Gene amino acids rna transfer val. Medical search. Frequent questions

The RNA Tie Club was an informal scientific club, meant partly to be humorous, of select scientists who were interested in how proteins were synthesised from genes, specifically the genetic code. (wikipedia.org)
By 1954, it was becoming to be understood that genetic information pathway involved DNA, RNA and proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. (pressbooks.pub)
There are 20 different amino acids making up the subunits of proteins (Table 1). (pressbooks.pub)
All proteins are made from differing combinations of the amino acids (Figure 2). (pressbooks.pub)
Therefore, if you are going to make proteins you need to either make amino acids first (Figure 3) or consume amino acids in your diet. (pressbooks.pub)
Proteins are polypeptides of different amino acids. (pressbooks.pub)
Proteins or polypeptides are made by connecting amino acids together with peptide bonds. (pressbooks.pub)
The UGT1 family constitutes a complex gene locus on human chromosome 2q37 and comprises 13 first exons that encode the unique N-terminal domains of the UGT1A proteins and exons 2 to 5 that encode the C-terminal domain, which is identical in all UGT1A family members ( Owens and Ritter, 1992 ). (aspetjournals.org)
Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)
These findings culminated in the central dogma of molecular biology, that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. (addgene.org)
Proteins are made up of amino acids. (addgene.org)
As you'll remember from our module on proteins, amino acids fall into one of four groups, based on the chemistry of their side chain. (learn-biology.com)
Here we present a new approach to incorporate single or multiple post-translational modifications or non-canonical amino acids into soluble and membrane proteins expressed in eukaryotic cells. (biorxiv.org)
Although there are more than 500 amino acids in nature, the alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant. (easy4learning.com)
After enzymatic digestion or acid hydrolysis, glucosamine have been identified to come from proteins. (easy4learning.com)
Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister separately postulated in 1902 that proteins are made up of a large number of glucosamines, and that these interactions between one amino acid's amino group and another's carboxyl group result in a linear structure that Fischer dubbed "peptides. (easy4learning.com)
Natural amino acids are the only ones to have the L configuration and are exclusively present in proteins during translation in the ribosome, with the exception of achiral glycine. (easy4learning.com)
Almost all (S) amino acids, with the exception of cysteine (R) and glycine (non-chiral), are found in proteins. (easy4learning.com)
Rarely, proteins include D-amino acid residues, which are created as a post-translational modification from l-amino acids. (easy4learning.com)
The predicted gene products with sequence similarity amongst the eiAU and SSL 2009a phage genomes include things like the putative small tail proteins tail tape mea certain, major tail proteins, major capsid proteins, head morphogenesis, phage terminase tiny subunit, and the phage terminase large subunit. (hivprotease-signal.com)
The amino acid sequences of one of many conserved structural pro teins likewise as among the non structural proteins have been selected for phylogenetic evaluation. (hivprotease-signal.com)

Such intricacy in tRNA expression regulation cannot be exclusively explained by the global modulation of the RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcriptional activity. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated that the ayu rhodopsin gene is intron-less. (bioone.org)
Phylogenetic analysis primarily based to the significant terminase subunit amino acid sequence plus the DNA polymerase I amino acid sequence of eiAU reveal that phages eiAU, eiDWS, and eiMSLS were most much like phage that infect other enterobacteria and Sodalis glossinidius. (hivprotease-signal.com)
RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence of RaTG13 shows that it is 100% similar to that of bat corona virus BtCoV/4991 and 98.7-98.9% similar to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp 2 . (preprints.org)
Once these are added we will add in the synthesis of key macromolecular components (ribosome, RNA polymerase, etc.) and show how they are coupled to their respective reactions. (readthedocs.io)

