Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility. (wikipedia.org)
At the pH at which gel electrophoresis is carried out the SDS molecules are negatively charged and bind to proteins in a set ratio, approximately one molecule of SDS for every 2 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
By comparing the relative ratio of the distance traveled by each protein to the length of the gel (Rf) one can make conclusions about the relative molecular weight of the proteins, where the length of the gel is determined by the distance traveled by a small molecule like a tracking dye. (wikipedia.org)
In most proteins, the binding of SDS to the polypeptide chains impart an even distribution of charge per unit mass, thereby resulting in a fractionation by approximate size during electrophoresis. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins that have a greater hydrophobic content - for instance, many membrane proteins, and those that interact with surfactants in their native environment - are intrinsically harder to treat accurately using this method, due to the greater variability in the ratio of bound SDS. (wikipedia.org)
Chemical modification of membrane proteins suggested that the carboxyl groups are the major ligand responsible for most of the lead binding. (bmj.com)
utilizing this photoreactivity advantageously, [3H]LSD was used to photolabel membrane proteins. (erowid.org)
Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]LSD labeled membranes from F. hepatica showed two proteins which were selectively labeled by the photoreactive [3H]LSD. (erowid.org)
The separated HIV-1 proteins are elecrotransferred from gel to a nitrocellulose membrane, which is then washed, blocked (to minimize nonspecific immunoglobulin binding), and packaged. (cdc.gov)
To examine gender-dimorphic regulation of skeletal muscle proteins between healthy control and STZ-induced diabetic rats of both genders, we performed differential proteome analysis using two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. (karger.com)
If the membrane-anchor is missing or defective, Fp and Ip subunits accumulate as soluble proteins in the cytoplasm. (lu.se)
Mitochondrial membrane potential2
These effects were consistent with improved mitochondrial function, reflected by testosterone-induced increases in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), antioxidant enzyme (GSH-PX, catalase, and Mn-SOD) expression/activity, and mitochondrial respiratory complex activities in both brain regions. (aging-us.com)
Likewise, it was determined through microscopic and flow cytometric experiments that 3-NPA's induced overproduction of reactive species and a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) could be efficiently prevented by pre-treating cells with 4-MTBITC. (bvsalud.org)
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/lauryl sulfate, is an ionic detergent has the ability to disrupt biological membranes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Tetrahymena ciliary membranes were prepared by four different techniques, and their protein composition was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), electron microscopy, and two-dimensional thin-layer peptide mapping. (ku.edu)
Vesicles3
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) are receiving great attention as vaccine platforms. (mdpi.com)
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are released into the extracellular compartment upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane. (dovepress.com)
To determine whether this tubulin-like protein was associated with the membrane or whether it was an axonemal or matrix protein released by detergent treatment, three different methods to isolate ciliary membrane vesicles were developed. (ku.edu)
Biological membranes1
The formation of lipid rafts and cavioli in biological membranes provides examples of cooperative association of lipids presumably assisted by the presence of cholesterol acting as a lineactant in the two-dimensional system of the membrane. (lu.se)
Mass spectrometry1
These cutting-edge techniques address such important tasks as sample preparation, 2D-PAGE, gel staining, mass spectrometry, and post-translational modification. (nhbs.com)
Intracellular2
The binding of lead to erythrocytes was not confined to membranes, over 80% of lead in blood penetrates into erythrocytes and binds to intracellular components. (bmj.com)
The lactase/phlorizin hydrolase isolated from pigs in which the pancreatic ducts had been disconnected 3 days before death and from Ca2+-precipitated enterocyte membranes (basolateral and intracellular membranes) exhibited in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the same size of constituent polypeptides and the same catalytic and immunological properties as a normal brush border lactase/phlorizin hydrolase. (nih.gov)
Nitrocellulose1
