• One of them zapped out gamma rays with energies of up to a teraelectronvolt - equivalent to about 500 billion times the energy of photons our eyes detect! (syfy.com)
  • That is the gamma-ray burst: An intensely high-energy pair of beams - calling them death rays is not really an exaggeration, as it's nearly impossible to exaggerate anything about GRBs - that scream outward into space. (syfy.com)
  • Happily, they happen very far away, so we just see them as a blip of gamma rays somewhere in the sky. (syfy.com)
  • HESS doesn't see gamma rays directly, but is sensitive to the glow in our own atmosphere when these super-high-energy photons slam into the air, moving faster than light in that medium (which is slower than light speed in a vacuum, so no physical laws are broken here). (syfy.com)
  • When HESS sees them it can figure out where the original gamma rays came from, and what their energies were. (syfy.com)
  • It found gamma rays from GRC 180720B that were 440 billion electron Volts (typical visible light photons that we see range from 2-3 eV, so there are extremely energetic photons), the highest ever seen. (syfy.com)
  • For physicists who study this high-energy light, known as gamma rays, "it's an exciting time," she says. (sciencenews.org)
  • Gamma rays are the most energetic type of light, packing a punch strong enough to pierce through metal or concrete barriers. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Gamma rays can be helpful as well as harmful (and are very unlikely to turn you into the Hulk). (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • This consists of many beams of gamma rays focused on the cells that need to be destroyed. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • The name "gamma rays" came from Ernest Rutherford. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • French chemist Paul Villard first identified gamma rays in 1900 from the element radium, which had been isolated by Marie and Pierre Curie just two years before. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Alpha rays bounce right off, beta rays went a little farther, and gamma rays went the farthest. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Today we know alpha rays are the same thing as helium nuclei (two protons and two neutrons), beta rays are either electrons or positrons (their antimatter versions), and gamma rays are a kind of light. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Nuclear reactions are a major source of gamma rays. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • When an unstable uranium nucleus splits in the process of nuclear fission, it releases a lot of gamma rays in the process. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Today we know GRBs come in two types: the explosions of extremely massive stars, which pump out gamma rays as they die, and collisions between highly dense relics of stars called neutron stars and something else, probably another neutron star or a black hole. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Gamma rays played a key role in the discovery of the Higgs boson. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • The Higgs boson, for example, can decay into many different types of particles, including gamma rays. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Even though theory predicts that a Higgs boson will decay into gamma rays just 0.2 percent of the time, this type of decay is relatively easy to identify and it was one of the types that scientists observed when they first discovered the Higgs boson. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • To study gamma rays, astronomers build telescopes in space. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Gamma rays heading toward the Earth from space interact with enough atoms in the atmosphere that almost none of them reach the surface of the planet. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • That's good for our health, but not so great for those who want to study GRBs and other sources of gamma rays. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • To see gamma rays before they reach the atmosphere, astronomers have to build telescopes in space. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • For example, you can't use a normal lens or mirror to focus gamma rays, because the rays punch right through them. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Instead an observatory like the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope detects the signal from gamma rays when they hit a detector and convert into pairs of electrons and positrons. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Some gamma rays come from thunderstorms. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • In the 1990s, observatories in space detected bursts of gamma rays coming from Earth that eventually were traced to thunderclouds. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • That static electricity also acts like a giant particle accelerator, creating pairs of electrons and positrons, which then annihilate into gamma rays. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • These aggressive events are heralded by gamma rays, whichtravel straight through the universe and eventually impact on the Earth's atmosphere. (mpg.de)
