• They confirmed the earlier findings of the gamma-ray background, produced the first detailed map of the sky at gamma-ray wavelengths, and detected a number of point sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a new study, Alberto Dominguez and six co-authors - based on observations spanning wavelengths from radio waves to very energetic gamma rays obtained from several NASA spacecraft and several ground-based telescopes - describe the best measurement yet of the evolution of the EBL over the past 5 billion years. (astronomy.com)
  • Thus, measuring how much gamma rays of different energies are attenuated or weakened from blazars at different distances from Earth indirectly gives a measurement of how many EBL photons of different wavelengths exist along the line of sight from blazar to Earth over those different distances. (astronomy.com)
  • VIR can image Vesta in a number of different wavelengths of light, ranging from the visible to the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (universetoday.com)
  • Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. (nasa.gov)
  • These regions of the spectrum with wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere are referred to as "atmospheric windows. (nasa.gov)
  • Scientists have identified solar energy as a spectrum of many different wavelengths of electromagnetic rays. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • X-rays have one of the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • They have higher energy than ultraviolet light, but longer wavelengths than gamma rays. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • Because different kinds of rocks emit "signature" spectrums in different wavelengths, it's possible we could pick up the signs of silicate rocks or other types of material. (universetoday.com)
  • Different wavelengths along this spectrum affect the skin in different ways. (skincancer.org)
  • Infrared radiation (IR) starts at the outer red edge of our visible light and has the longest wavelengths in this spectrum. (skincancer.org)
  • Detectors on board the Vela satellite series, designed to detect flashes of gamma rays from nuclear bomb blasts, began to record bursts of gamma rays from deep space rather than the vicinity of the Earth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Later detectors determined that these gamma-ray bursts are seen to last for fractions of a second to minutes, appearing suddenly from unexpected directions, flickering, and then fading after briefly dominating the gamma-ray sky. (wikipedia.org)
  • This database table comprises the gamma-ray bursts detected by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). (nasa.gov)
  • It includes the gamma-ray bursts from the BATSE 4B Catalog (triggers 105 through 5586, observed between April 19, 1991, and August 29, 1996) as well as a large number of triggered bursts since the publication of the BATSE 4B Catalog. (nasa.gov)
  • in 'Gamma-Ray Bursts: the Fourth Huntsville Symposium (IAP No. 428)', ed. (nasa.gov)
  • This database table contains values for T90 and T50, quantities related to burst duration, for 1234 gamma-ray bursts that triggered the BATSE LAD detectors between April 1991 and 29 August 1996. (nasa.gov)
  • For gamma-ray bursts of cosmic origin, see Gamma-ray burst . (wikipedia.org)
  • BATSE detected only a small number of TGF events in nine years (76), due to it having been constructed to study gamma ray bursts from outer space, which last much longer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) continues to be a prolific detector of gamma-ray transients: magnetars, solar flares, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and gamma-ray bursts at keV to MeV energies, complementing the higher energy LAT observations of those sources in addition to providing valuable science return in their own right. (cern.ch)
  • Four different neutron spectra were declared as source in the MCNP model which consisted of a simple spherical geometry. (iaea.org)
  • GEANT4 Neutron induced Characteristic gamma-ray spectrum Background contribution I. INTRODUCTION 1 Research on explosives detection has gotten more attention around the world in terrorist activities in recent years. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • The traditional neutron activation analysis (NAA) [ 1 1 ] method has difficultly distinguished explosive and non-explosive organic materials because of the same components of C, H, N, and O. The pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis (PFTNA) [ 2 2 ] technique can combine the prompt inelastic scattering gamma-ray spectrum of fast neutrons with the delayed radiative capture gamma-ray spectrum of thermal neutrons. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • The relative biological efficiency (RBE) of neutrons versus gamma rays varies inversely with neutron energy down to 0.4 MeV, where it can reach values of 20 and more. (who.int)
