• The binding domain is rich in α-helices and hydrophobic fusion peptides located near the N-terminus. (wikipedia.org)
  • J. C. Rodriguez, L. Wong, P. A. Jennings, The Solvent in CNBr Cleavage Reactions Determines the Fragmentation Efficiency of Ketosteroid Isomerase Fusion Proteins Used in the Production of Recombinant Peptides, Protein Expression and Purification, Volume 28, (Issue 2), April 2003, Pages 224-231. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • Finally, the enrichment of tetraspanins within secreted vesicles called exosomes, coupled with hints that tetraspanins may regulate vesicle fusion and/or fission, suggests exciting new directions for future research. (nih.gov)
  • Transport occurs in membrane-bounded containers called vesicles, and several protein families have evolved to mediate the budding of a vesicle from the donor compartment, and its transport to and fusion with the target organelle. (nature.com)
  • These have been suggested to be the core machinery that mediates the fusing of two membranes, as well as ensuring that vesicles deliver their cargo to the right compartment 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • In vitro membrane-bound vesicles obtained by 'bisecting' (although the two parts were not always identical in size) an in vitro contractile vacuole established their own independent rounding-slackening cycles. (biologists.com)
  • Severed radial arms also became vesiculated and, like contractile vacuole membranes, these in vitro vesicles showed independent rounding-slackening cycles and vesicle-vesicle fusions. (biologists.com)
  • Neurotransmission relies on repeated cycles of exo- and endocytosis of the synaptic vesicles (SVs), in which several palmitoylated proteins play critical roles. (jci.org)
  • These proteins facilitate membrane fusion, which is required for neurotransmitter exocytosis, recycling of the fused SV membrane components, and regeneration of fresh vesicles. (jci.org)
  • These toxins inhibit the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction by cleaving soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex proteins in nerve cells, which prevents the fusion of neurotransmitter containing vesicles to cell membranes 2 . (cdc.gov)
  • Class IV fusion proteins, better known as fusion-associated small transmembrane proteins (FAST), are the smallest type of fusion protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • T. J. Park, S. S. Choi, G. A. Gang, Y. Kim, High-Level Expression and Purification of the Second Transmembrane Domain of Wild-Type and Mutant Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor for Solid-State NMR Structural Studies, Protein Expression and Purification, Volume 62, (Issue 2), December 2008, Pages 139-145. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • They are integral membrane zinc metaloprotease that cleave transmembrane domains in proteins. (tcdb.org)
  • For the PIV5 fusion protein, the fusion peptide (FP) and the transmembrane domain (TMD) show striking membrane-dependent conformations. (lu.se)
  • Cleavage of the Om14 (the yeast mitochondrial outer membrane protein) from E. coli OmpX (Outer membrane protein X) has provided yields of up to 70% product without detectable degradation levels. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • This gene encodes a mitochondrial solute carrier protein family member. (nih.gov)
  • The role of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein SLC25A46 in mitochondrial fission and fusion. (nih.gov)
  • An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondrial proteins are degraded by autophagy in aged cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Loss of vacuole function triggers mitochondrial protein degradation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Concanamycin a treatment causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (elifesciences.org)
  • Wild-type cells were treated with concanamycin A for 4 hr, stained with mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent dyes DiOC 6 ( A ) or TMRM ( B ), and analyzed by flow cytometry. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mitochondrial protein degradation is not triggered by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress. (elifesciences.org)
  • C ) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress does not activate autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using postmortem brain tissues from an INCL patient and tissue from the PPT1-knockout (PPT1-KO) mice that mimic INCL, we report here that PPT1 deficiency caused persistent membrane anchorage of the palmitoylated SV proteins, which hindered the recycling of the vesicle components that normally fuse with the presynaptic plasma membrane during SV exocytosis. (jci.org)
  • To obtain information about BIN1's interaction with themembrane in near native environments, we used artificial lipid systems suchas liposomes and lipids nanotubes.First, we have shown that electrostatic interactions are more important forBIN1 when binding to membranes with low curvature. (kth.se)
  • The formation ofinvaginations (or tubules) is regulated by the composition of negativecharged lipids in membrane bilayer or electrostatic residues on the BARdomain. (kth.se)
  • They have demonstrated that the viral envelope protein has a "pocket" that specifically recognizes a category of lipids in the cell membrane. (pasteur.fr)
  • They also determined the atomic structure of this new protein-lipid complex, demonstrating that this protein has a "pocket" which specifically recognizes the hydrophilic heads of some of the lipids that make up the cell membrane. (pasteur.fr)
  • Plasmalogens may also play important roles in interactions between lipids and proteins, the transmission of chemical signals in cells, and the fusion of cell membranes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS, working with the University of Göttingen, have characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its envelope proteins into the host cell membrane, thereby enabling it to infect the cell. (pasteur.fr)
