AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentTechnology, Industry, Agriculture
Gallic AcidEthanolTanninsPicratesHydrolyzable TanninsPhenolsPlant ExtractsPyrogallolRutinHydroxybenzoatesPolyphenolsSanguisorbaDipterocarpaceaePropyl GallateEllagic AcidCatechinRosaceaeCentral Nervous System DepressantsBiphenyl CompoundsCoumaric AcidsPaeoniaFlavonoidsSulfonic AcidsAntioxidantsAnacardiaceaeFree Radical ScavengersLagerstroemiaCistusPhycomycesProtocatechuate-3,4-DioxygenaseMeliaceaeBenzothiazolesTeaPlant BarkVanillic AcidMethanolQuercetinWinePlant LeavesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidHoneyAnthocyaninsPlant Components, AerialPlants, MedicinalPhyllanthusPhyllanthus emblicaGastrodia
ExtractsFlavonoidsQuercetinEllagic acidMethanolPhenolic compoundsCaffeic acidVanillic acidAqueous0.05Ethyl acetate fractionAscorbicProteinsAntioxidantsEquivalentsFatty acidsAmino acidsVitroPurified waterConcentrationsPropolisPhyllanthusLacticSucroseSolventFractionFractionsPurificationFunctionalSolubilityContentHPLCResultsInhibitionPlantMixtureEfficiencyLeavesActivityReactionStudyLiver
Extracts15
  • These results shown that crude ethanol and water extracts of Iris taochia had effective reducing effect, radical scavenging activity and metal chelating effects when compared to standard antioxidants. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The results indicated that the ethanol and water extracts of Iris taochia could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants by the pharmaceutical industry or as a conceivable food supplement. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Grape seed methanol 70% and ethanol 50% extract had significantly higher total phenolic (9.501 and 8.949 mg gallic acid/g), total flavonoids (6.707 and 6.398 mg quercetin /g) and antioxidant activity (702.37 and 636.50 µMolTrolox eq/gm), respectively than other grape seed extracts. (arc.sci.eg)
  • As a response, the caffeic acid content of the extracts was determined by HPLC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts of P. urinaria inhibited HSV-2 infection in vitro [ 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Saponins, tannins, sterols and flavonoids were present in methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts but absent in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. (nartpathway.com)
  • To determine the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint profiles and to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of Muntingia calabura ( M. calabura ) leaves and stems. (hainmc.edu.cn)
  • Both the leaf and stem ethanol extracts at 4 mg/mL exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl inhibition of more than 90%, relative to gallic acid. (hainmc.edu.cn)
  • M. calabura exhibited very high antioxidant activity in its leaves and stems ethanol extracts, both of which are used in traditional medicine. (hainmc.edu.cn)
  • The TLC results demonstrated the presence of diverse secondary metabolites in the leaf and stem ethanol extracts, indicating that the antioxidant activity, including other bioactivities may be attributed to these phytochemical constituents. (hainmc.edu.cn)
  • The extract exhibited inhibition of the DPPH activity in three extracts reaching 87.85% in ethanol 99% extract, 69.64% in ethanol 35% extract and 81.6% in ethyl acetate extract. (alquds.edu)
  • All extracts exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging activity, and the methanolic extracts demonstrated a great antioxidant potential with very low value of EC50 (0.085 mg/mL), significantly equivalent to EC50 (0,028 mg/mL) of commercial antioxidant ascorbic acid. (springeropen.com)
  • Both BC and IE extracts showed high ORAC values (1,422 and 694 mmol of Trolox equivalent/g of dry leaf, respectively) and high PT contents (35.93 and 24.50 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 dry leaf, respectively). (ufpa.br)
  • In this context, different parts of ginger crop i.e. rhizome, leaves and flower of variety Suravi (ID no. 008) were used for the preparation of ginger extracts with 50% methanol, 50% ethanol and water via rotatory shaker for 45 min. (springeropen.com)
  • On the basis of phytochemical profiling and in vitro analyses, ethanol extracts of ginger flowers, leaves and rhizome were selected for the quantification through HPLC. (springeropen.com)
Flavonoids3
  • The plant kingdom, including medicinal and dietary plants, offers many natural phytochemicals that include phenolic diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids and sterols [ 21 - 23 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The total flavonoids content was found to be the highest amount with ethanol 35% extract which reached 64.8 ± 0.88 mg/g, while it was 24.59 ± 1.7 mg/g and 20.1 ± 0.9 mg/g in ethyl acetate, respectively. (alquds.edu)
