Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are a group of proteins with a high degree of sequence homology. (intechopen.com)
The presence of functional ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) on GABAergic terminals that rapidly alter GABA release onto DMV motor neurons has been suggested previously, but the receptor subtypes contributing to the response are unknown. (uky.edu)
Capsaicin, which activates transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors and increases mIPSC frequency in the DMV via an iGluR-mediated, heterosynaptic mechanism, was also applied to assess GABA release subsequent to capsaicin-stimulated glutamate release. (uky.edu)
Inhibition of AMPA/KA receptors reduced mIPSC frequency, but selective antagonism of AMPA receptors did not alter GABA release, implicating the presence of presynaptic KA receptors on GABAergic terminals. (uky.edu)
Whereas NMDA application increased mIPSC frequency, blocking NMDA receptors was without effect, indicating that presynaptic NMDA receptors were present, but not activated by ambient glutamate levels in the slice. (uky.edu)
The stimulatory effect of capsaicin on GABA release was prevented when AMPA/KA or NMDA, but not AMPA receptors were blocked. (uky.edu)
Results of these studies indicate that presynaptic NMDAR and KA receptors regulate GABA release in the DMV, representing a heterosynaptic arrangement for rapidly modulating parasympathetic output, especially when synaptic excitation is elevated. (uky.edu)
To address the involvement of these isoforms in the control of synaptic transmission in the striatum, we measured the sensitivity to D2 receptor stimulation of glutamate- and GABA-mediated currents recorded from striatal neurons of three mutant mice, in which the expression of D2L and D2S receptors was either ablated or variably altered. (unipv.it)
In contrast, glutamate-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were significantly inhibited by quinpirole only when the total number of D2 receptor sites, normally composed by both D2L and D2S receptors in a ratio favoring the D2L isoform, was modified to express only the D2S isoform at higher than normal levels. (unipv.it)
To understand how two subpopulations of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons are regulated at the molecular level, we analyzed specific mRNA expression profiles for receptors that are significantly involved in synaptic transmission and in the synthesis and storage of the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (duke.edu)
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein-coupled receptors which function to modulate brain excitability via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)
Gi-coupled mGlu receptors also may exist on presynaptic elements of neighboring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons where they play a role in heterosynaptic suppressions of GABA release. (aspetjournals.org)
This suggests that these receptors may have evolved to monitor glutamate that has "spilled" out of the synapse. (aspetjournals.org)
Recent progress on the molecular and pharmacological aspects of these presynaptic mGlu receptors is unveiling their functions and the therapeutic directions of agents designed for these novel glutamate receptor targets. (aspetjournals.org)
Avermectins interact with vertebrate and invertebrate GABA receptors and invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels. (nih.gov)
If we think about some of those novel mechanisms, it would be glutamate-type mechanisms that hit the NMDA [N-methyl-D-aspartate] and the AMPA receptors and the cascade under glutamate, it would be the GABAergictreatment [gamma-aminobutyric acid]options, which would be primarily the neural steroids, which modulate those intrasynaptic, but extrasynaptic GABA receptors. (psychiatrictimes.com)
It's life-changing in terms of the extrasynaptic GABA receptors. (psychiatrictimes.com)
Activation of these receptors enhances the effects of GABA. (medscape.com)
Excitatory6
BACKGROUND: Depression of glutamate-mediated excitatory transmission and potentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory transmission appear to be primary mechanisms by which general anesthetics produce anesthesia. (cornell.edu)
The resulting imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex is reflected by an increased duration of sleep when the animals receive a GABA receptor agonist. (jneurosci.org)
RESULTS: Presumed inhibitory neurons expressed significantly more GAD65, GAD67, vGAT, GABA(A)-receptor alpha3, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor IIB mRNA, and presumed excitatory neurons expressed more GABA(A)-receptor alpha1, and NMDA-receptor I mRNA. (duke.edu)
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) measured under voltage clamp were distinguished on the basis of their voltage dependence and sensitivity to specific NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor blockers. (nih.gov)
Ketamine affects glutamate and GABA -- excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters of the brain. (webmd.com)
Alterations in the GABA-switch (from excitatory to inhibitory) can cause a delay in when the developing neural circuits reach functional maturity, with consequences for network activity. (scienceblog.com)
Neurotransmitters4
they control ion homeostasis in the CNS interstitium and are indispensable for turnover of major neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, GABA and adenosine. (nature.com)
GABA and glutamate are both neurotransmitters - chemical messengers that help nerve cells in the brain communicate. (scienceblog.com)
Most of the clinical effects can be explained by the interaction of ethanol with various neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors in the brain, including those interacting with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (NMDA), and opiates. (medscape.com)
The ATC acts by potentiating the inhibitory action of neurotransmitters called gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) and easily cross the blood-brain barrier and membranes. (bvsalud.org)
Because the dorsal PVE was depleted of progenitors but the ganglionic eminences were not affected in Fgf2 −/− mice, we predicted that these mice should lack a population of pyramidal neurons, but their cortical GABA interneurons should have remained unchanged. (jneurosci.org)
Application of glutamate, N-methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA), or kainic acid (KA), but not AMPA, resulted in increased mIPSC frequency in most neurons. (uky.edu)
Neurotransmitter3
We therefore performed two studies investigating the relationship between neurotransmitter levels as assessed by MRS and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures of cortical excitability and GABA synaptic activity in the primary motor cortex. (ox.ac.uk)
