• 1 In Spain, although cardiovascular mortality has been decreasing in the last 15 years, it continues to be the main cause of death among the national population. (revespcardiol.org)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Up to 40% of the US population will develop type 2 diabetes during their lifetime, and type 2 diabetes is an important contributor to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as myocardial infarction and stroke-the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Western countries [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • The understanding of such factors is critical to the prevention of cardiovascular morbidities and mortality. (medscape.com)
  • In recent years, there has been mounting evidence that peripheral artery disease is significantly linked to mortality, primarily as a risk factor for future myocardial infarctions and strokes. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Reduced ABI has several important prognostic implications given that the presence of symptomatic or asymptomatic PAD is also an indicator of atherosclerosis in other vascular territories, especially coronary arteries [ 17 ], increasing the risk of premature mortality due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The impact of accelerated atherosclerosis on morbidity and mortality in SLE has been well documented over the past four decades. (bmj.com)
  • Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. (jamanetwork.com)
  • According to many prospective cohort studies and meta-analyses of those studies, physical inactivity and/or low levels of physical fitness are associated with an elevated risk for the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke, and with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and all-cause mortality. (go.jp)
  • The appropriate management of COPD improves the cardiovascular outcomes by reducing hyperinflation and preventing AECOPD, thus reducing the risk of mortality, improving exercise tolerance, and quality of life. (e-trd.org)
  • Independent markers of multifocal atherosclerosis -directly associated with an increased risk of CV events- are intima-media thickness, reduced ankle-brachial pressure index and impaired flow-mediated dilatation. (escardio.org)
  • Some assessments including anthropometric assessment, casual blood pressure measurement, and ankle-brachial index have an established clinical application while others including pulse wave velocity, heart rate variability, and carotid intima-media thickness have no established application and do not have reference values for healthy Brazilian population but may be important predictors of cardiovascular outcomes. (scielosp.org)
  • Increased intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery is a well-known marker of early atherosclerosis, which significantly correlates with the development of cardiovascular diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We believe that future research on risk estimation could usefully focus on several issues, including risk estimation in other racial/ethnic groups, prediction of an expanded outcome to include HF [heart failure], and the role of easily attainable measures of subclinical disease in risk prediction. (acpinternist.org)
  • All ELSA-Brasil subjects were younger (35 years or more) than those included in other cohorts studying subclinical atherosclerosis. (scielosp.org)
  • The carotid arteries can be well-visualized by ultrasonography, and ultrasonographic measurement of the carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) has been investigated as a technique to identify and monitor subclinical atherosclerosis. (arkansasbluecross.com)
  • Ultrasonographic measurement of carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) as a technique of identifying and monitoring subclinical atherosclerosis does not meet member benefit certificate primary coverage criteria that there be scientific evidence of effectiveness. (arkansasbluecross.com)
  • For members with contracts without primary coverage criteria, ultrasonographic measurement of carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) as a technique of identifying and monitoring subclinical atherosclerosis is considered investigational. (arkansasbluecross.com)
  • Mejor una imagen que mil palabras también en la valoración del riesgo vascular? (revespcardiol.org)
  • The role of chronic administration of antiplatelet drugs in primary prevention of arterial vascular events is known to be less clear than in secondary prevention, and, also in diabetic patients, the decision to give primary prophylaxis should be taken on an individual-patient basis, after a careful evaluation of the balance between the expected benefits and the risk of major bleedings. (hindawi.com)
  • Although, currently, treatment has proven useful in reducing vascular events, diabetic patients continue to have a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events compared with those in nondiabetic patients. (hindawi.com)
  • This paper reviews the role of currently available antiplatelet drugs in primary and secondary prevention of vascular events in diabetic patients and the limitations of these drugs, and it discusses the role of novel and more potent antiplatelets and of new agents currently under clinical development. (hindawi.com)
  • El objetivo es analizar la relación entre fósforo y niveles de calcificación vascular en pacientes renales crónicos. (revistaclinicaguayaquil.org)
  • Jiménez Villodres M. Valor de la excreción fraccionada de fósforo como predictor de fácil manejo de calcificación vascular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica Grado 3. (revistaclinicaguayaquil.org)
