopkins.edu)
Specifically, transcripts for fibulin 2 (Fbln2), periostin (Postn), and versican [chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Cspg2)], genes critical for the developing heart and known to be induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), were decreased in their expression in menin-null MEFs. (johnshopkins.edu)
DEAF-1 activates the expression of Mtk and Drs promoter-luciferase fusion genes in S2 cells. (sdbonline.org)
DEAF-1 recognizes several TTCG motifs within the portion of the Dfd autoregulatory region termed 'module E.' In addition, DEAF-1 binds several similar motifs within a Dfd response element ( DRE ) from the 1.28 gene that enhances maxillary gene expression during embryogenesis (Pederson, 2000). (sdbonline.org)
In vertebrates, the relatively large number of Hox genes and pervasive expression throughout the body has hindered understanding of their biological roles during differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
A significant decrease in the expression of DNA methylation-related gene DNMT3B was also observed in D3 embryo from the NANOG deleting group. (bvsalud.org)
For information on therapeutic regulation of gene expression, see therapeutic gene modulation.Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. (absoluteastronomy.com)
It can stimulate ESCs to differentiate into neuron cells, cardiac muscle cells and liver cells among others, by binding a retinoic acid receptor with a nuclear receptor known as retinoid X. This non-covalently bonded, two-factor structure (called a heterodimer) then binds to a specific DNA sequence to activate or repress gene expression. (sangerinstitute.blog)
RUNX1 belongs to the runt domain family of transcription factors and regulates target gene expression through forming a heterodimeric DNA-binding complex with CBFB. (biolegend.com)
The Rho family of small GTPases is known for its many cell biological functions such as regulation of the cytoskeleton, gene expression, cell migration, adhesion, cell polarity and the cell cycle. (uni-muenchen.de)
states'' or gene expression patterns. (lu.se)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

Autosomal Recessive - Disorders caused by two mutated copies of a gene. (assistedfertility.com)

Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. (nature.com)
These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior-posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. (nature.com)
One half is made of cells that will become amniotic ectoderm, the other half consists of pluripotent epiblast cells that in nature make up the embryonic disc. (newswise.com)
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) and embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) can be reprogrammed to become naïve pluripotent stem cells. (sangerinstitute.blog)

Pure ectodermal dysplasias are manifested by defects in ectodermal structures alone, while ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are defined by the combination of ectodermal defects in association with other anomalies. (medscape.com)
Overall, the ectodermal dysplasias were classified into either group A disorders, which were manifested by defects in at least 2 of the 4 classic ectodermal structures as defined above, with or without other defects, and group B disorders, which were manifested by a defect in one classic ectodermal structure (1-4 from above) in combination with (5) a defect in one other ectodermal structure (ie, ears, lips, dermatoglyphics). (medscape.com)
We are interested in the genes underlying early brain structure, and the connections to devastating birth defects such as anencephaly and hydrocephalus," says Hazel Sive. (news-medical.net)
However, many conditions, including cancer, diabetes and birth defects are multigenic, arising from the collective failure of the function of more than one gene. (stowers.org)

Affected individuals carry a germ-line loss-of-function mutation of the MEN1 gene, and tumors arise after loss of the second allele. (johnshopkins.edu)
When a person carries an autosomal dominant gene mutation, each of his/her offspring has a 50% chance for inheriting the gene mutation. (assistedfertility.com)
Females who have an X-linked dominant gene mutation have a 50% chance to have an affected child. (assistedfertility.com)
Females who carry an X-linked recessive gene mutation have a 50% chance to pass it on to each of her children. (assistedfertility.com)
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer - Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is caused by an autosomal dominant inherited gene mutation. (assistedfertility.com)

explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

In contrast, embryonic NSCs produce this "ventralizing" signal only in the cartilage region that becomes the lower or ventral side of the tail. (sciencedaily.com)
However, if embryonic NSCs are implanted into adult tail stumps, they respond to the ventralizing signal, and fail to develop into dorsal structures. (sciencedaily.com)
To overcome these obstacles, Lozito's team used gene-editing tools to make embryonic NSCs unresponsive to the ventralizing signal, and surgically implanted these cells into adult tail stumps -- leading to the regeneration of perfect tails. (sciencedaily.com)