  • Scientists in the Structural Virology Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS) directed by Félix Rey, in collaboration with the University of Göttingen, characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its surface proteins into the host cell membrane and drive fusion. (pasteur.fr)
  • The peptide regions required to drive fusion are formed from the turns between the β-sheets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we generated a series of lipopeptides derived from EK1 and found that EK1C4 was the most potent fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated membrane fusion and pseudovirus infection with IC50s of 1.3 and 15.8 nM, about 241- and 149-fold more potent than the original EK1 peptide, respectively. (nature.com)
  • When a defined protein/peptide (or combinations thereof) control and define the synthesis of an inorganic nanoparticle, the result is a cloneable NanoParticle (cNP). (rsc.org)
  • Each serotype of BoNT hydrolyzes their protein substrates at different peptide bonds. (cdc.gov)
  • To assure that the lipid-free MexA polypeptide could be unbound to the membrane, we analyzed the two- dimensional membrane topology by the gene fusion technique. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2020). Functional Characterization of TMEM127 Variants Reveals Novel Insights into Its Membrane Topology and Trafficking. (tcdb.org)
  • Vesicle fusion events involved in neurotransmitter trafficking also relies on the catalytic activity of fusion proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellular fractionation experiments revealed that an unprocessed form of MexA anchored the inner membrane probably via an uncleaved signal sequence, whereas the processed form was undetectable in the membrane fraction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cell membranes need to change their shapes during many cellular processeslike protein trafficking, cytokinesis and membrane homeostasis. (kth.se)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • By identifying many sGAG-specific interacting proteins, our data provide a resource for upcoming studies aimed at molecular mechanisms and understanding of sGAG cellular effects. (degruyter.com)
  • This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
  • We previously developed a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor, EK1, which targeted the HR1 domain and could inhibit infection by divergent human coronaviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. (nature.com)
  • EK1C4 was also highly effective against membrane fusion and infection of other human coronavirus pseudoviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as SARSr-CoVs, and potently inhibited the replication of 5 live human coronaviruses examined, including SARS-CoV-2. (nature.com)
  • Researchers assessed the impact of ceramide (CER) and cholesterol (CHOL) on membrane fusion mediated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. (news-medical.net)
  • The goal of the present investigation is to examine the effects of missense mutations in the MERS-CoV S protein on protein stability and binding affinity with DPP4 to provide insight that is useful in developing vaccines to prevent coronavirus infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings provide further information on how mutations in coronavirus S proteins effect protein function. (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, one of these proteins, synaptotagmin, shares many properties with the putative Ca2+ receptor. (nih.gov)
  • A key component in the virulence of MERS-CoV is the Spike (S) protein, which binds with the host membrane receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). (frontiersin.org)
  • The interaction of sGAG with α2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein (LRPAP1), exportin-1 (XPO1), and serine protease HTRA1 (HTRA1) was confirmed in reverse assays. (degruyter.com)
  • The introduction of fluorescent proteins that can be targeted to the secretory granules, in combination with the advent of new techniques that allow real-time imaging of granule trafficking in living cells (granule dynamics), has led to an explosion of our knowledge of the pre-exocytotic and post-exocytotic processes in the beta cell. (lu.se)
  • To evaluate the role of lipid modification and inner membrane anchoring, we substituted cysteine 24 with phenylalanine or tyrosine and tested whether or not these mutant MexAs function properly. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To answer the question of whether or not membrane anchoring is essential for the MexA function, we replaced the signal sequence of the MexA protein with that of the azurin protein, which contains a cleavable signal sequence but no lipid modification site. (elsevierpure.com)
  • env codes for the protein that sticks out of the lipid membrane. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Impaired membrane traffic in defective ether lipid biosynthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Therefore, the local lipid composition of the membrane is a key regulator of the site of virus-cell fusion. (lu.se)
  • We find that this domain is trimerized in the lipid membrane with a helix-turn-helix conformation, suggesting that this domain stabilizes the trimer structure of gp41 and promotes membrane curvature during the fusion process. (lu.se)
  • The data represent the first direct determination of the cholesterol-binding structure of a membrane protein in lipid bilayers, and moreover indicate a specific mechanism by which cholesterol concentration gradients in the membrane drive the M2 protein to the neck of the budding virus to conduct membrane scission. (lu.se)
  • There is both genetic and biochemical evidence that Kar2p interacts with Sec63p, an ER membrane protein containing both luminal and cytosolic domains that is involved in protein translocation across the membrane. (rupress.org)
  • To understand how cholesterol interacts with M2 to generate membrane curvature, we have determined the cholesterol-binding site of M2 by measuring protein-cholesterol distances and cholesterol orientation in the membrane. (lu.se)