  • There is no strict theoretical limit on the highest energy of astrophysical gamma rays, so far as I know, but there are some practical limitations. (astronomy.com)
  • Gamma rays result from the interactions of electrons and protons that have been accelerated to almost the speed of light. (astronomy.com)
  • Higher-energy particles produce higher-energy gamma rays, so one limitation to the maximum gamma-ray energy is the maximum energy to which particles can be accelerated. (astronomy.com)
  • Gamma rays are destroyed when they interact with lower-energy photons. (astronomy.com)
  • Since the universe is full of low-energy photons from starlight and the cosmic microwave background, gamma rays are limited in the distance they can travel. (astronomy.com)
  • higher-energy gamma rays can only survive if they are produced inside of our galaxy, or in a near neighbor. (astronomy.com)
  • Detecting a high-energy gamma ray is relatively simple, but high-energy gamma rays are extremely rare. (astronomy.com)
  • A typical astronomical source produces just a few gamma rays per square meter of Earth's surface every year - so we need a very large detector. (astronomy.com)
  • The highest-energy gamma rays that have been detected by these observatories have energies of around 50 teraelectron volts, or 50 billion times the energy of an X-ray. (astronomy.com)
  • Higher-energy gamma rays certainly exist in the universe, since particles with much higher energies have been observed. (astronomy.com)
  • The collision creates photons-x-rays and gamma-rays. (popsci.com)
  • By measuring the gamma-rays, scientists can assess whether fluorine is present. (popsci.com)
  • In physics , induced gamma emission ( IGE ) refers to the process of fluorescent emission of gamma rays from excited nuclei, usually involving a specific nuclear isomer . (wikipedia.org)
  • Tracy Slatyer was searching for dark matter when she helped discover the Fermi bubbles, pictured here in an image combining visible light, X-rays and gamma rays. (livescience.com)
  • While looking for hints of dark matter's signature in the gamma rays emanating from the center of the Milky Way, she and her colleagues found never-before-seen structures extending far above and below the galactic disk - aftershocks of a black hole outburst from millions of years ago that came to be known as "Fermi bubbles" after the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. (livescience.com)
  • in fact, every impact listed above releases an enormous amount of energy in the form of gamma rays. (universetoday.com)
  • Since the era of the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory in the 1990s, it has been discussed whether outbursts of radio emission are physically connected to similar events occurring at gamma rays' says Anton Zensus, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) and Fermi Affiliated Scientist. (mpg.de)
  • Some of this residual energy after radioactive decay can be emitted in the form of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, called gamma rays. (ieer.org)
  • Gamma rays are essentially like X-rays and are the most penetrating form of radiation. (ieer.org)
  • [1] It should be noted that the emission of gamma rays does not change the mass number or atomic number of the nucleus - that is, unlike radioactive decay by emission of particles, spontaneous fission, or electron capture, it does not cause the transmutation of the nucleus into another element. (ieer.org)
  • Gamma rays are like light, except that they are much higher frequency electromagnetic rays. (ieer.org)
  • Photons of gamma rays can damage living cells by splitting molecules apart or ionizing elements in them. (ieer.org)
  • Gamma rays (denoted as γ ) are a form of electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, such as electron-positron annihilation or radioactive decay . (wikidoc.org)
  • Gamma rays are generally characterized as electromagnetic radiation having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength (below about 10 picometer ), within the electromagnetic spectrum . (wikidoc.org)
  • Gamma rays consist of high energy photons with energies above about 100 keV . (wikidoc.org)
  • Gamma rays were discovered by Paul Villard , a French chemist and physicist, in 1900, while studying uranium. (wikidoc.org)
  • Hard X-rays overlap the range of "long"-wavelength (lower energy) gamma rays. (wikidoc.org)
  • X-ray photons are generated by energetic electron processes, gamma rays by transitions within atomic nuclei. (wikidoc.org)
  • Due to their high energy content, gamma rays can cause serious damage when absorbed by living cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Shielding gamma rays requires large amounts of mass. (wikidoc.org)
  • The higher the energy of the gamma rays, the thicker the shielding required. (wikidoc.org)
  • Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half (the half value layer or HVL). (wikidoc.org)
  • For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inches) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50% will also have their intensity reduced in half by 6 cm (2½ inches) of concrete or 9 cm (3½ inches) of packed dirt. (wikidoc.org)
  • The exponential absorption holds only for a narrow beam of gamma rays. (wikidoc.org)