  • From this we assessed participants' history of vascular risk, blood pressure using an OMRON 705 CP monitor, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), ankle brachial index (ABI), and total and HDL cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rural sub-Saharan Africa is at an early stage of economic and health transition [ 4 ] but there is currently very little published information on the prevalence of vascular risk factors in the population, although such data will be essential in planning future health services. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The identification of vascular alterations at the sub-clinical, asymptomatic stages are potentially useful for screening, prevention and improvement of cardiovascular risk stratification beyond classical risk factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, other vascular parameters evaluating both structural and functional arterial proprieties of peripheral arteries have been introduced, for cardiovascular risk stratification and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, earlier vascular abnormalities such as endothelial dysfunction in the peripheral arteries, detected as reduced flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, are useful in the research setting and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials and have also been suggested for their possible clinical use in the future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This manuscript will briefly review clinical evidence supporting the use of these different vascular markers for cardiovascular risk stratification, focusing on the correct methodology, which is a crucial issue to address in order to promote their use in future for routine clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, imaging biomarkers of vascular damage might integrate the long-lasting cumulative effects of all traditional and non-identified CV risk factors and can be detected as target organ damage before clinical events occur, at a stage when interventions may be effective. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review will focus on how to proceed to obtain accurate and reliable assessment of these vascular markers, improving their predictive value for the future use in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We finally make recommendations regarding planning and reporting of data relating to vascular assessment techniques, particularly when genomic data are also available, to facilitate integration of these tools into cardiovascular disease research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dysfunctional vascular traits represent key pathophysiological processes in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, with both inherited and reversible elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • alternatively, research trials may employ surrogate markers such as vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction-early functional traits known to be predictors of more advanced structural changes and development of cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Screening for peripheral artery disease and cardiovascular disease risk assessment with the ankle-brachial index in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The most informative biomarkers for predicting major cardiovascular events were BNP and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio. (medscape.com)
  • It is well known that endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness mark the onset of atherosclerosis and are associated with adverse CVD events. (acc.org)
  • These traits include stiffness of the large arteries, microvascular abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis, phenotypes often apparent prior to established hypertension or organ damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinical decision-making based on overall cardiovascular risk in addition to individual risk factors can improve outcomes, as demonstrated for antihypertensive treatment [ 12 ]. (springer.com)
  • Carotid-femoral (cf) and femoral-ankle (fa) pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic-femoral stiffness gradient (af-SG), superficial femoral PWV beta (β), and oscillometric pulse wave analysis outcomes were assessed pre and post sitting. (nature.com)
  • Five discrete trajectories with stable TyG indexes at various levels at follow-up visits were identified, and parallel results were observed for the associations of trajectories of TyG index with outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent publication of the European Commission's European Heart Health Charter in 2008prompts a review of the role of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) to cardiovascular health outcomes. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • Aetna considers the use of chelation therapy experimental and investigational in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease (e.g., atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease , coronary artery disease, individuals who had a myocardial infarction), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. (aetna.com)
  • While risk estimates for deciding preventive therapies should not include stress testing or cardiac ultrasound, in men and women with a ≥5% 10-year risk for CV events, I would include ASCVD in asymptomatic CAD with ischemia defined by stress electrocardiography (ECG) or stress imaging. (acc.org)
  • Population: study not conducted in unselected or community-dwelling generally asymptomatic adults (KQ1, KQ2, and KQ3) or study was not conducted in screen-detected or generally asymptomatic adults with PAD or abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) (KQ4 and KQ5). (jamanetwork.com)
  • In that case, the pulse deficit may be an incidental finding of asymptomatic atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • By using data of large population studies the concept of "Global Cardiovascular Risk" (GCVR) was defined and it was rapidly applied in clinical practice with the elaboration of risk charts, through the development of algorithms for primary prevention of CVD based on the simultaneous analysis of a few main risk factors (age, gender, diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure values and total cholesterol). (escardio.org)