  • Substances can be transported from one membrane-encased compartment to another, but the compartments maintain their unique identities. (nature.com)
  • Syncytin-1 Syncytin-2 ERV3 is not functional in humans HAP2 is a domesticated viral class II fusion protein found in diverse eukaryotes including Toxoplasma, vascular plants, and fruit flies. (wikipedia.org)
  • To keep using HIV-1 as an example, this precursor protein gets chopped in two, into a t rans m embrane gp41, which stays anchored in the viral membrane, and a s ub u nit gp120, which is noncovalently attached to gp41 like a lolly-pop. (scienceblogs.com)
  • We use the HIV envelope protein (gp120/gp41) as a model system. (stanford.edu)
  • The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
  • Fifty-one vaccine candidates were designed mainly to mimic fusion intermediate conformations of gp41 and in some instance to increase exposure of the 2F5/4E10 epitopes. (europa.eu)
  • 2) For the HIV fusion protein gp41, we have determined the oligomeric structure of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) and the TMD. (lu.se)
  • The ability to maintain a diverse set of intracellular compartments, with distinct complements of proteins, is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
  • Studies of the intracellular fusion machinery used in vesicular transport have also advanced rapidly, although high-resolution structural information is not yet available. (princeton.edu)
  • Here we used an affinity-purification mass spectrometry-based (AP-MS) approach to identify novel and particularly intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). (degruyter.com)
  • Enrichment analysis for protein localization showed that mainly intracellular and cell-associated interacting proteins were identified. (degruyter.com)
  • The identification of the intracellular sGAG-interacting proteins could help to unravel these functions. (degruyter.com)
  • Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to protein A or G binds to the fragment crystallizable region of IgG immunoglobulins, especially IgG2a. (mayo.edu)
  • The MexA protein is thought to be located at the inner membrane and has been assumed to link the xenobiotics-exporting subunit, MexB, and the outer membrane channel protein, OprM. (elsevierpure.com)
  • n-[9,10- 3 H]Palmitic acid incorporation experiments revealed that MexA was radiolabeled with palmitic acid, suggesting that the MexA anchors the inner membrane via the fatty acid moiety. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We concluded from these results that the MexA protein is fully functional as expressed in the periplasmic space without anchoring the inner membrane. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic genomes contain several gene families, of host and viral origin, which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • We solved the X-ray crystal structure of six-helical bundle (6-HB) core of the HR1 and HR2 domains in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein S2 subunit, revealing that several mutated amino acid residues in the HR1 domain may be associated with enhanced interactions with the HR2 domain. (nature.com)
  • encodes a putative lipoprotein, designated outer membrane protein P4 (OmpP4). (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, Streptomyces griseus encodes in the following order: an ABC-2 type transporter, an ABC-type ATPase (see TC#3.A.1.105.11), a S2P-M50 peptidase with a CBS domain (see 9.B.149.1.1), a lantibiotic synthesis protein and a lantibiotic dehydratase. (tcdb.org)
  • Membrane Fusion Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • sec61 and sec62 mutant alleles that cause similar or more severe protein translocation defects show no karyogamy defects. (rupress.org)
  • Taken together, these results suggest a direct role for Sec63p, Sec71p, and Sec72p in nuclear membrane fusion and argue against the alternative interpretation that the karyogamy defects result as an indirect consequence of the impaired membrane translocation of another component(s) required for the process. (rupress.org)
  • Integral membrane protein. (lu.se)
  • The contractile vacuole of the freshwater protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum is a membrane-bound exocytotic vesicle that expels excess cytosolic water. (biologists.com)
  • Insulin release involves the packaging of insulin in small (diameter approximate to0.3 mum) secretory granules, the trafficking of these granules to the plasma membrane, the exocytotic fusion of the granules with the plasma membrane and eventually the retrieval of the secreted membranes. (lu.se)
  • To verify this assumption, we analyzed membrane anchoring and localization of the MexA protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The signal sequence of the azurin-MexA hybrid protein was properly processed and bore the mature MexA, which was fully recovered in the soluble fraction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Acrosomal proteins can also be biochemically classified as components of the acrosomal matrix, a large, relatively insoluble complex, or as soluble proteins. (nih.gov)
  • This protein is 1,353 amino acids in length, and the monomers assemble to form a homotrimer. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the homologous protein of the chikungunya virus, the scientists pinpointed one of the residues of the recognition pocket as amino acid 226. (pasteur.fr)
  • These mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in alkylglycerone phosphate synthase, which alters the structure of the enzyme and significantly reduces its activity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We compared the S protein structures of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses and identified the residues like C526, C383, and N468 located in equivalent positions of these viruses have effects on S protein structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • The CusB protein is part of the CusCBA periplasmic Cu(I) efflux system in Gram-negative bacteria, and it was recently reported to play a key role in the functioning of the whole CusCBA system, in which conformational changes as well as the assembly/disassembly process control the opening of the transporter. (biorxiv.org)