Although the biological mechanisms underlying ASD remain largely unknown, previous research has suggested that it may result from changes in brain development early in life, and in particular in relation to GABA, a neurotransmitter, a chemical in the brain that controls how nerve cells communicate. (scienceblog.com)
Adenosine, GABA and glutamate are all neurotransmitter substances that naturally occur in the brain. (mentalhelp.net)
Glycine1
EPSCs elicited by st. lucidum stimulation were reversibly reduced (mean, 23%) by the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (2S, 1'R, 2'R, 3'R)-2-(2,3-dicarboxyl-cyclopropyl)-glycine (DCG-IV, 1 microM). (nih.gov)
Dopamine1
Regulation of glutamate, GABA and dopamine transporters' uptake, surface mobility and expression. (albany.edu)
Presynaptic2
Since effects on transmitter transport have been implicated in anesthetic actions, the authors examined the sensitivity of presynaptic glutamate and GABA transporters to the effects of a representative volatile (isoflurane) and a representative intravenous (propofol) anesthetic. (cornell.edu)
Our data indicate that both isoforms participate in the presynaptic inhibition of GABA transmission in the striatum, while the D2-receptor-dependent modulation of glutamate release preferentially involves the D2S receptor. (unipv.it)
Transporters3
Effects of isoflurane and propofol on glutamate and GABA transporters in isolated cortical nerve terminals. (cornell.edu)
METHODS: A dual-isotope (l-[3H]glutamate and [14C]GABA) approach allowed simultaneous comparisons of anesthetic effects on three independent assays of glutamate and GABA transporters in adult rat cerebral cortex: transmitter uptake into isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes), transmitter binding to lysed and washed synaptosomes (synaptic membranes), and carrier-mediated release (reverse transport) of transmitter from preloaded synaptosomes using a modified superfusion system. (cornell.edu)
Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors. (albany.edu)
Synaptic2
However, it is not clear how MRS-assessed measures of GABA relate to cortical excitability or GABAergic synaptic activity. (ox.ac.uk)
Scholars@Duke publication: Differential expression of GABA and glutamate-receptor subunits and enzymes involved in GABA metabolism between electrophysiologically identified hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons. (duke.edu)
Bacterial glutamate metabolism, glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse were also significantly associated with host PHQ-9 scores. (news-medical.net)
Several of the identified metabolites were linked to the TCA cycle, histidine metabolism, proline and glutamate metabolism. (news-medical.net)
GABAergic1
Interpretation of this finding is challenging as the mechanisms of 1 ms ISI SICI are not well understood, but we speculate that our results support the possibility that 1 ms ISI SICI reflects a distinct GABAergic inhibitory process, possibly that of extrasynaptic GABA tone. (ox.ac.uk)
Depression1
GABA(A)-mediated postsynaptic currents were subject to paired-pulse depression that was inhibited by the GABA(B) antagonist CGP 55845A (5 microM). (nih.gov)
Ionotropic1
At least 20 type of putative ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR)-like channels have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. (intechopen.com)
Postsynaptic currents1
Accordingly, the inhibitory effects of the DA D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (10 microM) on GABA(A)-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs)correlate with the total number of D2 receptor sites in the striatum, irrespective of the specific receptor isoform expressed. (unipv.it)
Regulation1
Regulation of GABA release in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) potently influences vagal output to the viscera. (uky.edu)
Brain's1
How do GABA and Glutamate modulate the brain's intrinsic activity and subsequent stimulus-induced activity on a regional level? (tmu.edu.tw)
Hippocampal1
Estimating the glutamate transporter surface density in distinct sub-cellular compartments of mouse hippocampal astrocytes. (albany.edu)
Functional2
Functional changes in GABA and glutamate during motor learning. (uib.no)
To elucidate the structure and properties of this channel, we used Xenopus oocytes for expression cloning of two functional complementary DNAs encoding an avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel. (nih.gov)
Agonists1
However, application of iGluR agonists L-glutamate recovered Arabidopsis root growth. (intechopen.com)
Physiological3
Relationship between physiological measures of excitability and levels of glutamate and GABA in the human motor cortex. (ox.ac.uk)
We demonstrated a significant correlation between MRS-assessed GABA levels and an inhibitory TMS protocol (1 ms ISI SICI) with distinct physiological underpinnings from the 2.5 ms ISI SICI (r = -0.79, P = 0.018). (ox.ac.uk)
These studies along with other evidence suggest that mGlu7 is the nerve terminal autoreceptor that regulates physiological release of glutamate. (aspetjournals.org)
Propofol1
RESULTS: Isoflurane produced small but statistically significant inhibition of l-[3H]glutamate and [14C]GABA uptake, while propofol had no effect. (cornell.edu)
Brain4
Published today in Translational Psychiatry , the study demonstrates for the first time that the drug improves the symptoms by decreasing the ratio of the GABA to glutamate in the brain. (scienceblog.com)
Alcohol essentially increases GABA activity in the brain, all the while decreasing Glutamate production. (modafinil.com)
Glutamate plays an activating and energizing role within the brain. (mentalhelp.net)
PETROFF, O. A. C. GABA and glutamate in the human brain. (bvsalud.org)
Catabolism1
The catabolism of these pathways converges into glutamate, which fuels GABA synthesis. (news-medical.net)
Correlation1
Alone, only relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients exhibited a significant negative correlation between disease duration and GABA (ρ = -0.5, p = 0.03). (lu.se)
Functions1
Sedative-hypnotic drugs are the primary agents for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome because they are cross-tolerant drugs that modulate GABA functions. (medscape.com)
Duration1
As a group, multiple sclerosis patients demonstrated significant negative correlations between disease duration and glutamate or GABA (ρ = -0.4, p = 0.02) but not glutamine or glutathione. (lu.se)
Application1
Proton MRS (1 H-MRS) enables in vivo measurement of small molecules implicated in multiple sclerosis, but its application to key metabolites glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutathione has been sparse. (lu.se)