• Appropriate in vivo expression of a muscle-specific promoter by using avian retroviral vectors for gene transfer [corrected]. (org.ua)
  • Elucidating these mechanisms and identifying which cellular factors are exploited by the retroviruses and which hinder their life cycle, will certainly lead to the discovery of new ways to inhibit viral replication and to improve retroviral vectors for gene transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many labs were beginning to work with tumor viruses as the only tractable way to understand cancerous transformation, and Rubin chose to focus on a virus known since 1911 to cause cancer in chickens: the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). (berkeley.edu)
  • This allowed Harold Varmus and Michael Bishop of UC San Francisco to identify an analogous gene in the cellular genome - a gene evidently stolen by the Rous sarcoma virus. (berkeley.edu)
  • [6] Katz RA, Terry RW, Skalka AM. A conserved cis-acting sequence in the 5' leader of avian sarcoma virus RNA is required for packaging. (org.ua)
  • [7] Knight JB, Si ZH, Stoltzfus CM. A base-paired structure in the avian sarcoma virus 5' leader is required for efficient encapsidation of RNA. (org.ua)
  • cis-Acting RNA packaging locus in the 115-nucleotide direct repeat of Rous sarcoma virus. (org.ua)
  • Efficiency and selectivity of RNA packaging by Rous sarcoma virus Gag deletion mutants. (org.ua)
  • Expression of Rous sarcoma virus-derived retroviral vectors in the avian blastoderm: potential as stable genetic markers. (org.ua)
  • Genetic structure, transforming sequence, and gene product of avian sarcoma virus UR1. (wikidata.org)
  • Characterization of a 105,000 molecular weight gag-related phosphoprotein from cells transformed by the defective avian sarcoma virus PRCII. (wikidata.org)
  • Tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity associated with p105 of avian sarcoma virus PRCII. (wikidata.org)
  • Characterization of protein kinase activity associated with the transforming gene product of Fujinami sarcoma virus. (wikidata.org)
  • Transcription of DNA from the 70S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus. (wikidata.org)
  • In coinfected cells, the retroviral DNA of the avian leukosis virus can integrate into the MDV genome, producing altered biological properties compared to those of the parental MDV. (wikipedia.org)
  • The virus tricks cells into reverse transcribing its RNA into DNA and integrating it into its own genome. (berkeley.edu)
  • The life cycle of retroviruses is arbitrarily divided into two distinct phases: the early phase refers to the steps of infection from cell binding to the integration of the viral cDNA into the cell genome, whereas the late phase begins with the expression of viral genes and continues through to the release and maturation of progeny virions (see Figure 1 for a schematic view of the retroviral life cycle). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The molecular biology of RNA tumor virus. (org.ua)
  • Tumor virus ribonucleic acid directed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis: nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of nascent deoxyribonucleic acid. (wikidata.org)
  • [4] Aronoff R, Hajjar AM, Linial ML. Avian retroviral RNA encapsidation: reexamination of functional 5' RNA sequences and the role of nucleocapsid Cys-His motifs. (org.ua)
  • [18] Cosset FL, Legras C, Thomas JL, Molina RM, Chebloune Y, Faure C, Nigon VM, Verdier G. Improvement of avian leukosis virus (ALV)-based retrovirus vectors by using different cis-acting sequences from ALVs. (org.ua)
  • [2] Anderson DJ, Lee P, Levine KL, Sang JS, Shah SA, Yang OO, Shank PR, Linial ML. Molecular cloning and characterization of the RNA packaging-defective retrovirus SE21Q1b. (org.ua)
  • However, while the late stages of the retrovirus life cycle, consisting of virus replication and egress, have been partly unraveled, the early steps remain largely enigmatic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fully elucidating the early steps of retrovirus replication is therefore crucial not only for identifying new antiretroviral drugs, but also for improving the design of retroviral vectors for gene therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Direct interaction of diseases occurs in the case of genetic recombination among different pathogens, for instance between Avian sarcoma leukosis virus and Marek's disease virus (MDV) in domestic fowl. (wikipedia.org)
  • RSV is an RNA virus, which means that it carries its genetic instructions in the form of RNA, not DNA. (berkeley.edu)
  • Before the advent of cloning and genetic sequencing, we couldn't look into the cancer cell and find the genes involved in cancer. (berkeley.edu)
  • In 1970, a viral gene responsible for cancerous transformation, now known as viral src, or v-src, was identified through genetic and biochemical studies on RSV carried out by Martin, who was then in the Rubin lab, Peter Vogt at the University of Washington in Seattle and Peter Duesberg at UC Berkeley. (berkeley.edu)
  • Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India. (unt.edu)
  • Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