One crucial part of this organization is to bend sheets of connected cells ("epithelia") so that they form a structure that is an integral part of the functional organ. (news-medical.net)
However, understanding of the molecular signatures and functional characteristics of porcine NANOG remains limited. (bvsalud.org)
In this radical paradigm, thirteen telencephalic territories constitute the zebrafish amygdaloid complex and each territory is distinguished by conserved molecular properties and structure-functional relationships with other amygdaloid structures. (frontiersin.org)
This tool can be used to investigate functional consequences of genetic variations/SNPs in miRNA on Dicer cleavage site, and gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
Our approaches combine experimental embryology and functional studies of genes of interest in our avian models, 3D light sheet microscopy to cartography cells and molecules at the whole embryo level, videomicroscopy, and large-scale transcriptomic analyses. (inmg.fr)

Pax3 is a "logical suspect", a transcription factor that binds DNA and turns target genes known to stimulate cell proliferation off and on. (stowers.org)
A precise cleavage by Dicer is crucial because an inaccurate processing can produce miRNA with different seed regions which can alter the repertoire of target genes. (biomedcentral.com)

Detection of mutations in this gene has confirmed the fundamental role of aromatase for the fetal-placental unit and for sexual differentiation of the female fetus. (health.am)

Individual clones were able to differentiate into cells expressing markers of all three germ layers as well as form teratomas with organ-like structures typical of all three embryonic lineages. (biologists.com)

The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Like inner cell mass, ESCs have two characteristics: self-renewal and pluripotency, the ability to differentiate to become almost any type of cell in the body. (sangerinstitute.blog)
Rb homeostasis is also essential for self-renewal and survival of human embryonic stem cells 10 . (biolegend.com)

In mammals and other tetrapods, a multinuclear forebrain structure, called the amygdala, forms the neuroregulatory core essential for emotion, cognition, and social behavior. (frontiersin.org)
A multinuclear forebrain structure, the amygdala of mammals has been viewed as a requirement for sophisticated emotions, social behavior, and emotional sentience. (frontiersin.org)

Senescence was confirmed by FACS analysis showing cell cycle arrest, increase in molecular markers characteristic of senescence, and formation of SAHF. (biologists.com)
The cells spontaneously developed some of the same structural and molecular features seen in a natural amniotic sac, which is an asymmetric, hollow ball-like structure containing cells that will give rise to a part of the placenta as well as the embryo itself. (newswise.com)
Now two companion studies published in Human Molecular Genetics by Paul Trainor, Ph.D., Investigator at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, identify a new gene associated with HSCR and show how the migration of cells that form the gut nervous system is impeded when the combined doses of two candidate genes are low. (stowers.org)
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Now, results published in Molecular Cell from a team led by Drs. Carl Schildkraut and Jeannine Gerhardt, at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, examined DNA replication and the use of DNA origins of replication in normal and FXS human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). (ny.gov)

Although the mechanism of how these factors induced pluripotency in somatic cells is not completely understood, it is clear that the endogenous pluripotency genes OCT4 , SOX2 and NANOG were activated and, in turn, re-activated the autoregulatory loop that could maintain the pluripotent state independent of the transgenes. (biologists.com)

Using a method called SMARD, for single-molecule analysis of replicated DNA, the team observed that FXS hESCs use a different origin of replication, changing the direction of DNA replication through the FMR1 gene, than normal hESCs. (ny.gov)

This study describes the prevalence, associated malformations, and maternal characteristics among cases with sirenomelia. (cdc.gov)

In this review, we introduce the distribution, structure, and functions of RNase T2, its differential roles in inflammation and cancer, and the perspective for its research and related applications in medicine. (frontiersin.org)
The chromosomally-arrayed Hox gene family plays central roles in embryonic patterning and the specification of cell identities throughout the animal kingdom. (bvsalud.org)