  • Gamma-ray astronomy is the astronomical observation of gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, with photon energies above 100 keV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radiation below 100 keV is classified as X-rays and is the subject of X-ray astronomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • A solar flare is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in the Sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength, radio waves, to high energy gamma rays. (wikipedia.org)
  • Radiation with the highest energy includes forms like ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. (cdc.gov)
  • Radioactive atoms can give off four types of ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. (cdc.gov)
  • First, the co-authors compared the Fermi findings to the intensity of X-rays from the same blazars measured by X-ray satellites Chandra, Swift, Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, and XMM/Newton and lower-energy radiation measured by other spacecraft and ground-based observatories. (astronomy.com)
  • Our Sun is a source of energy across the full spectrum, and its electromagnetic radiation bombards our atmosphere constantly. (nasa.gov)
  • The electromagnetic spectrum is a classification of the Sun's radiation. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • Since Galileo's pioneering work, increasingly more powerful optical telescopes have been developed, as has a wide array of instruments capable of detecting and measuring radiation in every region of the electromagnetic spectrum . (britannica.com)
  • Also known as pulsars, these stars spin rapidly (millisecond pulsars spin hundreds of times per second, faster than a kitchen blender) and emit beams of radiation that can sweep the Earth in lighthouse-like fashion across the electromagnetic spectrum. (scienceblog.com)
  • The aim of the present study was designed to analyze the effects of different sterilization techniques, i.e. ethylene oxide (ETO), gamma radiation (GR) and hydrogen peroxide- based plasma (H2O2) in biodegradable PLA scaffolds, and to determine the best sterilization technique to render a sterile product with minimal degradation and deformation, and good tissue response. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are different kinds of ionizing radiation, such as alpha, beta and gamma rays and neutrons. (who.int)
  • The generated spectra also vary with the spectrum of the source neutrons. (iaea.org)
  • A series of measurements was performed to investigate the gamma ray spectra, in the region from about 100 kev to about 3 Mev, resulting from the capture of thermal neutrons in a number of elements. (unt.edu)
  • The share of the background sources such as neutrons and gamma is obtained and the contribution that the experimental apparatus to the background, such as shielding, detector sleeve and moderator, is analyzed. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • When the gamma-ray spectra of mines and explosives are measured by the PFTNA method, many complex signals should be generated, including gamma signals from the target, and the background by neutrons and gamma signals, the experimental apparatus and the environment. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • Aug. 23, 2021 Astronomers have succeeded in quantifying the proton and electron components of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The Large Area Telescope (LAT) has discovered more than a thousand new sources and many new source classes, bringing the importance of gamma-ray astrophysics to an ever-broadening community. (cern.ch)
  • Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes were first discovered in 1994 by BATSE , or Burst and Transient Source Experiment, on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , a NASA spacecraft. (wikipedia.org)
  • The EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has observed the Galactic Center (GC) region with good coverage at a number of epochs. (dtu.dk)
  • This figure illustrates how energetic gamma rays (dashed lines) from a distant blazar strike photons of extragalactic background light (wavy lines) and produce pairs of electrons and positrons. (astronomy.com)
  • At the other end they emit energetic gamma rays, which do not penetrate the Earth's protective atmosphere and can only be detected from space. (scienceblog.com)
  • These gamma bells may not produce the kind of tintinnabulation that we're accustomed to, but the gamma rays they emit could be music to alien ears. (ieee.org)
  • Frequency and Spectrum of Mutations Induced by Gamma Rays Revealed by Phenotype Screening and Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing in Arabidopsis thaliana . (bvsalud.org)
  • used with 4-energy channel data to determine burst photon spectra. (nasa.gov)