  • Aqueous root extract of P. zeylanica (PZRE) was analyzed for the presence of flavonoids, sugars, and organic acids using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), and biochemical methods. (dovepress.com)
Quercetin4
Ellagic acid1
  • Ellagic acid, a phenolic molecule identified in P. urinaria , was reported to exhibit antihepatitis B virus activity through down-regulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression and decreasing the secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG 2 2.2.15 cell line [ 6 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Methanol3
  • In this study, ethanol (50 and 100%), methanol (70 and 100%), acetone (70 and 100%), chloroform 100% and water extract of grape seeds were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. (arc.sci.eg)
  • The total phenolic content in methanol extract of D. trigona was determined as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). (nartpathway.com)
  • The results of current investigated indicated that ethanol extract proved to have maximum quantity of phytoceutics as compared to methanol and water. (springeropen.com)
Phenolic compounds2
  • It can be observed that , ethanol was the more effective solvent for extraction of poly phenols than water, where the ethanol extract contain phenol fractions higher than the water extract in both artichoke and olive leaves as well as ethanol extract showed high concentrate of the total phenolic compounds identified compared with those of water extract. (arc.sci.eg)
  • The antioxidant activity of the FTC method was 80% to 108.3% hydrogen peroxide kidnapping, the DPPH method showed an EC50 3.97 mg/mL, the content of total phenolic compounds was determined by calibration curve gallic acid, resulting from 0.0005 mg/100 g of gallic acid equivalent. (blogspot.com)
Caffeic acid4
  • In this study, the optimization of extraction process parameters of caffeic acid content from Spirulina platensis is performed by supercritical green technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The extract exhibited the highest content of caffeic acid as 72.11 µg/g of dw at the optimized extraction conditions of 360.08 bar pressure for 57.13 min extraction time at 38.31 °C temperature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is well documented that out of several bioactive compounds, caffeic acid (CA) is the most significant antioxidant rich phenolic component that widely distributed as hydroxylcinnamate and phenylpropanoid metabolites consisting of both phenolic and acrylic functional groups [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hibiscus extract was examined using an HPLC device at a wavelength of 280 nm, and the result was that it contained a group of compounds: Gallic acid, chlorogenic, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, and sinapic acid. (alquds.edu)
Vanillic acid2
  • Caffeic and vanillic acid showed the highest probable ligand efficiency indices towards the CB1 target. (strath.ac.uk)
  • Vanillic acid displayed the best blood brain barrier penetration prediction score. (strath.ac.uk)
Aqueous2
  • The influence of the temperature and aqueous ethanol concentration (Et-OH) on extract properties (total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity) was firstly analyzed. (springer.com)
  • In aqueous food simulants, gallic acid was the main antioxidant component released with partition coefficient values ca. 200. (upv.es)
0.051
Ethyl acetate fraction5
  • The gallic acid, a phenolic acid identified in the ethyl acetate fraction may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity. (ijpsr.com)
  • The amount of gallic acid present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Tecoma stans (L.) was found to be 1.021 ng/mg extract, by HPTLC. (ijpsr.com)
  • Among the ethanol extract and three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest phenolic content (108.26 mg gallic acid g -1 ) and the best antioxidant activity. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • The ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacities of the ethyl acetate fraction were 0.26, 0.53, 0.17 mmol g -1 in FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • This study verified that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from Calotropis procera have strong antioxidant activity that were correlated their high level of phenolic content. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Ascorbic2
  • Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging method was performed in the presence of nitric oxide generated from sodium nitroprusside using ascorbic acid as standard in both methods. (setpublisher.com)