Given that VSELs do not come from the embryo, they could replace embryonic stem cells in research and medicine. (ca.gov)
Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated from bone marrow (BM) have been reported to be pluripotent. (ca.gov)
Given their nonembryonic source, they could replace blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells in research and medicine. (ca.gov)
Tumor suppressor genes can promote cellular senescence, a state in which cells stop dividing, preventing the replication of damaged DNA. (pharmiweb.com)
The molecules are found on the cell surface, where they facilitate adhesion to neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix, creating stable cell structures and supporting tissue organization. (pharmiweb.com)
Our challenge now, says Sive, "is to figure out how cells know to basally constrict, and what genes are required for the process. (news-medical.net)
While brain cells "play" one particular repertoire of the twenty thousand genes, cells in the gut use another range of genes from this master set, and so on and so forth. (hachettebookgroup.com)
Deborah Gumucio, Ph.D. describes new research using stem cells that yielded structures that could be used to study infertility. (newswise.com)
It's the first time a team has grown such a structure starting with stem cells, rather than coaxing a donated embryo to grow, as a few other teams have done. (newswise.com)
They describe how a PASE develops as a hollow spherical structure with two distinct halves that remain stable even as cells divide. (newswise.com)
The Yamanaka factors that can reprogram cells into their embryonic-like state are at the heart of longevity research. (scientificamerican.com)
influences which genes are activated and which tend to change as cells age. (scientificamerican.com)
Nanog homeobox (NANOG) is the gateway to the pluripotent ground state in mouse embryonic stem cells and early embryos. (bvsalud.org)
This is the first study to examine FXS and trinucleotide repeat expansion in human embryonic stem cells. (ny.gov)
The DNA Replication Program Is Altered at the FMR1 Locus in Fragile X Embryonic Stem Cells. (ny.gov)
These questions are mainly addressed through the study of a population of embryonic cells with remarkable properties, the neural crest. (inmg.fr)
Signals that allow axons to locate themselves in space, called topographic or guidance signals, are also used by cells that migrate to build nerve structures. (inmg.fr)
Human embryonic stem cells were successfully derived in 1998. (sangerinstitute.blog)
Used together with 4F, these genes can rapidly and efficiently reprogram both mouse and human cells to become iPSCs. (sangerinstitute.blog)
Altered cell movement can also be characteristic of pathological conditions, for example, cancer cells invasion to healthy tissue. (clarkson.edu)
Investigating the cellular architecture of the developing cortex, we observed a loss of the radial orientation of radial glial cells, likely due to the disruption of the apical band of adherens junctions, which is the first effect observed after loss of the protein, and the consequent formation of rosette like structures in the brain parenchyma. (uni-muenchen.de)
2005). Notch1 and syndecan-1 potent human embryonic stem (ES) cells. (lu.se)

Normal individuals have CGG repeats ranging from 6 to 54 copies, but FXS patients frequently have over 200 copies, resulting in transcriptional silencing of the gene such that no protein is produced. (ny.gov)
The absence of FMR1 protein causes the characteristics of FXS, but CGG expansion is variable, leading to mosaicism within individuals and the range of characteristics seen in patients. (ny.gov)
The encoded protein contains two different binding sites that are known to bind DNA and function as a regulator of gene transcription. (biolegend.com)

Oncofactory offers an innovative in vivo platform suited for all cancers consisting in the creation of miniaturized replicas of patient tumors in an embryonic organism. (inmg.fr)

Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1) is a transcription factor that was originally shown to bind the autoregulatory enhancer of the Deformed ( Dfd ) Hox gene, which is activated in embryonic head segments of Drosophila (Gross, 1996). (sdbonline.org)
Once the transcription factor binds to an enhancer region, this can cause stimulation or repression of gene transcription. (biolegend.com)

which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
The WT and menin-null cell lines were aneuploid, and the nulls did not display tumorigenic characteristics in soft agar assay. (johnshopkins.edu)
KANSAS CITY, MO-Mutations in single genes can cause catastrophic diseases, such as Huntington's Disease or sickle cell anemia. (stowers.org)
Beta cell dysfunction is a characteristic of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (mayo.edu)
The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)

Ig-Superfamily CADMs are named after the presence of one or more Immunoglobulin-like domains in their extracellular region, which are characteristic structural motifs found in antibodies. (pharmiweb.com)

The distinction between the hemimetabolan and holometabolan modes of metamorphosis is important: hemimetabolan species develop the basic adult body structure during embryogenesis, whereas holometabolans delay this until the pupal stage [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Adult bone repair is a bone morphogenic process that involves an ensemble of genes distinctive from those involved in embryonic skeletogenesis. (unibe.ch)

The 1989 revision provides a wide variety of new information on maternal and infant health characteristics, representing a significant departure from previous versions in both content and format. (cdc.gov)

We used methods to isolate candidate VSELs from bone marrow and found that they lacked characteristics indicating pluripotency. (ca.gov)