  • used with 128-energy channel counts data to generate burst photon spectra. (nasa.gov)
  • When a high-energy gamma-ray photon from a blazar hits a much lower-energy EBL photon, both are annihilated and produce two different particles - an electron and its antiparticle, a positron, which fly off into space and are never heard from again. (astronomy.com)
  • Next, the view changes to telescopes that detect visible light (Hubble and Swift), ultraviolet light (Swift), and X-rays (Chandra and NuSTAR). (harvard.edu)
  • There are several regions to ultraviolet light in the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging in wavelength between 10 and 400 nanometres. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • In most known cases, gamma rays from solar flares and Earth's atmosphere are generated in the MeV range, but it is now known that gamma rays in the GeV range can also be generated by solar flares. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most gamma rays coming from space are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so gamma-ray astronomy could not develop until it was possible to get detectors above all or most of the atmosphere using balloons and spacecraft. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, Earth is inside a very bright solar system: Sunlight scattered by all the dust in the plane of Earth's orbit creates the zodiacal light radiating across the optical spectrum down to long-wavelength infrared. (astronomy.com)
  • A terrestrial gamma-ray flash ( TGF ), also known as dark lightning , is a burst of gamma rays produced in Earth's atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
  • The candidate particles, ranging from protons to nuclei as massive as iron, generate "extensive air-showers" (EAS) in interactions with air nuclei when en- tering the Earth's atmosphere. (lu.se)
  • Significant gamma-ray emission from our galaxy was first detected in 1967 by the detector aboard the OSO 3 satellite. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effective gamma signal (from soil and TNT) is 29% of the full spectrum signal, and the background signal, more than 68%, this is mainly produced by shielding and the detector sleeve. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • The BFITS data files - containing burst and background spectral data as a function of time - and the detector response matrices (DRM) - modeling the instrument response to account for scattering and other effects - are extremely useful for gamma-ray burst analysis. (nasa.gov)
  • The absorptive material for gamma-rays is minimized to the detector thickness of 300 or 500 mu m and a 0.63 mm ceramic backing. (lu.se)
  • As GeV gamma rays are important in the study of extra-solar, and especially extra-galactic, astronomy, new observations may complicate some prior models and findings. (wikipedia.org)
  • These first gamma-ray line observations were from OSO 3, OSO 7, and the Solar Maximum Mission, the latter spacecraft launched in 1980. (wikipedia.org)
  • Observations of blazars by NASA's Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope spacecraft for the first time detected that gamma rays from distant blazars are indeed attenuated more than gamma rays from nearby blazars. (astronomy.com)
  • To gain crucial insight into the black hole's properties and help interpret the EHT image, scientists coordinated observations with 19 of the world's most powerful telescopes on the ground and in space, collecting light from across the spectrum. (harvard.edu)
  • The discoveries are the result of a powerful synergy between gamma-ray and radio observations made possible by the LAT's unprecedented ability to pinpoint gamma-ray sources. (scienceblog.com)
  • Scientists on the LAT team have been working to identify sources of gamma rays and produce a complete catalog from the first year of observations, consisting of over 1000 sources. (scienceblog.com)
  • The red dots show some of the ~500 terrestrial gamma-ray flashes daily detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope through 2010. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists have also detected energetic positrons and electrons produced by terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The BATSE Current Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, the BATSE GRB Team, http://gammaray.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/grb/catalog/current/ The Fourth BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, C. A. Meegan et al. (nasa.gov)
  • Scientists first began seeing hints of dark lightning from gamma ray measurements from satellites since at least the 1990s, according to this NASA video . (popsci.com)
  • The NASA telescopes involved in this observing campaign included the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. (harvard.edu)
  • Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum" NASA Science . (nasa.gov)