  • If a wide beam of gamma rays passes through a thick slab of concrete, the scattering from the sides reduces the absorption. (wikidoc.org)
  • Compton scattering is thought to be the principal absorption mechanism for gamma rays in the intermediate energy range 100 keV to 10 MeV. (wikidoc.org)
  • Gamma rays are often produced alongside other forms of radiation such as alpha or beta . (wikidoc.org)
  • Students will learn in deep about the implementation of the experimental methods in the satellite (AMS-02, Fermi-LAT) and ground-based (Pierre Auger, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS, CTA, HAWC, ARGO-YBJ) detectors of very-high energy (VHE) cosmic rays and gamma-rays, as well of the VHE neutrino detectors (IceCube, KM3NET). (ung.si)
  • Lead sheets are used to attenuate bremsstrahlung x rays and activation gammas. (cdc.gov)
  • Most radionuclides release high-energy photons as gamma rays but PET uses radionuclides that release particles called positrons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gamma rays emitted by the radionuclide interact with scintillation crystals in the camera, creating light photons that are converted into electrical signals by photomultiplier tubes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here, we are interested in photons emitted from atoms (called X rays) and photons emitted from their atomic nuclei (called gamma rays) of superheavy elements. (lu.se)
  • After travelling at most a few millimetres, a positron will collide with an electron, simultaneously releasing two gamma rays (photons) with an energy of 511 keV into opposite directions. (lu.se)
  • In space, supernova remnants and other cosmic accelerators can boost subatomic particles such as electrons, photons and protons to extreme energies , much higher than those achieved in the most powerful earthly particle accelerators ( SN: 10/1/05, p. 213 ). (sciencenews.org)
  • Saying photons are energy is like saying electrons are charge. (physicsforums.com)
  • If photons have momentum, when an electron captures a photon, does it make any difference in the electrons energy or path after capture depending on the direction the photon was traveling before it was captured by the electron? (physicsforums.com)
  • The first time that photons could rest for a second, attached as electrons to atoms. (phys.org)
  • During this process, the relativistic electrons oscillate in the magnetic field, which in turn causes the emission of gamma ray s, predominantly in the direction of the laser. (photonics.com)
  • PURPOSE: To differentiate radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence using single-photon emission CT (SPECT). (psu.edu)
  • METHOD: Seventy-six patients (bone-, cardiac- and lung scan) were scanned on a conventional gamma camera (planar and/or single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]/SPECT-CT) used in clinical routine and on the ring-configurated CZT camera Starguide (GE Healthcare). (lu.se)
  • SPECT uses a gamma camera that rotates around the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • SPECT imaging uses photons emitted from radioactive decay, for photon energies 25-350 keV. (lu.se)
  • Imaging of the radiation emitted from the radionuclide of the radiopharmaceutical is carried out using a gamma camera (planar or SPECT- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) or PET (Positron Emission Tomography). (lu.se)
  • These two emitted individual photons with the highest energies ever seen . (syfy.com)
  • The Tibet AS-gamma experiment caught multiple particles of light - or photons - from the nebula with energies higher than 100 trillion electron volts , researchers report in a study accepted in Physical Review Letters . (sciencenews.org)
  • Although scientists have searched for photons at these energies before, they haven't succeeded in detecting such energetic photons until now, says astrophysicist Petra Huentemeyer of Michigan Technological University in Houghton, who was not involved with the research. (sciencenews.org)
  • Black holes, pulsars, remnants of exploded stars - these celestial bodies accelerate particles to enormous energies and emit high-energy gamma radiation. (mpg.de)
  • What is the theoretical limit on the energies of gamma-ray photons? (astronomy.com)
  • In the vicinity of a spinning supermassive black hole (billions of times heavier than our Sun) an enormous amount of energy is released, often in the most energetic form of light: high energy gamma-ray photons at mega- or even gigaelectronvolt (MeV/GeV) energies. (mpg.de)
  • The photoelectric effect is the dominant energy transfer mechanism for x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies below 50 keV (thousand electron volts ), but it is much less important at higher energies. (wikidoc.org)
  • Most of the lower-energy photons make it unscathed through both the first cell and the film. (sciencenews.org)
  • To monitor nuclear tests in the 1960s, the United States launched gamma radiation detectors on satellites. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Gamma radiation from space has very high energy levels. (astronomy.com)
  • Gamma-ray observatories, such as the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) and the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory (HAWC), can observe over effective areas as large as a football field by detecting the products of these particle cascades at ground level. (astronomy.com)
