• The results indicate that GABA A receptor-mediated inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition and in allowing ICC neurons to process temporal information more precisely. (jneurosci.org)
  • 2002a , b ), little is known about how activation of receptors influences temporal processing in ICC neurons. (jneurosci.org)
  • In 1998, immature neurons from the pyramidal neocortex and other regions of the immature brain showed membrane depolarizations of CR cells caused by GABA-A and glycine receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • UII receptor mRNA is also expressed in the CNS, in particular in cholinergic neurons located in the mesopontine tegmental area, including the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei. (touro.edu)
  • This variation has been useful experimentally to identify the structurally heterogeneous populations of receptors produced in neurons and has raised the possibility that selective drugs could be developed to target specific GABAR isoforms. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The main functions of Glycine occur in the retina, spinal cord, and brainstem where Glycine activates its receptor - causing a subsequent influx of chloride into neurons - and this causes what is known as "inhibitory postsynaptic potential" making neurons slow down and less likely to fire. (getyokd.com)
  • GABA is the principal inhibitory (vs. excitatory) neurotransmitter and it is estimated that at least 20% of all brain neurons are "GABAergic"4. (getyokd.com)
  • 2003). Toxins such as saporin bind to NK receptors (NKRs) and kill, e.g., dorsal horn neurons after they have been internalized following activation (Wiley et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • 2017). Peripheral nerve injury and inflammation change the phenotype of neurons with regard to receptors and messengers (Weisshaar and Winkelstein 2014). (niepokorny.org)
  • SP released from primary afferent fibers during inflammation upregulates NK1 receptors in dorsal horn neurons. (niepokorny.org)
  • Whereas NK1 receptors in the hippocampus are downregulated in rat models of pain and stress (Duric and McCarson 2005), they are upregulated in neurons of superficial laminae in the spinal cord (Bradesi et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • Noteworthy, ligand-induced internalization of NK1 receptors into neurons in the dorsal horn can be triggered also by non-noxious somatosensory stimulation (Honor et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal CA1 neurons. (tocris.com)
  • Opiates- bind to opioid receptors (aka endorphin receptors) in both the nucleus accumbens and on the GABA neurons (ex. (gradebuddy.com)
  • In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
  • GlyA receptor is sensitive to STRYCHNINE and localized in the post-synaptic membrane of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. (bvsalud.org)
  • The contribution of serotonin 5-HT2C and melanocortin-4 receptors to the satiety signaling of glucagon-like peptide 1 and liragultide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Estrone is only a weak agonist of estrogen receptor but it serves as a precursor for biosynthesis of 17β-estradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone and catechol estrogens. (helsinki.fi)
  • Since the GABAergic system is implicated in inhibition, the authors were hopeful to use the GABA agonist, baclofen (BAC), to enhance extinction of a CTA, but first a preliminary evaluation of BAC's peripheral effects on animals' sensorium had to be completed due to a lack of published literature in this area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our first experiment aimed to evaluate the extent to which the GABA B agonist, BAC, altered the ability of rats to differentiate between 0.3% and 0.6% saccharin (SAC) in a two bottle preference test. (biomedcentral.com)
  • is a GABA B receptor agonist that has been used extensively in studies aimed at determining the role of GABA receptors in learning and memory. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dystonia (from Greek, meaning altered muscle tone) refers to a syndrome of involuntary sustained or spasmodic muscle contractions involving co-contraction of the agonist and the antagonist. (medscape.com)
  • It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)
  • The influence of γ-aminobutyric type-A (GABA A ) receptors agonist (muscimol hydrobromide, 0.1 µg/0.5 µl) injections into the right or left basolateral amygdala (BLA) on the behavior of high-an- xiety (HA) and low-anxiety (LA) rats subjected to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test was investigated. (scirp.org)
  • Tramadol, a weak opioid agonist with additional effects on serotonin and norepinephrine receptors, improves pain associated with fibromyalgia. (medscape.com)
  • The selective activity of amiloride could also be helpful for isolating the contribution of receptors composed of α6 subtypes in heterogeneous native GABAR populations. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, the advent of molecular genetic and pharmacological approaches has begun to delineate which GABA(A) receptor subtypes are associated with the various pharmacological effects of the non-selective BZs. (hhs.gov)