  • The mechanisms emitting gamma rays are diverse, mostly identical with those emitting X-rays but at higher energies, including electron-positron annihilation, the inverse Compton effect, and in some cases also the decay of radioactive material (gamma decay) in space reflecting extreme events such as supernovae and hypernovae, and the behaviour of matter under extreme conditions, as in pulsars and blazars. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spectra measured by the LAT and MAGIC telescopes are compatible within the errors and show a clear turn-off (4.6σ) at the highest energies, which can be described with an exponential cut-off at E_c = 3.5(^{+1.6}_{-1.0})_{stat} (^{+0.8}_{-0.9})_{sys} TeV. (iac.es)
  • Different energies of the highest-energy gamma rays are waylaid by different energies of EBL photons. (astronomy.com)
  • The workshop on "Hadron-Hadron and Cosmic-Ray Interactions at multi-TeV Energies" held at the ECT* centre (Trento) in Nov.-Dec. 2010 gathered together both theorists and experimentalists to discuss issues of the physics of high-energy hadronic interactions of common interest for the par- ticle, nuclear and cosmic-ray communities. (lu.se)
  • Synthetic X-ray emission line spectra were calculated for a range of temperatures and κ. (harvard.edu)
  • It boasts a full spectrum of data, ranging from radio to gamma-rays. (sciencedaily.com)
  • However, it is not proven that the Crab spectrum is characteristic for all young pulsars: thus, a single or a few very young pulsars (at the GC not detectable in radio emission), provided their gamma-ray emission is larger than that of the Crab pulsar by a factor of 13, are likely candidates. (dtu.dk)
  • These jets produce light spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum , from radio waves to visible light to gamma rays. (harvard.edu)
  • Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. (nasa.gov)
  • A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another portion. (nasa.gov)
  • The visible colors, infrared, radio, X-rays and gamma rays are all forms of light and comprise the electromagnetic spectrum. (universetoday.com)
  • The contents and services span the entire observed spectrum from gamma rays through radio frequencies. (caltech.edu)
  • To make the earliest possible use of these preliminary catalogs, NRL astrophysicist Dr. Paul Ray, an Affiliated Scientist in the LAT collaboration, recruited a handful of radio astronomers with expertise using the largest radio telescopes in the world to form the Fermi Pulsar Search Consortium (PSC). (scienceblog.com)
  • At one end of the spectrum they are detected by ground-based radio telescopes. (scienceblog.com)
  • The gamma-ray data are too sparse to allow the discovery of millisecond pulsations from unidentified sources, and the radio discoveries would have been delayed by years if they had to continue surveying the sky without the benefit of the gamma-ray source locations," said Dr. Ray. (scienceblog.com)
  • And, the back-and-forth continues once the radio observers are able to measure precise orbital parameters and we are able go back to the LAT data to look for the gamma-ray pulses from these sources," he added. (scienceblog.com)
  • They predict the existence of electromagnetic waves and provide a unified understanding of the origin of the various forms of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to visible light and gamma rays. (lu.se)
  • During this process, the relativistic electrons oscillate in the magnetic field, which in turn causes the emission of gamma ray s, predominantly in the direction of the laser. (photonics.com)
  • These processes included cosmic ray interactions with interstellar gas, supernova explosions, and interactions of energetic electrons with magnetic fields. (wikipedia.org)
  • The experimental signature of the decay is a monoenergetic signal at \(Q_{\beta \beta }\) \(=2039.061(7)\) keV in the measured summed energy spectrum of the two emitted electrons. (springer.com)
  • It is presumed that TGF photons are emitted by electrons traveling at speeds very close to the speed of light that collide with the nuclei of atoms in the air and release their energy in the form of gamma rays ( bremsstrahlung [7] ). (wikipedia.org)
  • Gamma rays, x-rays, and some ultraviolet waves are "ionizing," meaning these waves have such a high energy that they can knock electrons out of atoms. (nasa.gov)
  • First, the spectrum of the gamma-rays seen by RHESSI matches very well to the prediction of relativistic runaway at 15-20 km. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two-dimensional spectra of zero-crossing (ZC) versus energy confirmed an excellent discrimination of protons and alpha-particles in all the detectors at different angles. (lu.se)
  • The energy spectra of protons and alpha-particles measured in the experiments are presented. (lu.se)