  • Large clinical trials have shown that antiplatelet agents are effective in the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events in diabetes. (hindawi.com)
  • Some assessments including anthropometric assessment, casual blood pressure (BP) measure, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) have established clinical application. (scielosp.org)
  • As clinical use of arterial stiffness is growing in popularity, the efficacy of this useful tool in assessing cardiovascular risk reduction among patients with OSA treated with CPAP needs to be further explored. (acc.org)
  • PAD can be considered a clinical model of atherosclerosis that combines structural and functional alterations of the vessel wall. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objectives We aimed to describe the rate and determinants of carotid plaque progression and the onset of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a UK SLE cohort. (bmj.com)
  • Clinical CVD events between visits were also noted. (bmj.com)
  • There has been growing epidemiological and clinical evidences to suggest that consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables leads to a reduction in the incidence of certain diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome disorders, certain types of cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders (Basu, Du, et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A generaltable applicable to all cardiovascular conditions and specific tables for each clinical disease have been created and commented. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • They offer utility in the assessment of hypertensive phenotypes, in cardiovascular risk prediction, and as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The diagnosis is often one of exclusion and thus requires a high index of clinical suspicion. (medscape.com)
  • Available antiplatelet agents, such as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors (aspirin), ADP P2Y 12 receptor antagonists, and GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors, are effective and save in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic events, these drugs interfere with the platelet activation process, including adhesion, release, and aggregation. (hindawi.com)
  • Cardiovascular prevention is further complicated by increased rates of drug side effects in people with diabetes, including potential adverse glycaemic effects of lipid-modifying agents [ 6 , 7 ]. (springer.com)
  • His recommendations for secondary prevention (to prevent future episodes) may include further cardiac testing, aerobic exercise, diet adjustments, and other steps. (houstoncardiovascularinstitute.com)
  • Those charged with responsibility for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, whether at European, national or individual centre level, need to consider where and how structured programmes of CR canbe delivered to all patients eligible. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2010, Vol 17 No 1 sustainable. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • This screening allows us to identify high-risk patients to help prevent future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. (aylohealth.com)
  • Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • Multidetector computed tomography may be a useful non-invasive technique to detect silent coronary artery disease in patients with peripheral preclinical atherosclerosis. (escardio.org)
  • However, although the currently available treatments have proven to be useful in reducing ischemic events, diabetic patients continue to have a higher risk of adverse events compared with those in non-diabetic patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Although patients with diabetes mellitus benefit from medical and endovascular procedures to manage atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, restenosis is a significant factor that may worsen the prognosis and may be associated with the necessity of reintervention [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • This exploratory, cross-sectional study investigates the change in lipid profile, inflammation, and platelet activation in patients with different cardiovascular risk profiles in the postprandial state. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: The studied population consists of 66 patients with different cardiovascular risks: patients with a history of the chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) (n = 20), CCS without DM2 (n = 25), and a healthy control group (n = 21). (bvsalud.org)
  • So this paper refers to a subgroup of patients from the REDUCE-IT trial with a history of CABG, which was analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of icosapent ethyl treatment in the reduction of cardiovascular events in this high risk patient population. (libsyn.com)
  • Functional changes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) could play a role in higher cardiovascular risk in these patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Methods Circulating (n = 179) and hepatic expression (n = 95) of ghrelin and LEAP-2 were measured in patients with severe obesity and available liver pathology analysis undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). (unav.edu)
  • Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was used to detect patients with MAFLD.Results: MetS and PreDM were more common in patients with MAFLD (35% vs. 8% and 34% vs. 18%, respectively). (unav.edu)
  • The present data suggest that the whole body DXA is valuable in the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity (high A/G ratio or android fat mass with low SMI) to determine the risk of CVD events in patients with type 2 diabetes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a very high risk cardiovascular disease population and should be treated aggressively. (medsci.org)