It was created by George Gamow upon the suggestion by James Watson in 1954, at the time the relationship between nucleic acids and amino acids in genetic information was unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Base-pair (bp) is used to quantitate the length of nucleic acids but it should really be used for DNA only since RNA is single-stranded. (tripod.com)
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are the building blocks of genetic material. (bankofbiology.com)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain various post-transcriptional modifications that are crucial for tRNA stability, translation efficiency, and fidelity. (mdpi.com)
Besides their canonical roles in translation, tRNAs also originate tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions ranging from translation regulation to gene expression control and cellular stress response. (mdpi.com)
The human cytoplasmatic pool of tRNA for the 20 proteinogenic amino acids and selenocysteine is composed of 48 isoacceptor families -those tRNA with different anticodons- divided into 253 different isodecoder species -those tRNAs that share the same anticodon but present sequence variations in other positions [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
138 tDNAs were represented in the HM450 microarray, and 95 of them were located further than 2 kb from RNAPII-transcribed genes (Supplementary Figure S 1 A). We established this exclusion criterion because the interferences mediated by elongating RNAPII on RNAPIII transcription of neighboring genes could mask the effects that DNA methylation would induce on tRNA expression. (biomedcentral.com)
This RNA has a noncanonical structure at its 3'-terminus but mimics a tRNA L-shaped fold, including an anticodon loop containing the major identity nucleotides for valylation, and a pseudoknotted amino acid accepting domain. (cnrs.fr)
The tRNA-like structure (TLS) of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) RNA was previously shown to be efficiently charged by yeast valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS). (cnrs.fr)
This molecule called tRNA, then called sRNA (soluble RNA). (infinitylearn.com)
i)tRNA has an anticodon loop that has bases complementary to the code and also has an amino acid acceptor end, which it binds to amino acids. (infinitylearn.com)

However, the structure and nature of RNA were still a mystery (specific RNA molecules were not known until 1960), especially on how RNAs are involved in protein synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
One can speculate that free amino-acids from the surrounding medium get caught into the 'holes' of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, and thus unite into the corresponding peptide chains. (wikipedia.org)
Valylatable variants were selected from a pool of 2 x 10(13) RNA molecules derived from the TYMV TLS randomized in the anticodon loop nucleotides and in the length (1-6 nucleotides) and sequence of the pseudoknot loop L1. (cnrs.fr)
NF-κB is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the highly specific pattern of gene expression observed for immune, inflammatory and acute phase response genes, including interleukin 1, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor and certain cell adhesion molecules. (justia.com)
But, a permuta tion combination of 4 3 (4x 4×4) would generate 64 codons, generating many more codons than required (ii)Har Gobind Khorana could synthesise RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases (homopolymers and copolymers). (infinitylearn.com)
This approach is helpful in avoiding a number of nomenclatural issues, but it should not be interpreted as meaning that these structures account for a sizable portion of amino acid molecules. (easy4learning.com)

Aside from serving as protein residues,glucosamine also take involvement in the transfer of neurotransmitters and biosynthesis. (easy4learning.com)
Positively charged amino acid residues are relatively abundant in the encoded gene-products of N. equitans and other hyperthermophiles, which is reflected in their isoelectric point distribution. (biomedcentral.com)

The nucleotide sequence is the most fundamental level of knowledge of a gene or genome. (migzmediagroup.com)
The presumed gene count of 100,000 for human genome drastically went down to around 20,000 after the completion of Human Genome Project. (tripod.com)
The gene encoding the Ov-phy-1 open reading frame contained 11 introns, similar in structure to the gene encoding human prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoform I. Genomic Southern blot, EST and genomic PCR studies demonstrated that the O. volvulus genome contained between three and eight genes closely related to Ov-phy-1. (embl.de)
In order to isolate a particular gene from human chromosomal DNA, it would be necessary to isolate a sequence of a few hundred or few thousand basepairs from the entire human genome. (addgene.org)
Without doubt, the investigatory work that revealed the DNA sequence that makes up the Human Genome in 2003 has generated a lot of useful information about DNA, genes and chromosomes. (biotopics.co.uk)
Some regions of the genome encode non-protein-coding RNA like transfer RNAs, the RNA components of ribosomes, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs that regulate translation. (cilecenter.org)
The genome of RaTG13 (MN996532.1) was sequenced from the RNA of a bat faecal swab collected in 2013 from Yunnan, China, however the exact location is not mentioned. (preprints.org)