  • Experiments by Jacobson and colleagues [ 4 , 14 ] used genetically altered mice lacking specific subtypes of the GABA B receptor and reported a vital role for the GABA B system in conditioned emotional responses and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) acquisition/extinction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Now, there are several different subtypes of GABA receptors - some of which control the flow of other ions such as Calcium or Potassium, which also regulate membrane potential. (getyokd.com)
  • All tachykinins interact with all the three-receptor subtypes with SP preferring NK1, NKA preferring NK2 and NKB (encoded by the TAC3 gene in humans and by the tachykinin 2 (TAC2) gene in rodents) preferring NK3. (niepokorny.org)
  • Additionally, some of the multiple subtypes and splice variants of these receptors form heterodimers with other neuropeptides and regulate, e.g., trafficking and resensitization of receptors (Pfeiffer et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)
  • The excitatory synaptic currents mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors and the inhibitory current mediated by GABA A receptors were pharmacologically isolated and recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. (jneurosci.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of each of these synaptic receptors to temporal integration in the ICC. (jneurosci.org)
  • Alterations in the transient and steady-state electromotility transfer curves were examined by application of acetylcholine (ACh) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the synaptic pole. (northwestern.edu)
  • This effect does not depend on action potential generation or fast synaptic transmission because it persisted in the presence of TTX and antagonists of ionotropic glutamate, GABA, and glycine receptors. (touro.edu)
  • Can the relative influence of short-term synaptic plasticity (facilitation, depression) be distinguished from long-term synaptic plasticity in maintaining local circuit function and relevant behaviors? (sfari.org)
  • Here we used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to compare the actions of CBD with those of the major central endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on human recombinant GABAA receptors (synaptic α1-6βg2 and extrasynaptic α4β2δ) expressed on Xenopus oocytes. (researchgate.net)
  • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They also mapped the cell types that, upon activation of excitatory amino acid receptors, would release GABA and Signal GABAergic information in specific sites of the retina. (gf.org)
  • The excitatory GABA theory has been questioned as potentially being an artefact of experimental conditions. (gabasignaling.com)
  • Sedative works mostly by providing the "inhibitory" (as opposed to excitatory) neurotransmitters Glycine, GABA, and somewhat Serotonin. (getyokd.com)
  • Does the shift in the role of GABA from excitatory neurotransmission to inhibitory neurotransmission during early development play a role in autism? (sfari.org)
  • 2018). Early experiments showed that antagonists selectively block nociceptive responses such as the slow, prolonged, excitatory postsynaptic potential that follows intense electrical stimuli to small high-threshold multimodal nociceptors (De Koninck and Henry 1991). (niepokorny.org)
  • Depending on the receptor, the response may be excitatory or inhibitory. (msdmanuals.com)
  • GlyB receptor is insensitive to strychnine and associated with the excitatory NMDA receptor. (bvsalud.org)
  • The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
  • Psychedelic drugs stimulate serotonin release, and sedative-hypnotic drugs potentiate the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. (aafp.org)
  • Serotonin 5-HT2C receptor-independent expression of hypothalamic NOR1, a novel modulator of food intake and energy balance, in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Serotonin systems upregulate the expression of hypothalamic NUCB2 via 5-HT2C receptors and induce anorexia via a leptin-independent pathway in mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Serotonin activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis via serotonin 2C receptor stimulation. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and 5-HT2C receptor inactivation induce appetite-suppressing effects in mice via 5-HT1B receptors. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that modafinil does not bind to most of the neurochemical receptors involved in sleep-wake cycles, including norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, adenosine, histamine, monoamine oxidase B, and benzodiazepines. (empowerpharmacy.com)
  • Still the most widely prescribed antidepressants in the world, SSRIs are thought to influence mood by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain's synapses. (the-scientist.com)
  • Non-selective benzodiazepine (BZ) binding-site full agonists, exemplified by diazepam, act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA at GABA(A) receptors containing either an alpha1, -2, -3 or -5 subunit. (hhs.gov)