  • All patients had previously been treated with either conventional external-beam radiation therapy (XRT) (26 patients) or gamma knife radiosurgery (16 patients) and had subsequent contrast enhanced MR examinations before nuclear medicine imaging. (psu.edu)
  • Gamma radiation using a linear accelerator is the most common type of radiation therapy. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Proton therapy has advantages over gamma radiation therapy in that it deposits energy at a depth from the surface, whereas gamma radiation damages all tissues along the path of the beam. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The fusion process generates photons of gamma radiation. (phys.org)
  • But in the early universe, there was nowhere for these primordial photons of gamma radiation to go. (phys.org)
  • Photon energy is directly proportional to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation. (ieer.org)
  • In passing through matter, gamma radiation ionizes via three main processes: the photoelectric effect , Compton scattering , and pair production . (wikidoc.org)
  • It carries much more energy than gamma or beta radiation, and deposits that energy very quickly while passing through matter. (cdc.gov)
  • This radiation can include gamma-ray photons or particulate emission (such as positrons, used in positron emission tomography). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Photons are electromagnetic radiation - alike visible light. (lu.se)
  • Gamma-ray photons emitted from the internal distributed radiopharmaceutical penetrate through the animal's or patient's body and are detected by a single or a set of collimated radiation detectors. (lu.se)
  • This study investigated hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques Cross-sectionally (at a single time point) 2 to 5 years after exposure to a single large dose (6.5 to 8.4 Gray) of total body radiation (TBI) derived from linear accelerator-derived photons (2 MeV, 80 cGy/minute) or Cobalt 60-derived gamma irradiation (60 cGy/min). (cdc.gov)
  • Among them, the photon absorption technique exposes the individual to radiation, the densitometry requires the individuals to be fully adapted to the liquid medium, the gamma ray spectrometry is impractical due to the high costs associated with the equipment, and the hydrometry requires an extended amount time for the determination of the body water contents. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of the present study was designed to analyze the effects of different sterilization techniques, i.e. ethylene oxide (ETO), gamma radiation (GR) and hydrogen peroxide- based plasma (H2O2) in biodegradable PLA scaffolds, and to determine the best sterilization technique to render a sterile product with minimal degradation and deformation, and good tissue response. (bvsalud.org)
  • His research focuses on developing superconducting sensors and readout into arrays of microcalorimeter detectors capable of measuring the energy of individual photons and particle decays in ways that are difficult or impossible with conventional detector techniques. (nist.gov)
  • Dark matter candidates that explain this feature should also annihilate to Standard Model particles, resulting in a continuous spectrum of photons. (scivideos.org)
  • When a gamma ray strikes the top of the atmosphere, it initiates a cascade of particles, which in turn produces a flash of blue light. (astronomy.com)
  • Photons are the bosuns (carrier particles) for electromagnetic energy. (physicsforums.com)
  • So they used a technique called particle-induced gamma-ray emission spectroscopy to test containers for fluorine. (popsci.com)
  • It is analogous to conventional fluorescence , which is defined as the emission of a photon (unit of light) by an excited electron in an atom or molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arrows are photons, (up) absorption, (down) emission. (wikipedia.org)
  • Induced gamma emission is an example of interdisciplinary research bordering on both nuclear physics and quantum electronics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Supercomputer simulation of energetic gamma-ray emission (yellow arrows) by a dense plasma (green) irradiated by a high-intensity laser beam (red and blue). (photonics.com)
  • Where in powerful jets of distant active galaxies - the mightiest and most energetic objects known - are the violent outbursts of high energy gamma-ray emission produced? (mpg.de)
  • For the first time a connection between dramatic outbursts of high energy gamma-ray emission and their counterparts at many radio frequencies has been established for a large sample of galaxies. (mpg.de)
  • The new findings demonstrate that the gamma-ray emission originates from the innermost region of the radio jet (white). (mpg.de)
  • Many of the connected physical processes are not understood in detail so far, for example the production of high-energy gamma-ray photons and their place of origin inside the jet, or the origin of strong outbursts of emission across the whole electromagnetic spectrum. (mpg.de)
  • The brightest gamma-ray burst ever detected appears to have produced an emission that is difficult to explain. (cerncourier.com)