Comparison of different genes of A. hydrophila expression level in E. coli of wild-type and codon- optimized sequences. (migzmediagroup.com)
Null variant (nonsense, frameshift, canonical +/−1 or 2 splice sites, initiation codon, single or multi-exon deletion) in a gene where loss of function (LOF) is a known mechanism of disease. (genome.network)
Example: Val->Leu caused by either G>C or G>T in the same codon. (genome.network)
ii)One codon codes for only one amino acid, hence, it is unambiguous and specific. (infinitylearn.com)
iii)Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, hence the code is degenerate. (infinitylearn.com)
iii)Silent mutation occurs when a base change in a codon does not alter the amino acid coded. (infinitylearn.com)
Each amino acid is encoded for by 3 nucleotides termed a codon. (addgene.org)
As there are only 20 natural amino acids and 64 codon combinations each amino acid is encoded for by multiple codons. (addgene.org)
However, despite recent technical achievements 1 , 2 , the type of chemical modification that can be accomplished by genetic means (e.g. amber codon suppression) is limited to incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) due to the tolerance of the cell's translational machinery. (biorxiv.org)
Analysis of nucleotide, codon and amino acid usage patterns in N. equitans indicates the presence of distinct selective constraints, probably due to its adaptation to a thermo-parasitic life-style. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, a gene with a given nucleotide sequence is always translated following the same rules provided by the codon table for that organism. (readthedocs.io)

Experimental works on the hypothesis led to the discovery of transfer RNA, a molecule that carry the key to genetic code. (wikipedia.org)
To identify the photoreceptive molecule that regulates photoperiodic responses, in the present study, we have cloned and characterized the cDNA encoding an opsin gene expressed in the ayu brain, a putative site of the photoreceptor for photoperiodism. (bioone.org)
5.Francis Crick postulated the presence of an adapter molecule that would on one hand read the code and on other hand would bind to specific amino acids. (infinitylearn.com)
Is a RNA molecule thats shape allows it to catalyze a chemical reaction. (flashcardmachine.com)
The combination of a DNA fragment with a plasmid or vector DNA backbone generates a recombinant DNA molecule, which can be used to study DNA fragments of interest, such as genes. (addgene.org)

In the physiological range, both the carboxylic acid and amino groups are completely ionized allowing amino acids to act as either an acid or a base. (pressbooks.pub)
Two compounds, Compound 1 (1,4-dihydrophenanthrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid) and Compound 5 [8-(N-butyl-N-ethylcarbamoyl)-1,4-dihydrophenathrolin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid], with comparable potencies in vivo, were chosen to investigate the effect of the inhibition of the hydroxylation of newly synthesized uterine collagen on the turnover of this protein in vivo. (embl.de)
Amino Acids (Food Science): Amino and carboxylic acid functional groups can both be found in organic compounds known as amino acids . (easy4learning.com)

Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of F. oxysporum , converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. (nature.com)
Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in F. oxysporum . (nature.com)

In sickle-cell anemia, how does the structural difference between valine and glutamic acid lead to the improper folding of the hemoglobin protein? (migzmediagroup.com)
However, that one change results in the 7th amino acid being valine (Val) instead of glutamic acid (Glu, also known as glutamate). (learn-biology.com)
Because valine is a non-polar amino acid and glutamic acid is ionic, the substitution changes hemoglobin's chemical and physical properties. (learn-biology.com)

However, ~20,000 is the number of protein-coding genes. (tripod.com)

Here we describe an in vitro selection experiment aimed (i) to verify the completeness of the valine identity set, (ii) to elucidate the impact of the pseudoknot on valylation, and (iii) to investigate whether functional communication exists between the two distal anticodon and amino acid accepting domains. (cnrs.fr)
i)Point mutation occurs due to change in single base pair.Its example is a change of single base pair in the gene for beta-globin chain of haemoglobin that results in the change of amino acid residue glutamate to valine. (infinitylearn.com)
The chemical name of valacyclovir hydrochloride is L-valine, 2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethyl ester, monohydrochloride. (rxlist.com)

these form the preinitiation complex, which with RNA poly II bind to and read single stranded DNA gene template. (flashcardmachine.com)
is a DNA poly enzyme that transcribes single stranded RNA into double stranded DNA. (flashcardmachine.com)
Transcript evaluation Complete RNA was isolated from fresh blood with QIAamp RNA blood kit, and single stranded cDNA was synthesized together with the GoScript reverse transcription procedure in ac cordance using the companies directions. (mirnainhibitors.com)