The protein is transferred to a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride absorbing membrane sheet. (mayo.edu)
Polypeptides2
The membrane anchor of SQR in mammalian mitochondria and proteobacteria, such as Escherichia coli , consists of two polypeptides (SdhC and SdhD) and contains one heme group. (lu.se)
Notably, certain B. subtilis mutants with mutated Fp lack covalently bound flavin and do not assemble the SQR polypeptides in the membrane [3]. (lu.se)
Protein4
The protein-bound membrane is then incubated with a known or test antibody reagent, followed by a secondary antibody conjugated with a color indicator enzyme or substrate (or radiolabeled isotope). (mayo.edu)
The bioinformatics tools include those for analyzing 2D-GEL patterns, protein modeling, and protein identification. (nhbs.com)
Here, after research involving Sprague Dawley rats, we reported that spinal nerve ligation (SNL), in addition to causing allodynia, enhances the Rab3-interactive molecule-1α (RIM1α), a major active zone protein presumed to regulate neural plasticity, specifically in the synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that a major ciliary membrane protein has properties similar to those of tubulin. (ku.edu)
Lipids1
The majority of inositol lipids reside in membranes and serve as substrates for kinases, phosphatases, and phospholipases. (asm.org)
Plasma4
We found that GML potently altered order and disorder dynamics in the plasma membrane that resulted in reduced formation of LAT, PLC-γ, and AKT microclusters. (nature.com)
The distribution of lead in plasma, in the red cell membrane, and within the red cell was also investigated. (bmj.com)
This rather efficient photoreaction yields a variety of products which have very low affinity for LSD-hinding sites on plasma membranes from Fasciola hepatica. (erowid.org)
Serum or Plasma Sample Preparation for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis - Anthony G. Sullivan, Stephen Russell, Henry Brzeski, Richard I. Somiari and Craig D. Shriver 7. (nhbs.com)
Detergent1
Extraction of the isolated cilia by nonionic detergent solubilized the ciliary membranes but left the axonemal microtubules and dyneine arms intact, as determined by quantitative electron microscopy. (ku.edu)
Composition1
When polyacrylamide gel is denatured after electrophoresis, it provides information on the sample composition of the RNA species. (wikipedia.org)
Preparation of Mammalian Tissue Samples for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis - Frank Witzmann 5. (nhbs.com)
Results1
The absence of dystrophin leads to myofiber membrane fragility that results in the progressive muscular degeneration that characterizes DMD ( Sussman, 2002 ). (frontiersin.org)
PAGE1
Native-PAGE keeps the oligomeric form intact and will show a band on the gel that is representative of the level of activity. (wikipedia.org)
Formation1
Acrylamide is soluble in water and upon addition of free-radical initiators it polymerizes resulting in formation of polyacrylamide. (wikipedia.org)
Size1
It is useful to make polyacrylamide gel via acrylamide hydration because pore size can be regulated. (wikipedia.org)
Presence1
The purified enzyme was free of other known brush border enzymes and appeared homogeneous in immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. (nih.gov)
Cell2
In the case of solid tissues or cells, these are often first broken down mechanically using a blender (for larger sample volumes), using a homogenizer (smaller volumes), by sonicator or by using cycling of high pressure, and a combination of biochemical and mechanical techniques - including various types of filtration and centrifugation - may be used to separate different cell compartments and organelles prior to electrophoresis. (wikipedia.org)
Lipid-poor HDL precursors mature by obtaining cholesterol and phospholipids from cell membranes or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (jci.org)
Polyacrylamide gel with small pores helps to examine smaller molecules better since the small molecules can enter the pores and travel through the gel while large molecules get trapped at the pore openings. (wikipedia.org)
Form1
With the full complement of prosthetic groups they are then bound to the heme-containing membrane-anchor to form the active SQR. (lu.se)
Groups2
SH groups of the membrane may have a minor role, but amino groups did not appear to affect the lead binding. (bmj.com)
SQR consists of a membrane-peripheral heterodimer domain (often called succinate dehydrogenase) which is tightly bound to a membrane-spanning anchor, which is a cytochrome with one or two heme groups depending on the organism. (lu.se)
Important1
Functionally, dystrophin expressed in the CNS plays an important role in the clustering of neurotransmitter receptors and water- and ion channels to the cellular membrane. (frontiersin.org)