It is therefore likely that miRNAs influence the mechanisms that specify the germ-band type and body structure, which is related to the metamorphosis mode, in insect embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Although it is possible to culture structures derived from human blastocysts ex vivo, these cultures do not recapitulate the events and structural organization of the in vivo embryos 6 ( Supplementary Information ). (nature.com)
Tiny lab-grown structures could give researchers a chance to see what they couldn't before, while avoiding ethical issues associated with studying actual embryos. (newswise.com)
Furthermore, we identified a NANOG splicing variant in porcine early embryos, which maintain the overall structure of the original NANOG mRNA, except for a deletion of 38 base pairs in the second exon. (bvsalud.org)

Human RNase T2 shows a typical structure, containing seven α-helices and eight β-strands. (frontiersin.org)
Comparison of the characteristics of human RNases. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, it would also be useful in the discovery of miRNAs in human genome and design of Dicer specific pre-miRNAs for potent gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)

Immunity genes are activated in the Drosophila fat body by Rel and GATA transcription factors. (sdbonline.org)

Gene modulation redirects here. (absoluteastronomy.com)

Murine null mutants in PRC2 genes are embryonic lethals while most PRC1 mutants are live born homeotic mutants that die perinatally. (wikipedia.org)

This is the latest in a recent surge of investment in ventures seeking to build anti-aging interventions on the back of basic research into epigenetic reprogramming (modifying chemical marks on DNA to turn genes on or off). (scientificamerican.com)

Subsequently, the duplex unwinds and miRNA loads into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to execute gene-silencing either through cleavage of the complementary mRNA or by suppression of mRNA translation [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The researchers have dubbed the new structure a post-implantation amniotic sac embryoid, or PASE. (newswise.com)

Researchers know that mutations in at least twelve individual genes are associated with the congenital defect Hirschprung Disease (HSCR), in which children are born lacking nerves that innervate the large intestine. (stowers.org)

But in lieu of the original tail that includes a spinal column and nerves, the replacement structure is an imperfect cartilage tube. (sciencedaily.com)

Moreover, this physiological phenomenon of migration also has a pathological correlate, that of pediatric cancers with an embryonic occurrence. (inmg.fr)

This lends support to the "origin switch" model of slippage, in which DNA replication through the repeat region increases the formation of secondary structures - when a DNA strand binds to itself rather than the complimentary strand - thereby causing the DNA polymerase to slip and resulting in expansion of the CGG repeats. (ny.gov)

The top category of Deaf1-regulated genes consists of glycolytic enzymes, which are suppressed by Deaf1 and Gsk3 but are upregulated by Deaf1 RNAi. (sdbonline.org)
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare (1 in 7000) cardiomyopathy resulting from failure of the embryonic ventricular myocardial compaction process, such that the ventricular myocardium consists of an outer layer of normally compact myocardium and an inner non-compacted layer that has retained embryonal characteristics. (msdmanuals.com)

Autosomal Dominant - Disorders caused by one mutated copy of a gene. (assistedfertility.com)
Multifactorial - Disorders caused by a combination of the effects of multiple genes or by interactions between genes and the environment. (assistedfertility.com)

Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer - Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes predispose to breast cancer and ovarian cancer as well as prostate cancer (BRCA1) and other cancers (BRCA2). (assistedfertility.com)
In parallel, we study pediatric cancers of the nervous system in the light of their embryonic origin, in particular neuroblastoma, a cancer derived from the neural crest, and medulloblastoma from cerebellar progenitors. (inmg.fr)

We also measured the degree of NF-κB inhibition by piperlongumine and its derivatives in a NF-κB zebrafish reporter line and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (creighton.edu)

Anatomy4

Organisms1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Proteins14

Tissues14

Stem cell9

Early embryonic4

Chromatin2

Neurons7

Development29

Caused by mutations5

Pluripotent cells1

Chromosome4

Mice7

Developmental2

Expression18

Autosomal recessive1

Epiblast4

Defects4

Mutation5

20021

NSCs3

Functional5

Target genes2

Differentiation1

Lineages1

Self-renewal3

Forebrain2

Molecular5

Oct41

HESCs1

Malformations1

Roles2

Cells22

Protein3

Tumors1

Transcription factor2

Cell5

Extracellular1

Adult2

Maternal1

Pluripotency1

Embryos4

Human3

Drosophila1

Modulation1

Mutants1

Epigenetic1

MRNA1

Post-implantation1

Congenital1

Spinal1

Pathological1

Binds1

Consists2

Disorders2

Cancers2

Mouse1