Consider the following portion of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotide: 5'-ACA-UCA-CGG-GUA-3' What is the amino acid order produced for normal DNA? (migzmediagroup.com)
1.Genetic code is the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA and the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide. (infinitylearn.com)
i)The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA. (infinitylearn.com)

6. Translation is the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide. (infinitylearn.com)

The four bases of DNA were assumed to synthesise 20 different combinations as triplets, that is the different amino acids, with overlapping nucleotide sequences. (wikipedia.org)
iv)Severo Ochoa enzyme (polynucleotide phosphoryiase) was also helpful in polymerising RNA with defined sequences in a template independent manner (enzyme synthesis of RNA). (infinitylearn.com)
Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
a , Maximum-likelihood tree using concatenated protein sequences of 100 genes randomly selected from 4,694 Fusarium orthologous genes that have clear 1:1:1:1 correlation among the Fusarium genomes and have unique matches in Magnaporthe grisea , Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans . (nature.com)

It includes Cytosine (C), Thymine (T-only in DNA) & Uracil (U-only in RNA). (bankofbiology.com)

In fact, tRNAs actively engage in protein synthesis regulation and in additional molecular processes that are unrelated to translation, like apoptosis prevention and the generation of small derivative non-coding RNAs that perform further cellular functions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
From the transcriptome analysis we found increased expression of siderophore synthesis genes and multiple known virulence genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Taxonomic classification of those E. ictaluri specific phages must rely on a synthesis of morphological and genomic details, taking into consideration that phage evolution continues to be profoundly directed by lateral gene transfer, and that a rational hierarchical technique of phage classification really should be based within the degree of DNA and protein sequence identity for several genetic loci. (hivprotease-signal.com)

d. in a code which is a se, What amino acid sequence is coded for by the nucleotide sequence GACGGCAAAGCC? (migzmediagroup.com)
Determine the amino acid sequence of a protein given the nucleotide sequence of a gene. (pressbooks.pub)
Changes in a nucleotide sequence - the sequence of As Ts, Cs, and Gs that make up DNA or RNA. (learn-biology.com)

Except for the amino acid proline, they all consist of a central carbon atom covalently bonded to an amino group, a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group (Figure 1). (pressbooks.pub)

This is an important substitution because a highly polar amino acid is replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid. (migzmediagroup.com)

Recent studies have revealed an extensive superfamily of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), 2 previously termed glucuronyl transferases, which catalyze the conjugation of UDP-glucuronic acid with lipid-soluble substrates to form polar conjugates that are excreted in the urine and feces. (aspetjournals.org)

While our focus below will be on genetic changes in organisms, note that changes in the DNA or RNA of viruses are important drivers of virus evolution. (learn-biology.com)
While the analysis of nucleotide/amino acid preferences in N. equitans offers an insight into the molecular strategies taken by the archaeon for thermo-parasitic adaptation, the comparative study of the compositional characteristics of mesophiles, hyperthermophiles and obligatory host-associated organisms demonstrates the generality of such strategies in the microbial world. (biomedcentral.com)

ii)tRNAs are specific for each amino acid, they are clover-shaped. (infinitylearn.com)

The aim of this study was to compare the in vivo expression of virulence and metabolic genes of S. aureus in a prosthetic joint infection in a human subject with growth in vitro as reference using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). (biomedcentral.com)
However, in obligatory intracellular bacteria, many genes involved in DNA recombination and repair along with the biosynthetic and metabolic genes are usually lost [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Recent advances have been made in the of host factors, polymorphisms, and candidate genes associated characterization of the immune response to low-molecular- with occupational asthma may improve our understanding of weight agents. (cdc.gov)