  • This is an interaction in which an incident gamma photon loses enough energy to an atomic electron to cause its ejection, with the remainder of the original photon's energy being emitted as a new, lower energy gamma photon with an emission direction different from that of the incident gamma photon. (wikidoc.org)
  • Astronomers eventually realized these explosions were coming from deep space-not the Soviet Union-and named them gamma-ray bursts, or GRBs. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous explosions in the universe. (astronomy.com)
  • The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. (wikipedia.org)
  • This database table comprises the gamma-ray bursts detected by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). (nasa.gov)
  • It includes the gamma-ray bursts from the BATSE 4B Catalog (triggers 105 through 5586, observed between April 19, 1991, and August 29, 1996) as well as a large number of triggered bursts since the publication of the BATSE 4B Catalog. (nasa.gov)
  • in 'Gamma-Ray Bursts: the Fourth Huntsville Symposium (IAP No. 428)', ed. (nasa.gov)
  • This database table contains values for T90 and T50, quantities related to burst duration, for 1234 gamma-ray bursts that triggered the BATSE LAD detectors between April 1991 and 29 August 1996. (nasa.gov)
  • With projectile photons, momentum and energy can be conserved only if the incident photon, X-ray or gamma, has precisely the energy corresponding to the difference in energy between the initial state of the target nucleus and some excited state that is not too different in terms of quantum properties such as spin. (wikipedia.org)
  • If an incident photon is absorbed by an initial state of a target nucleus, that nucleus will be raised to a more energetic state of excitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • By interaction with the electric field of a nucleus, the energy of the incident photon is converted into the mass of an electron- positron pair. (wikidoc.org)
  • VECTor uses dedicated clustered pinhole collimators mounted in a scanner with three stationary large-area NaI(Tl) gamma detectors. (nih.gov)
  • These two photons are detected by the PET camera and simultaneously localized within a fixed period of time by a series of opposing detectors, which correspond to multiple rings of scintillation crystals. (lu.se)
  • Artist's impression of how huge cosmic structures deflect photons in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). (phys.org)
  • Ray tracing software was used to calculate photon transport through the collimator structures and into the gamma detector. (nih.gov)
  • Effects on reconstructed images of (i) modelling variable depth-of-interaction (DOI) in the detector, (ii) incorporating photon paths that go through multiple pinholes ('multiple-pinhole paths' (MPP)), and (iii) including various amounts of point spread function (PSF) tail were evaluated. (nih.gov)
  • The BFITS data files - containing burst and background spectral data as a function of time - and the detector response matrices (DRM) - modeling the instrument response to account for scattering and other effects - are extremely useful for gamma-ray burst analysis. (nasa.gov)
  • The first is the energy of the particle that produces the gamma ray. (astronomy.com)
  • In the analysis of Compton Scattering, the photon is assumed to be a particle that has a momentum determined by the de Broglie hypothesis. (physicsforums.com)
  • As a subfield of astroparticle physics, gamma-ray astronomy, investigates many questions rooted in particle physics in an astrophysical context. (cerncourier.com)
  • As a consequence, the massless photino and photon appear as the corresponding Nambu-Goldstone zero modes in the emergent SUSY QED, and also a special gauge invariance is simultaneously generated. (springer.com)
  • It has long been believed that spontaneous Lorentz invariance violation (SLIV) may lead to the emergence of massless Nambu-Goldstone (NG) zero modes [ 1 , 2 ], which are identified with photons and other gauge fields appearing in the Standard Model. (springer.com)
  • Since photons are massless, they don't experience any time at all! (universetoday.com)
  • Dieter Hartmann, a high-energy physicist, presents a story-based lesson on the science of Gamma-Ray astronomy. (nasa.gov)
  • An international team of astronomers led by Lars Fuhrmann from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany, used some of the best single-dish radio telescopes for several years, in combination with NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, to study the place where the high energy outbursts occur. (mpg.de)
  • implementation in Cherenkov ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. (ung.si)
  • When a gamma ray passes through matter, the probability for absorption in a thin layer is proportional to the thickness of that layer. (wikidoc.org)
  • Within seconds NASA's orbiting Fermi and Swift gamma-ray satellites detected it, and sent out an automated alert to other telescopes to look for it. (syfy.com)
  • There is evidence for a 130 GeV gamma-ray line at the Galactic Center in the Fermi Large Area Telescope data. (scivideos.org)