  • Argon - propellant Rocket (Arugula) - Asafoetida - Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - antioxidant (water-soluble) Ascorbyl palmitate - antioxidant (fat soluble) Ascorbyl stearate - antioxidant (fat soluble) Aspartame - artificial sweetener Aspartame-acesulfame salt - artificial sweetener Astaxanthin - color Avocado oil - used a substitute for olive oil. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins2
  • Additionally, it is well-known that ROS induce oxidative damage to biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and deoxyribonucleic acids [ 10 - 12 ], which might induce cancer, ageing, and other multitude of diseases [ 13 - 16 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Other fruits are generally poor in protein while dates provide protection of the body against diseases and infections by providing amino acids, proteins, a renewal of cells, and a balance of body fluid. (fountainmagazine.com)
Antioxidants1
  • Additives are used for many purposes but the main uses are: Acids Food acids are added to make flavors "sharper", and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. (wikipedia.org)
Equivalents5
  • Among the three by-products, rachis extract (60% Et-OH, 78 ℃, and 30 min) presented the highest TPC (796 mg gallic acid/100 g of dried material) and antioxidant activity (6.51 mg Trolox equivalents/g of dried material), followed by discarded banana, and pseudostem pulp. (springer.com)
  • The number of equivalents of base/acid required to reach the leuco product and then to reverse the color were determined by representing the absorption maximum as a function of added base/acid in acetonitrile (water content less than 0.01-v/v). Finally, the thermochromic properties were evaluated in the presence of long-chain organic amines and water-insoluble solvents with melting points close to room temperature. (unl.pt)
  • Total phenolics were quantified by calibration curve (obtained from known concentrations of Gallic acid standard) and the concentrations were expressed as μg of Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) per mL and all the determinations were performed in triplicates. (nartpathway.com)
  • Extraction by maceration at 5 days of ethanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic content of 46.68±2.08 mg gallic acid equivalents per g extract propolis (GAE/g). (unisza.edu.my)
  • The propolis extract of 70% ethanol from sonication (30 minutes) also showed a good antioxidant activity with IC50 value 11±0.55μg/mL Trolox equivalents per g extract. (unisza.edu.my)
Fatty acids3
  • Fatty acids and related compounds can influence the quality of fermented foods. (mindwerksclinic.com)
  • To better understand the link between microbes and molecules, Nuanyi Liang and colleagues wanted to see how the production of fatty acids within sausages varied depending on the microbial culture used to ferment it. (mindwerksclinic.com)
  • Aluminium - color (silver) Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt Aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt Aluminium sulfate - mineral salt Amaranth - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant Amaranth oil - high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids3
  • Dates contain 18 of the 20 amino acids found in living creatures. (fountainmagazine.com)
  • Dates contain all of the 8 essential amino acids that should never be neglected in nutrition and are not made in the body. (fountainmagazine.com)
  • This process is called mineralization, and it creates minerals and amino acids, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which serve as nutrients for plants. (agrotonomy.com)
Vitro1
  • The inâ vitro antioxidant properties of the Hubertia ambavilla plant were measured using three methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power. (bvsalud.org)
Purified water1
Concentrations2
  • 78 ℃ and ethanol concentrations close to 50% yielded the best results for the three materials. (springer.com)
  • Differences emerged between the two sets of microbes as well, with the sausage containing the L. sakei culture alone, for example, producing higher levels of coriolic acid, which has antifungal activity and, at higher concentrations, also imparts bitter taste. (mindwerksclinic.com)
Propolis2
  • The ethanol extract of propolis of Alagoas showed significant results for antimicrobial activity, and inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida krusei. (blogspot.com)
  • Propolis was extracted with 70% and 95% ethanol using different extraction methods, which were: maceration, sonication and soxhlet. (unisza.edu.my)
Phyllanthus2
Lactic2
  • All samples were analysed daily for: total bacterial count, count of lactic acid bacteria, coliform and yeast & mold. (arc.sci.eg)
  • Lactic acid bacteria play a big role. (mindwerksclinic.com)
Sucrose2