  • We investigated lipid management in CKD patients with atherosclerosis in Taiwan. (medsci.org)
  • Preventive cardiology helps patients manage risk factors related to cardiovascular health so they can live longer, happier, and healthier life. (houstoncardiovascularinstitute.com)
  • Suffering from atherosclerosis or congenital heart disease is scary, but patients should know that open heart surgery is not the only valid treatment option. (houstoncardiovascularinstitute.com)
  • Multiplex proteomics could improve understanding and risk prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • This study assessed 80 cardiovascular and inflammatory proteins for biomarker discovery and prediction of MACE in type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Multiprotein arrays could be useful in identifying individuals with type 2 diabetes who are at highest risk of a cardiovascular event. (springer.com)
  • The Longitudinal Study for Adult Health (ELSA) is a prospective cohort study designed to assess the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as well as their biological and social determinants. (scielosp.org)
  • They all undergo a wide range of measures to assess cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. (scielosp.org)
  • In addition to accelerating atherosclerosis development, diabetes mellitus affects the characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions in the lower extremities [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Innovative approaches were developed for assessing the ankle-brachial index using an automatic device instead of the mercury column to measure blood pressure and for assessing the anterior-posterior diameter of the right lobe of the liver by ultrasound for quantitative assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (scielosp.org)
  • Much has been published in the past on the pathogenesis and implications of cardiovascular comorbidities in COPD. (e-trd.org)
  • The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index includes fasting triglyceride and glucose and is a simple and reliable surrogate index for IR [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Detection and monitoring of intima-medial thickening, which is a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis, may provide an opportunity to intervene earlier in atherogenic disease and/or monitor disease progression. (arkansasbluecross.com)
  • Five different meta-analyses were performed assessing: a) all indices of arterial stiffness, b) augmentation index (AIx), c) all pulse wave velocities (PWV), d) brachial-ankle PWV and e) carotid-femoral PWV. (acc.org)
  • Increased arterial stiffness, which can be detected by applanation tonometry as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, has been shown to predict future cardiovascular events and to significantly improve risk stratification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Second, pulse wave analysis (PWA), PWA-derived augmentation index (AIx), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) assess for arterial stiffness, a process characterised by functional changes and structural remodelling within the arterial wall, with associated fibrosis and calcification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease) Peripheral arterial disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs Cerebrovascular disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke) Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • They experienced a 25% reduction in risk of a primary efficacy endpoint, which was cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina. (libsyn.com)
  • The associations between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index with subsequent stroke in American adults are unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the associations between baseline and trajectories of TyG index with subsequent stroke in American adults. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We quantified the association of baseline and trajectories of TyG index with incident total stroke, ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage using Cox regression, restricted cubic splines and logistic regression analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After adjustment for potential confounders, each unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 32.1% higher risk of incident stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TyG index independently predict stroke progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • nonetheless, few studies have investigated TyG index and stroke in the US, where an estimated 7.6 million (2.7%) Americans aged ≥ 20 years suffer strokes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, a previous study only used a single measure of TyG level and did not explore the relationship between longitudinal patterns of TyG and stroke events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the present study explored the influence of the baseline TyG index and different trajectories of its change over six visits on the risk of stroke and its subtypes using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study in four US communities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, the acute effects of these behaviors performed in combination on arterial stiffness, a marker of cardiovascular health, are unknown. (nature.com)
  • Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured and arterial stiffness parameters were derived with applanation tonometry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 2 Many questions remain unanswered, particularly relating to risk stratification and factors influencing the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. (bmj.com)
  • Platelets have a "key role" in atherogenesis and its thrombotic complications in subjects with DM [ 3 ], and the concomitant presence of multiple "classical" cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, cigarette smoking, and hyperlipidemia) in diabetic subjects contributes to enhanced atherothrombotic risk. (hindawi.com)