  • Sleep disorders are treated using anti-insomnia drugs that target ionotropic and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including g -aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, melatonin agonists, and orexin receptor antagonists. (vdocuments.mx)
  • The response kinetics of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs and GABA A receptor-mediated IPSCs were similar and much faster than those of NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • GABA A inhibition suppressed activation of NMDA receptors and reduced both the degree of AMPA EPSC depression and the extent of temporal summation of NMDA EPSCs. (jneurosci.org)
  • With a single pulse of current stimulation, the AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor-mediated responses overlap each other temporally. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we recorded the postsynaptic responses to repetitive stimulation of the lateral lemniscus and examined the effects of AMPA, NMDA, and GABA A receptor antagonists. (jneurosci.org)
  • NKR couples to phospholipase C generating intracellular messengers Abarelix Acetate whose downstream effects include depolarizing the membrane and facilitating the function of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and NMDA receptors (see below). (niepokorny.org)
  • Catatonia is caused by neurochemical abnormalities including low GABA activity in the frontal cortex, low dopamine (D2) activity in the basal ganglia, high glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-activity in the parietal cortex, or a combination of these. (mhaus.org)
  • Anecdotally, dextromethorphan, an N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist available as an over-the-counter (OTC) antitussive, is beneficial as adjunctive therapy in patients with fibromyalgia. (medscape.com)
  • El receptor GlyB no es sensible a la estricnina y se asocia al receptor excitador NMDA. (bvsalud.org)
  • these spontaneous postsynaptic currents were reversibly blocked by bicuculline, a light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABA-A receptors, suggesting activation of GABA-A receptors in these spontaneous postsynaptic currents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amiloride acted primarily as a competitive antagonist, reducing the sensitivity of the receptor to GABA without affecting the maximal current amplitude. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, D-tubocurarine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, while not blocking the ACh effect, altered the cell's apparent operating point. (northwestern.edu)
  • Furthermore, all ACh-induced cellular and network changes were blocked by muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptor antagonists. (springer.com)
  • In 2003, CR cells in rodents and primates were shown to be glutamatergic (using glutamate as a transmitter).Immunohistochemical studies (detecting antigens by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues) showed that CR cells expressed GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, vesicular glutamate transporters, and a number of different calcium-binding proteins, such as calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bicuculline methiodide, a GABA(A)-receptor antagonist, completely arrested GABA influences on the electromotility response. (northwestern.edu)
  • Bicuculline methiodide is a methiodide form of classical GABA A receptor antagonist (+)-bicuculline . (tocris.com)
  • Specific signs and symptoms are associated with the neurotransmitters and receptors affected by each drug class. (aafp.org)
  • By recognizing symptomatic changes related to particular neurotransmitters and their receptors, family physicians can accurately determine the drug class and intervene appropriately to counteract drug-induced effects. (aafp.org)
  • Rather, all known abused drugs affect a limited number of neurotransmitters by agonism or antagonism of a specific receptor site 2 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
  • Dr. de Mello was already interested in the possible influences neurotransmitters might have on embryonic development of the nervous system. (gf.org)
  • Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
  • He observed that GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis, was very low in the early stages of development of the chick retina and that, as the tissue matured, GAD activity increased several times over. (gf.org)
  • Postmortem tissue samples from the cerebella of individuals with autism show reductions in glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, and in the number of Purkinje cells. (sfari.org)
  • It binds to tachykinin receptors [neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), NK2R, NK3R] that belong, like most neuropeptide receptors, to the family of seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptors. (niepokorny.org)
  • lies such as G protein-coupled receptors and kinases). (gotomydoctor.com)