  • 1997). The Third BATSE BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, C. A. Meegan et al. (nasa.gov)
  • The LAT first year gamma-ray source catalog is not yet public - its public release is planned for early 2010 - but the Fermi team has produced several interim catalogs for internal use. (scienceblog.com)
  • Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M87 for two decades, including during this coordinated campaign. (harvard.edu)
  • The first true astrophysical gamma-ray sources were solar flares, which revealed the strong 2.223 MeV line predicted by Morrison. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977. (wikipedia.org)
  • Long before experiments could detect gamma rays emitted by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the universe should be producing them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Work by Eugene Feenberg and Henry Primakoff in 1948, Sachio Hayakawa and I.B. Hutchinson in 1952, and, especially, Philip Morrison in 1958 had led scientists to believe that a number of different processes which were occurring in the universe would result in gamma-ray emission. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have acquired more than 7500 LAMO pictures from the Framing Camera and more than 1 million LAMO VIR (Visible and Infrared) spectra which afford scientists a much more detailed view of Vesta than had been planned with the survey orbit and the high altitude mapping orbit (HAMO). (universetoday.com)
  • A few years later, scientists using NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope , which was designed to monitor gamma rays, estimated that about 500 TGFs occur daily worldwide, but most go undetected. (wikipedia.org)
  • While there is no absolute consensus among scientists on the dividing lines between each section (it is a spectrum, after all! (skincancer.org)
  • This mosaic shows the images taken at a wavelength of 550 nanometers, which is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (universetoday.com)
  • Click on each wavelength to learn more about the waves that make up the spectrum. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • While the spectrum suggests middle-aged pulsars like Vela, too many are required to produce the observed flux. (dtu.dk)
  • A number of these sources were suspected of being hitherto unknown pulsars because they were not coincident with known classes of gamma ray emitting sources and their spectral and variability characteristics were similar to known gamma-ray pulsars. (scienceblog.com)
  • Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic rays (very energetic charged particles in space) with interstellar gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 4 pi silicon bail for detection and identification of light charged particles in large multidetector gamma-arrays as EUROBALL is presented. (lu.se)
  • The purpose of the experiment was to supplement the high energy capture gamma ray data in order to remove some of the ambiguities from the proposed energy level schemes and to obtain information for the Shielding Group of Brookhaven National Laboratory on elements normally found in reactors. (unt.edu)
  • It is widely believed that the bulk of the Galactic cosmic rays is accelerated in supernova remnants (SNRs). (iac.es)
  • Gamma rays, the most energetic wave in the electromagnetic spectrum, are typically associated with radioactive decay, nuclear detonations and supernova explosions. (popsci.com)
  • Both spectra contain the characteristic gamma-ray spectrum of the four elements. (sinap.ac.cn)
  • SAN DIEGO, July 7, 2022 - A project that aims to demonstrate the efficient generation of dense gamma-ray beams will include experiments that are expected to provide the first statistically relevant study of gamma-ray generation using high-powered lasers. (photonics.com)
  • However, the field of gamma-ray astronomy took great leaps forward with the SAS-2 (1972) and the Cos-B (1975-1982) satellites. (wikipedia.org)
  • A discovery in gamma-ray astronomy came in the late 1960s and early 1970s from a constellation of military defense satellites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dieter Hartmann, a high-energy physicist, presents a story-based lesson on the science of Gamma-Ray astronomy. (nasa.gov)
  • NASA's flagship mission for X-ray astronomy. (harvard.edu)
  • NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond. (nasa.gov)
  • The December 2023 issue of IEEE Spectrum is here! (ieee.org)
  • IEEE Spectrum is the flagship publication of the IEEE - the world's largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. (ieee.org)
  • Create an account to access more content and features on IEEE Spectrum , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. (ieee.org)
  • Subscribe to IEEE Spectrum 's newsletter on robots, drones, and automation. (ieee.org)
  • The October 2023 issue of IEEE Spectrum is here! (ieee.org)