  • 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension [corrección publicada en J Hypertens. (revistaclinicaguayaquil.org)
  • The expanding list of nontraditional biomarkers is outweighed by the standard risk factors for predicting future cardiovascular events and adds only moderately to standard risk factors. (medscape.com)
  • Today we will be discussing the very pertinent and interesting topic of coronary calcium testing, with professor of medicine Dr Iftikkhar Kullo, who has a strong research interest in preventive cardiology, with a focus on using biomarkers for identifying cardiovascular risk . (medscape.com)
  • It has been suggested that risk estimation by classical risk factors (blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol) and circulating biomarkers may fail to adequately predict the risk of CV events because their fluctuations over time represent many transient and partial "snapshots" rather than a reliable picture of a complex situation developing over decades [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Not only does it identify atherosclerosis, but it identifies the possibility of adverse cardiovascular events that could occur in that particular person. (medscape.com)
  • And the catalytic subunit of telomerase called telomerase reverse transcriptase or trt has protective functions in the cardiovascular system, particularly in regard to ischemia reperfusion injury. (libsyn.com)
  • We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar using the search terms "COPD and heart failure (HF)", "COPD and cardiovascular disease", "Airflow limitation and cardiac disease", "COPD and heart disease", "COPD and ischemia", "COPD and atrial fibrillation", and "FEV 1 (forced expiratory volume at 1 second) and cardiovascular disease. (e-trd.org)
  • The 2018 guideline emphasizes reducing risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) through lipid management. (acc.org)
  • Newer glucose-lowering drugs such as sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and cholesterol-modifying agents such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, in addition to standard treatment reduce cardiovascular risk in high-risk individuals [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
  • The present position paper aims to provide the practical recommendations on the corecomponents and goals of CR intervention in different cardiovascular conditions, to assist in the design and development of the programmes, and to support healthcare providers, insurers, policy makers and consumers in the recognition of thecomprehensive nature of CR. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • Baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment groups and randomization to icosapent ethyl was associated with a significant reduction in the primary endpoint, as well as in key secondary endpoint and in total ischemic events compared to placebo. (libsyn.com)
  • Consuming a high-fat meal prior to 180 min of uninterrupted sitting augments markers of cardiovascular disease risk more than consuming a low-fat meal prior to sitting. (nature.com)
  • The ARIC Study is a prospective cohort study initiated in 1987 to study cardiovascular disease risk factors and natural history. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests inverse association between consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), metabolic syndrome disorders, certain types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and other forms of human chronic diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ankle-brachial index (ABI), abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), and coronary artery calcification (CAC): the Jackson heart study. (revistaclinicaguayaquil.org)
  • Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • A unique cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculator for black adults may not be necessary, a study found, despite that fact that current prediction models were developed with predominantly white populations. (acpinternist.org)
  • More than 200 million adults suffer from peripheral artery disease in their lower extremities, which increases their risk of cardiovascular events (such as coronary heart disease, strokes, and leg amputations). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Here at Houston Cardiovascular Institute , We offer a broad spectrum of cardiac services, from non-invasive tests for early diagnosis and treatment to Interventional cardiac catheterizations to treat coronary artery disease . (houstoncardiovascularinstitute.com)
  • Diagnostic services in Baytown include electrocardiograms , echocardiograms , cardiac event monitoring, holter monitoring , exercise treadmill stress testing , nuclear stress testing , and trans-esophageal echocardiograms . (houstoncardiovascularinstitute.com)
  • However, little is known regarding whether sarcopenic obesity determined using whole body DXA could predict incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a consequence, a greater number of men cological therapies and in sophisticated technology-based and women now survive acute events but with a heavierindividual and health system burden of chronic condi-tions driving up health service needs and costs. (hmamedicalclinic.com)
  • Globally, cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the leading causes of the noncommunicable disease burden. (e-trd.org)
  • Much has been published earlier on the pathogenesis and implications of cardiovascular co-morbidities in COPD, and even current Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2020 guidelines highlight the importance of management of co-morbidities in COPD management [ 4 , 5 ]. (e-trd.org)
  • However, for us in cardiovascular medicine, it is unclear whether nuclear or mitochondrial trt is responsible for the observed protection. (libsyn.com)