  • Neuromodulatory transmitters engage G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), activating intracellular signaling cascades that then can directly activate or modify the properties of ion channels. (frontiersin.org)
  • Like the L-Glycine receptor, the GABAA receptor regulates the flux of Chloride (Cl-) ions across neuronal membranes. (getyokd.com)
  • Despite evidence that some endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids interact with GABAA receptors, no-one has yet investigated the effects of CBD. (researchgate.net)
  • Taken together these results reveal a mode of action of CBD on specifically configured GABAA receptors that may be relevant to the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of the compound. (researchgate.net)
  • Daridorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia. (springer.com)
  • Further, GABA-deficient islets did not show appropriate glucagon inhibition in response to increasing glucose concentrations in vitro 22 , suggesting that GABA is directly involved in the suppression of glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells. (nature.com)
  • In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)
  • Reduction in glutamate-receptor activity by genetic or pharmacological means reverses cellular and behavioral deficits in fragile X mouse models. (sfari.org)
  • CBD modulation of Cys-loop receptors has pharmacological relevance. (researchgate.net)
  • As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • The signal may stimulate or inhibit the receiving cell, depending on the neurotransmitter and receptor involved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 1994, a subpopulation of CR cells was shown to be GABAergic (using GABA as a transmitter). (wikipedia.org)
  • Changing the relative number of dopaminergic and GABAergic AOB interneurons or locally introducing DA or GABA receptor antagonists alters kinship preference. (escholarship.org)
  • This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • The activity of most of these modulators depends upon the subunit composition of the receptor. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We measured its effects on recombinant GABARs to determine its mechanism of action at mammalian receptors and to examine the effect of subunit composition. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Receptors containing an α6 subunit were about 10-fold more sensitive to amiloride than those containing other α subunits. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Although several other modulators have specific effects at α6-containing receptors, amiloride is the first inhibitor to be reported with no additional dependence on the identity of the β or γ subunit. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We examined the effect of amiloride on the activity of recombinant GABARs expressed transiently in L929 fibroblasts to determine its mechanism of action on mammalian GABARs and to determine whether the subunit composition of the receptor influenced its sensitivity to amiloride. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Do N-arachidonyl-glycine (NA-glycine) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) share mode of action and the binding site on the β 2 subunit of GABA A receptors? (peerj.com)
  • Moreover, the frequency and amplitude of these spontaneous postsynaptic currents was not influenced by tetrodotoxin, which inhibits the firing of action potentials in nerves, indicating that these spontaneous postsynaptic currents are independent on presynaptic action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Zinc and copper modulate differentially the P2X receptor. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro experiments found that isolated human islets treated with GABA receptor blockade have decreased insulin secretion at physiologic glucose concentrations 18 . (nature.com)
  • 1999). SP antagonists Many potent and selective non-peptide, low molecular tachykinin antagonists have been developed and proven effective in preclinical studies (Carvalho et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), THC and CBD potentiate GABA A receptors [21, 22] . (researchgate.net)
  • Interestingly, GABA has varied attractions to each of its own receptors with the highest binding affinity actually for GABAC, which also has the longest binding duration and effect of any of the other GABA receptor subtypes5. (getyokd.com)
  • Here, we tested the hypothesis that UII influences cholinergic PPT neuron activity and alters rapid eye movement (REM) sleep patterns in rats. (touro.edu)
  • Zolpidem tartrate tablets, USP a gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) A receptor positive modulator, is indicated for the short-term treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulties with sleep initiation. (nih.gov)
  • More specifically, the alpha2- and/or alpha3-containing GABA(A) receptors play a role in anxiety whereas the alpha1 subtype is involved in sedation, raising the possibility of a compound that selectively modulates alpha2- and/or alpha3-containing receptors but does not affect alpha1-containing receptors would be a non-sedating anxiolytic. (hhs.gov)