  • These two satellites provided an exciting view into the high-energy universe (sometimes called the 'violent' universe, because the kinds of events in space that produce gamma rays tend to be high-speed collisions and similar processes). (wikipedia.org)
  • The newest GOES satellites include a solar X-ray imager operated by NOAA . (nasa.gov)
  • The Landsat satellites detect light in different parts of the spectrum, including the red, green, and blue light visible to humans, as well as near and shortwave infrared light outside the range of human perception. (nasa.gov)
  • The sequence finishes by showing what gamma ray telescopes on the ground, and Fermi in space, detect from this black hole and its jet. (harvard.edu)
  • The first gamma-ray telescope carried into orbit, on the Explorer 11 satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma-ray photons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Astrophysicists developed an ingenious work-around method - measuring the EBL indirectly through measuring the attenuation of very high-energy gamma rays from distant blazars. (astronomy.com)
  • Thus, the gamma-ray attenuation spectrum from farther distant blazars reveals how the EBL looked at earlier eras. (astronomy.com)
  • The gamma-ray emission from 60 MeV to 10 TeV can be attributed to a population of high-energy protons with a spectral index of ∼2.2 and an energy cut-off at ∼10 TeV. (iac.es)
  • Analysis of the spectral behavior, variability time scale and relevant calculations of TeV γ-ray emission allow to conclude the presence of a noticeable absorption of the TeV γ-rays in the Mkn 501 energy spectrum. (harvard.edu)
  • We focus on the 6-24 Å spectral range to be observed by the upcoming Marshall Grazing-Incidence X-ray Spectrometer MaGIXS. (harvard.edu)
  • However, the total gas mass in the Nuclear Bulge (NB) derived from the gamma-ray emission is found to be in agreement with the mass which in recent studies has been derived from molecular-line and FIR surveys. (dtu.dk)
  • Fermi LAT's study of diffuse gamma-ray emission in our galaxy revealed giant bubbles shining in gamma rays. (cern.ch)
  • This result indicates that Cas A is not contributing to the high energy (∼PeV) cosmic ray sea in a significant manner at the present moment. (iac.es)
  • Continuous monitoring of the high-energy gamma-ray sky has uncovered numerous outbursts from a wide range of transients. (cern.ch)
  • The human eye can only detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. (nasa.gov)
  • Highlighted in yellow are subatomic particles called positrons that the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope detected from this dark lightning flash. (popsci.com)
  • Only the EHT can detect the black hole's shadow, and at the other extreme, Fermi is not able to determine whether the gamma ray emission it detects comes from regions close to the black hole, or from the jet. (harvard.edu)
  • All gamma-ray data are made immediately available at the Fermi Science Support Center . (cern.ch)
  • The LAT, the primary instrument on the Fermi satellite, has been surveying the gamma-ray sky since its scientific activation on August 4, 2008. (scienceblog.com)
  • 1.9 to 2.40 as the decomposition temperature is increased from 150 degree to l000 degree C. This change in refractive index parallels a gradual change in the x-ray diffraction pattern from weak, diffuse lines for PuO2 ignited at 150° to sharp, well resolved lines for PuO2 ignited at 1000°C. Similar results are observed for PuO2 made by thermal decomposition of Pu2(C2O4)3*11H2O. (unt.edu)
  • The combined treatments of gamma rays+EMS produced higher frequency of chlorophyll mutations as compared to their individual treatments. (scialert.net)
  • In this picture dictation activity, students use a range of skills to investigate some ways humans use the waves on the electromagnetic spectrum. (sciencelearn.org.nz)
  • The remaining waves within the spectrum, such as microwaves and radiowaves, are nonionizing. (medscape.com)
  • The direct measurement of a harder-than-expected cosmic-ray electron spectrum may imply the presence of nearby cosmic-ray accelerators. (cern.ch)
  • en] Radiative capture reactions are of interest in shielding design and other fundamental research. (iaea.org)
  • The gamma ray spectra due to the capture reactions were recorded at 10 cm from the center of the sphere. (iaea.org)
  • Experience has shown that a 1-gray dose of alpha rays, for example, is about 10 to 20 times more harmful than a 1-gray dose of gamma rays. (who.int)
  • Beta rays and X-rays are about as harmful as gamma rays. (who.int)
  • The latest cosmic-ray results from various ground-based obser- vatories were also presented with an emphasis on the phenomenological modeling of the first hadronic interactions of the extended air-showers generated in the Earth atmosphere. (lu.se)