  • Gallic acid glycoside was enzymatically synthesized by using dextransucrase and sucrose from gallic acid. (springeropen.com)
  • The yield of gallic acid glucoside was found to be 35.7% (114 mM) by response surface methodology using a reaction mixture of 319 mM gallic acid, 355 mM sucrose, and 930 mU/mL dextransucrase. (springeropen.com)
Solvent1
Fraction1
  • HemoHIM was prepared by adding the ethanol-insoluble fraction to the total water extract of a mixture of 3 edible herbs, Angelica Radix, Cnidium Rhizoma and Paeonia Radix. (biomedcentral.com)
Fractions1
  • The main objective of this study is Comparison between the extraction solvents (water - ethanol) on the total content and the polyphenols fractions of (Artichoke leaf, Olives leaf and Red grape seeds) determine by HPLC. (arc.sci.eg)
Purification1
  • After purification by butanol partitioning and preparative HPLC, gallic acid glucoside was detected at m/z 355 (C 13 , H 16 , O 10 , Na) + by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. (springeropen.com)
Functional2
  • In addition, gallic acid has been in demand as a functional cosmetic ingredient. (springeropen.com)
  • The functional properties of the gallic acid glucoside were studied to determine its potential as a cosmetic ingredient, including its antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. (springeropen.com)
Solubility2
  • Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent). (anmol.org)
  • However, the cosmetic applications of gallic acid are limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. (springeropen.com)
Content5
  • By using Gallic acid as a standard, the Folin-Ciocalteau method was used to determine the total phenolic content. (alquds.edu)
  • The total phenolic content was found to be 95.37 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid/ g in ethanol 35% extract, 55.8 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid/ g in ethanol 99%, and 48.73 ± 1.5 mg gallic acid /g in Ethyl acetate extract. (alquds.edu)
  • An analysis by HPLC revealed that the antioxidant components of the extract suffered partial degradation during extrusion, reducing the content of catechin gallates and increasing the concentration of free gallic acid. (upv.es)
  • In UVB-irradiated human fibroblast cells, gallic acid glucoside lowered matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels and increased the collagen content, which was indicative of a stronger anti-aging effect than that of gallic acid or arbutin. (springeropen.com)
  • An increase in total sugar, phenolic and soluble protein content was observed with a concomitant decrease in α-amino acid content. (scialert.net)
HPLC1
  • In this study, we synthesized gallic acid glucoside from dextransucrase, purified the compound by preparative HPLC, and confirmed the synthesis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The optimum production conditions for gallic acid glucoside were determined by using response surface methodology. (springeropen.com)
Results1
  • These results indicated that gallic acid glucoside is likely a superior cosmetic ingredient with skin-whitening and anti-aging functions. (springeropen.com)
Inhibition1
  • The gallic acid glucoside obtained showed 31% higher anti-lipid peroxidation and stronger inhibition ( Ki = 1.23 mM) against tyrosinase than that shown by gallic acid ( Ki = 1.98 mM). (springeropen.com)
Plant1
  • Though found naturally in a variety of plant sources including walnuts Terminalia myriocarpa or chebulic myrobolan, ethyl gallate is produced from gallic acid and ethanol. (anmol.org)
Mixture2
  • It is composed of a mixture of gallic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • After incubation, 0.75 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid was added to the mixture and centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm. (nartpathway.com)
Efficiency1
  • In 95% ethanol (fatty food simulant) the K value for gallic acid decreased to 8 and there was a substantial contribution of catechins (K in the 1000 range) to a greatly increased antioxidant efficiency. (upv.es)
Leaves1
  • ethanol:water) from Byrsonima crassifolia (BC) and Inga edulis (IE) leaves. (ufpa.br)
Activity1
  • When tested in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw-licking tests, the ethanol extract of Vernonia patula (VP) aerial parts showed significant antinociceptive activity. (strath.ac.uk)
Reaction1
  • acid (control) were prepared and the reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and absorbance was measured at 517 nm. (nartpathway.com)
Study1
  • The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Angelica acutiloba root ethanol extract (AAEE) to promote collagen synthesis and inhibit collagen degradation in human dermal fibroblasts. (toxicolres.org)
Liver1