  • Due to the high affinity of GABA to GABAC receptors, this leaves more possibilities for co-activations of other forms to be taken in conjunction with GABA supplementation. (getyokd.com)
  • Exploration of extrasynaptic α4β2δ receptors revealed that both compounds enhanced GABA EC5 evoked currents at concentrations ranging from 0.01-1 μM. (researchgate.net)
  • ACh challenge evokes greater magnitude responses in basal turn OHCs, whereas GABA induces greater motility response decrease in apical turn OHCs. (northwestern.edu)
  • He also observed that despite the low GAD activity of undifferentiated retinas the level of the transmitter GABA was very high, suggesting an alternative source of the neurotransmitter in the retina of young embryos. (gf.org)
  • Anticholinergic drugs antagonize acetylcholine receptors. (aafp.org)
  • γ-Aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptors (GABARs) are responsible for most fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. (aspetjournals.org)
  • While 16α-hydroxyestrone has relatively weak affinity for estrogen receptor, it has prolonged effect due to covalent binding to the receptor. (helsinki.fi)
  • The benzodiazepine binding site of GABA(A) receptors as a target for the development of novel anxiolytics. (hhs.gov)
  • The potency of CBD increased and efficacy preserved in binary α1/α2β2 receptors indicating that their effects do not involve the classic benzodiazepine site. (researchgate.net)
  • Several reports have shown modulation of Cys-loop receptors by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids independent of cannabinoid receptors with potential physiological or therapeutic consequences. (researchgate.net)
  • Increased hypothalamic 5-HT2A receptor gene expression and effects of pharmacologic 5-HT2A receptor inactivation in obese Ay mice. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • Genes encoding proteins that affect neurotransmitter release, receptor function and inactivation have been implicated in autism. (sfari.org)
  • This combination of GABA and L-Theanine showed statistically significant effects over controls, but also over either amino acid administered individually. (getyokd.com)
  • The half-life of the SP response is defined by the kinetics of degradation of the neuropeptide in the extracellular environment and by the dynamics of desensitization and cellular internalization Abarelix Acetate followed by recycling of the receptor. (niepokorny.org)
  • These findings suggest an important role in anxiety regulation of the amygdalar GABA levels, and the assumed GABA hemispheric lateralization. (scirp.org)
  • Regarding Type 1 diabetes(T1D), animal/islet-cell studies found that GABA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits α-cell glucagon and dampens immune inflammation, while GAD immunization may also preserve β-cells. (nature.com)
  • GABA is a chemical that inhibits, or slows, the brain's functions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The status of these and other BZ site compounds with claimed, but often not explicitly stated, GABA(A) subtype selectivity (such as ELB-139 and ocinaplon) will be reviewed in relation to their development as non-sedating anxiolytics for the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. (hhs.gov)
  • It is somatically expressed in mammalian organisms and its proteolytic action influences several physiological and pathological processes. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the following induced high IOP animal model, the expression of GABA-A/B receptors within the ARC was evaluated in DBA/2J mice which developed progressive eye abnormalities spontaneously that closely mimic human hereditary glaucoma. (molvis.org)
  • We are pleased to report that an NIAAA-sponsored investigator has located two sex-specific genes influencing alcohol consumption in mice. (nih.gov)
  • Fluvoxamine exerts anorexic effect in 5-HT2C receptor mutant mice with heterozygous mutation of beta-endorphin gene. (tohoku.ac.jp)
  • For example, it was demonstrated that GABA B(1a) knockout mice fail to acquire a CTA while GABA B(1b) knockouts failed to extinguish a CTA [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To disclose the underlying mechanism responsible for the tumorigenetic promotion in nude mice, we examined the influence of EphrinA2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo, respectively. (gabasignaling.com)
  • What is the influence of neuronal activity on the expression of autism-risk genes? (sfari.org)
  • The influence of emotional and cognitive inputs and feedbacks from different brain areas makes pain not only a perception but an experience (Zieglg?nsberger et al. (niepokorny.org)
  • Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel. (bvsalud.org)
  • CBD and 2-AG were positive allosteric modulators at α1-6βγ2 receptors, with low micromolar potencies. (researchgate.net)
  • Furthermore, we treated the ARC with GABA-A/B receptor antagonists separately, and IOP was evaluated, as well as retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in the chronic high IOP rat model. (molvis.org)
  • In most cases of GABA receptor activation, deeper slow-wave sleep is enhanced6. (getyokd.com)