The regulatory pattern of catabolic pathway genes indicated that the bacterial infection was sustained on amino acids, glycans and nucleosides. (biomedcentral.com)

DNA & RNA are polynucleotides. (bankofbiology.com)

While our genes are encoded by a varying sequence of nucleotides, the genotype is determined by the DNA sequence, both nuclear and mitochondrial. (cilecenter.org)

ii)Frameshift mutation occurs where addition/insertion or deletion of one or two bases changes the reading frame from the site of mutation, resulting in a protein with a different set of amino acids. (infinitylearn.com)
Insertion or deletion of three of its multiples of bases do not alter the reading frame but one/more amino acids are coded in the protein translated. (infinitylearn.com)

Genes are composed of double helical deoxyribonucleic acids, or DNA. (cilecenter.org)

The other one is that mutation is any variation in the gene that causes an obvious change in phenotype whereas polymorphisms do not cause any obvious phenotypic variation. (tripod.com)
The report covers research from the authors' laboratories on the structure and regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, glucuronidation of xenobiotics and endobiotics, the toxicological relevance of UGTs, the role of UGT polymorphisms in cancer susceptibility, and gene therapy for UGT deficiencies. (aspetjournals.org)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1.1. (slideserve.com)
He published the hypothesis in the 13 February 1954 issue of Nature, explaining: It seems to me that such translation procedure can be easily established by considering the 'key-and-lock' relation between various amino-acids, and the rhomb-shaped 'holes' formed by various nucleotides in the deoxyribonucleic acid chain. (wikipedia.org)

Southern and Northern blots and reverse-transcription PCR analyses indicate that the same rhodopsin gene is expressed in the retina and the brain but not in the pineal organ of ayu. (bioone.org)
Studies on rodent UGT genes have demonstrated that the transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) and CAAT-enhancer binding protein are important positive regulators of UGT expression in the liver (Hansen et al. (aspetjournals.org)

Others, on the other hand, depend on complex interactions between genes and life history and epigenetic signals from parents. (cilecenter.org)
DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)

William Cumming Rose, who also identified the necessary glucosamine and defined the minimal daily needs of all amino acids for healthy growth, made the final discovery of the 20 common amino acids in 1935: threonine. (easy4learning.com)

The chemical and physical properties of the side chains provide the functionally important properties to amino acids. (pressbooks.pub)
The side chain of cysteine is located geometrically in the same place as the side chains of the other amino acids, but the R/S terminology is reversed due to sulfur's higher atomic number than the carboxyl oxygen, which gives the side chain a higher priority by the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence rules. (easy4learning.com)

4.Mutations and genetic code It also helps to study relationships between genes and DNA. (infinitylearn.com)
The three letters on the amino acid row represent one of the twenty amino acids, or some genetic code "punctuation," such as "start. (learn-biology.com)
The numbers on top organize the nucleotides into triplets, reflecting the way that the genetic code uses groups of three nucleotides to code for one amino acid. (learn-biology.com)

This finding suggests that constitutively activated GDH enhances oxidation of glutamate, which is intracellularly converted from glutamine to α-ketoglutarate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle substrate, which thereby stimulates insulin secretion. (diabetesjournals.org)
GDH is ubiquitously expressed, and its oxidative deamination reaction feeds the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by converting l -glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, whereas the reductive amination reaction supplies nitrogen for several biosynthetic pathways. (diabetesjournals.org)

These studies have provided fundamental insights into UGT gene structure and regulation, isozyme substrate selectivity, and interindividual variability. (aspetjournals.org)
Interindividual UGT variability likely plays an important role in drug efficacy and xenobiotic toxicity, as well as in hormonal regulation and certain diseases, which in some cases may be amenable to therapeutic manipulations including gene therapy. (aspetjournals.org)
Structure and Tissue-Specific Regulation of UGT Genes (P.I.M., P.A.G., Y.I., A.J.H. (aspetjournals.org)

Studies on the mechanisms that regulate UGT genes, in a temporal and tissue-specific manner, should contribute significantly to understanding the basis for these differences. (aspetjournals.org)