  • The new component in the experiment conducted at GSI Darmstadt is the possibility to observe photons in connection with the various alpha decays of element 115 and its decendants. (lu.se)
  • used with 4-energy channel data to determine burst photon spectra. (nasa.gov)
  • used with 128-energy channel counts data to generate burst photon spectra. (nasa.gov)
  • The study is based on the realistic gamma-gamma luminosity spectra simulation. (arxiv.org)
  • We place a strong bound on the ratio of continuum photons to monochromatic line photons that is independent of uncertainties in the dark matter density profile. (scivideos.org)
  • Incredibly, HESS couldn't even observe the burst until 10 hours after it occurred, but it detected photons in this energy range for another two hours. (syfy.com)
  • With the H.E.S.S. gamma-ray telescope, for example, they observe the remnants of supernovae. (mpg.de)
  • In fact, photons also carry momentum and angular momentum. (physicsforums.com)
  • If it's unknown, then why do so many people state that photons have momentum? (physicsforums.com)
  • Is there any other way that photons could exhibit momentum properties? (physicsforums.com)
  • When an atom absorbs or emits a photon, momentum is interchanged. (physicsforums.com)
  • So if an electron captures a photo, and jumps up to the next energy state, regardless of the direction of the photon, where does the momentum change due to the direction of the photon go? (physicsforums.com)
  • To destroy brain cancers and other problems, medical scientists sometimes use a 'gamma ray knife. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • Since brains are delicate, the gamma ray knife is a relatively safe way to do certain kinds of surgery that would be a challenge with ordinary scalpels. (symmetrymagazine.org)
  • The sensitivity and specificity for patients who had been treated with gamma knife therapy were 92% and 67%, respectively. (psu.edu)
  • This technique was equally efficacious in patients who had undergone gamma knife radiosurgery and in those who had received XRT. (psu.edu)
  • This describes the case in which a gamma photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic electron, ejecting that electron from the atom. (wikidoc.org)
  • Artwork depicting a gamma-ray burst with a beam of material racing away. (syfy.com)
  • CRAB FISHING Scientists hunting for high-energy photons raining down on Earth from space have found the most energetic light yet detected. (sciencenews.org)
  • A SCENARIO FOR HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-GAMMA INTERACTIONS Gerhard A. Schuler and Torbjorn Sjostrand A real photon has a complicated nature, whereby it may remain unresolved or fluctuate into a vector meson or a perturbative q-qbar pair. (lu.se)
  • The sensitivity of the branching ratio and photon polarization to the new Wilson coefficients are investigated. (metu.edu.tr)
  • Done in an official color palette of White, Malachite, and Light Smoke Grey, the Nike Gamma Force is inspired by classic '80s and '90s basketball styles as the low top sneaker features a heavy dose of leather throughout the upper with suede detailing on the mid panel as well as mesh on the collars. (kicksonfire.com)
  • Most photons detected under the low-light conditions of stargazing will activate rod cells. (universetoday.com)
  • These cells are so light-sensitive that, in dark enough conditions, they can be excited by a single photon! (universetoday.com)
  • Because the universe has been expanding over the 13.8 billion years from then until now, the those earliest photons were stretched out, or red-shifted, from ultraviolet and visible light into the microwave end of the spectrum. (phys.org)
  • Viewed as a nuclear reaction it would belong to a class in which only photons were involved in creating and destroying states of nuclear excitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Simulations using Hydra [2] for an Omega CD-lined capsule with a sub-micron layer of the inside surface of the shell pre-mixed into a fraction of the gas region produce gamma reaction history profiles that are sensitive to the depth to which this material is mixed. (osti.gov)
  • The BATSE Current Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, the BATSE GRB Team, http://gammaray.msfc.nasa.gov/batse/grb/catalog/current/ The Fourth BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, C. A. Meegan et al. (nasa.gov)
  • 1997). The Third BATSE BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog, C. A. Meegan et al. (nasa.gov)
  • SAN DIEGO, July 7, 2022 - A project that aims to demonstrate the efficient generation of dense gamma-ray beams will include experiments that are expected to provide the first statistically relevant study of gamma-ray generation using high-powered lasers. (photonics.com)
  • The kinetic energy of the resulting photoelectron is equal to the energy of the incident gamma photon minus the binding energy of the electron. (wikidoc.org)
  • The extremity dose was measured with neutron and photon sensitive film badges and Fuji electronic pocket dosimeters (EPD). (cdc.gov)
  • The neutron ambient dose outside the shielding was measured by Fuji NSN3, and the photon dose was measured by a Bicron MicroREM scintillator. (cdc.gov)
  • Figure 5: One-photon versus two-photon activation strategies: from spines to circuits. (nature.com)