  • [19] Benchaibi M, Mallet F, Thoraval P, Savatier P, Xiao JH, Verdier G, Samarut J, Nigon V. Avian retroviral vectors derived from avian defective leukemia virus: role of the translational context of the inserted gene on efficiency of the vectors. (org.ua)
  • When Rubin moved to UC Berkeley in 1958 to join the Department of Virology, he continued work on RSV and developed other assays, including one to detect avian leukosis virus in vaccines, such as the measles vaccine, that are produced in chicken cell cultures. (berkeley.edu)
  • Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
  • Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)
  • citation needed] The linkage also may not be clear, despite apparent syndemic interactions among diseases, as for example in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hepatitis C virus infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
  • citation needed] Both cancer-causing viruses are known to infect the same poultry flock, the same chicken, and, even the same anatomic cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, working with Caltech graduate student Howard Temin, Rubin developed a way to measure the amount of infectious virus using cultured fibroblast cells from chicken embryos. (berkeley.edu)
  • Germline transmission of exogenous genes in the chicken. (org.ua)
  • Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). (lookformedical.com)
  • Electron microscopic observations on RE virus (strain T) that induces reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys, chickens, and Japanese quail. (wikidata.org)
  • Lethal synergism between influenza virus and pneumococcus, causes excess mortality from secondary bacterial pneumonia during influenza epidemics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza virus alters the lungs in ways that increase the adherence, invasion and induction of disease by pneumococcus, alters the immune response with weakened ability to clear pneumococcus or, alternately amplifying the inflammatory cascade. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • A new group of oncogenic viruses: reticuloendotheliosis, chick syncytial, duck infectious anemia, and spleen necrosis viruses. (wikidata.org)
  • Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
  • He also showed that one strain of RSV was a replication-defective virus that could transform normal cells into cancer cells, but required a leukosis virus - a "helper virus" - to replicate and spread. (berkeley.edu)
  • Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)
  • [11] Prasolov VS. [Retroviral vectors--an effective system for transfer and expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells]. (org.ua)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (about 21 nucleotides long) strands of non-coding RNA that regulate the expression of multiple genes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plants, metazoans, and mammals, and are predicted to control the activity of 30% of all protein-coding genes [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transgenic expression of genes is a mainstay of cancer modeling in zebrafish. (bvsalud.org)
  • This was one of the very first observations to suggest that the virus might carry information about cell transformation and tumorigenesis that was separate from the information needed for the replication cycle of the virus," Martin said. (berkeley.edu)
  • Also, since BCL6 interacts with several co-repressor complexes to inhibit transcription, and its gene is frequently trans-located and hyper-mutated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), miR-155 acts to enhance transcription and contribute to the pathogenesis of DLBCL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was at a time before genes could be cloned and sequenced, and much of his research relied on manipulating cultured cells in a petri dish. (berkeley.edu)
  • Harry Rubin, a leader in the search to understand how viruses cause cancer - research that ultimately led to the discovery of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes - died on Sunday, Feb. 2, at the age of 93. (berkeley.edu)
  • Identification of a sequence likely to be required for avian retroviral packaging. (org.ua)
  • In 1955, Rubin showed that every cell in an RSV-induced tumor was capable of releasing the virus, implying that RSV was permanently associated with the host cell and suggesting that it plays a direct and continuing role in perpetuating the cell in its malignant state. (berkeley.edu)
  • The surge in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) research in order to identify new therapeutic targets has led to a better understanding of the retroviral life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since tumor viruses have such small genomes and carry only a few genes, it was clear that studying tumor viruses would provide an entry point into the basic mechanisms of cancer. (berkeley.edu)
  • External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)
  • Dulbecco and Temin, along with David Baltimore, later shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on tumor-causing viruses. (berkeley.edu)