He stated that since there are only four bases and if they have to code for 20 amino acids, the code shoul d constitute a combination of bases. (infinitylearn.com)

Human beings have 20,000 to 25,000 genes. (diabetestalk.net)

three different genes may cause the same phenotype). (tripod.com)
The phenotype is determined by our genes, environment, life history and epigenetics. (cilecenter.org)

A gene is a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein. (diabetestalk.net)

The largest chromosome, chromosome 1, contains about 8000 genes. (diabetestalk.net)
The UGT2 family, in contrast, is encoded by separate genes clustered on chromosome 4q13 and consists of the UGT2A and UGT2B subfamilies. (aspetjournals.org)

Although they can be found in archaea and eukaryotes, they play the most significant biological role in bacteria where they can be passed from one bacterium to another by a type of horizontal gene transfer (conjugation), usually providing a benefit to the host, such as antibiotic resistance. (addgene.org)
Several genes for antibiotic resistance have been identified on plasmids which can be passed between related species. (biotopics.co.uk)
It is recognized that the success of S. aureus depends not only on its virulence genes and development of antibiotic resistance, but also on a coordinated and timely expression of genes upon infection of its host. (biomedcentral.com)

Environmental signals affiliated with the coming of spring induce genes in the buds to turn on and drive the dramatic changes of leaf development and flowering. (pressbooks.pub)

Animals consume some of their amino acids (the essential amino acids), but plants and bacteria are able make all their own amino acids. (pressbooks.pub)
Amplicon sequencing was used for detection of bacteria in fluid obtained by sonication of prosthesis components (all joint fluid was used for RNA-seq). (biomedcentral.com)

Using mathematics, Gamow postulated that a nucleotide code consisting of three letters (triplets) would be enough to define all 20 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)

Phylogenetic ana lysis of several phage gene merchandise suggests that these phages are similar to these that infect other Enterobacteria hosts. (hivprotease-signal.com)

The current MCAT regularly has questions which require previous knowledge of the structures, features (including changes in charge with pH), 3- and 1-letter abbreviations of the 20 common protein-generating amino acids, etc. (mcat-prep.com)

Trypsin digestion of the abnormal hemoglobin resulted in a smaller than normal HPLC peak for the 9 segment of -globin, which is composed of amino acids 67 through 82, and the appearance of a new peak at 193 min. (migzmediagroup.com)
Proinsulin is converted to insulin by the enzymatic removal of a segment that connects the amino end of the A chain to the carboxyl end of the B chain. (diabetestalk.net)

Well-established in vitro or in vivo functional studies supportive of a damaging effect on the gene or gene product. (genome.network)

Plasmids are fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA. (addgene.org)
Plasmids that are used most commonly in the field of recombinant DNA technology have been optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes. (addgene.org)

The UGT content of cells and tissues is a major determinant of our response to those chemicals that are primarily eliminated by conjugation with glucuronic acid. (aspetjournals.org)

Anatomy10

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment42

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes83

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Proteins22

Polymerase5

Nucleic acids3

TRNA8

Molecules6

Residues2

Genome7

Codon11

Molecule5

Carboxylic acid3

Chromosomes2

Glutamic acid3

Protein-codin1

Valine3

Single-stranded3

MRNA3

Polypeptide1

Sequences4

Thymine1

Synthesis3

Nucleotide sequence3

Carboxyl group1

Hydrophobic1

Soluble1

Organisms2

TRNAs1

Metabolic genes2

Candidate genes1

Nucleosides1

Polynucleotides1

Sequence of nucleotides1

Deletion2

Helical1

Polymorphisms2

Deoxyribonucleic2

Transcription2

Epigenetic2

Threonine1

Side chains2

Genetic code3

Glutamate2

Regulation3

Regulate1

Bases1

20,0001

Phenotype2

Specific protein1

Chromosome2

Antibiotic3

Induce1

Bacteria2

Triplets1

Phylogenetic1

Abbreviations1

Segment2

Vitro1

Plasmids2

Conjugation1