  • The cation channel mucolipin-1 is a bifunctional protein that facilitates membrane remodeling via its serine lipase domain. (harvard.edu)
  • The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)
  • The GP64 envelope fusion protein is an essential baculovirus protein required for cell-to-cell transmission of infection. (1library.net)
  • Bexsero is a vaccine used to protect individuals from the age of two months against invasive meningococcal disease caused by one group of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (group B). Invasive disease occurs when the bacteria spread through the body causing serious infections such as meningitis (infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spine) and septicaemia (blood infection). (europa.eu)
  • F proteins can be independently expressed on host cell surfaces which can either (1) drive the infected cell to fuse with neighboring cells, forming a syncytium, or (2) be incorporated into a budding virion from the infected cell which leads to the full emancipation of plasma membrane from the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are found in reoviruses, which are non-enveloped viruses and are specialized for cell-cell rather than virus-cell fusion, forming syncytia. (wikipedia.org)
  • After fusion of the two plasma membranes of the mating cells, a dinucleated cell forms initially in which the two haploid nuclei then rapidly fuse to form a single diploid nucleus. (rupress.org)
  • Therefore, we herein established a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion assay and found that SARS-CoV-2 showed a superior plasma membrane fusion capacity compared to that of SARS-CoV. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Establishment of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated cell-cell fusion system. (nature.com)
  • d Images of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion on 293T/ACE2 cells at 2 h (left) and 24 h (right). (nature.com)
  • It is responsible for binding to new host cells and mediating fusion between the viral membrane, and the target cell membrane. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The S protein is responsible for helping the virus to gain entry to the cell contributing to the overall virulence of these β-CoVs. (frontiersin.org)
  • The fusion process involves fusing spleen or lymph node cells with a myeloma fusion partner cell line. (mayo.edu)
  • The Antibody Hybridoma Core utilizes the fusion partner cell line FOX-NY, a nonimmunoglobulin-secreting myeloma cell line that is hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) sensitive. (mayo.edu)
  • Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been busy in the 1990s, having been removed from the jellyfish Aequora victoria and transfected into just about every type of cell possible. (the-scientist.com)
  • I will identify the remaining links in this cell-fusion process and will then reconstitute the system using synthetic membranes. (pewtrusts.org)
  • RVF virus spreads in its host by fusing with cell membranes so that it can proliferate and infect other cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Understanding the mechanism used by these viruses for insertion in the cell membrane paves the way for the development of therapeutic agents that target the "pocket" involved in the fusion of viral and cell membranes with the aim of preventing pathogenic arboviruses from entering host cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • These molecules are found in cell membranes throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • I will present our recent structural studies, using solid-state NMR spectroscopy, of three membrane proteins that give insights into the mechanisms of virus-cell membrane fusion and virus budding. (lu.se)
  • Activity lasted for over 30 min at room temperature (24-27 degrees C). The rounding of the in vitro contractile vacuole corresponded to the increased membrane tension of the in vivo contractile vacuole that occurs immediately before fluid expulsion. (biologists.com)
  • The subsequent slackening of the in vitro contractile vacuole corresponded to the fluid-filling phase of the in vivo contractile vacuole that occurs at decreased membrane tension. (biologists.com)
  • An additional rounding phase of the in vitro contractile vacuole could be induced by applying suction to a portion of its membrane with a micropipette when the contractile vacuole was in its slackened phase. (biologists.com)
  • a recombinant protein synthesized from in vitro methods may also be used. (mayo.edu)
  • Hughson, FM 1995, ' Molecular mechanisms of protein-mediated membrane fusion ', Current Opinion in Structural Biology , vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 507-513. (princeton.edu)
  • While several non-native membrane fusion mechanisms have been demonstrated, few can respond to external stimuli. (rsc.org)
  • Importantly, this "recognition pocket" is found not only in RVF virus but also in the envelope proteins of other viral families transmitted by arthropods, such as the dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses, which have caused major worldwide epidemics in recent years. (pasteur.fr)
  • To circumvent these problems, we have developed a protocol for CNBr cleavage of protein fusions, which is particularly useful for Met-Ser sequences. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • Lipoproteins have been demonstrated to have roles in preserving membrane structure, functioning as enzymes, and serving as transporters or toxins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitochondria have their own chaperones and proteolytic enzymes that remove damaged or unfolded proteins [ 18 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • C ) Cartoon diagram of the strategy used in HeLa cells to biotinylate ER-mitochondria membrane contact site (MCS) proteins with V5-TurboID-Mfn1 vs. V5-TurboID-Mfn1E209A. (elifesciences.org)
  • E ) Immunoblot analyses of fractions collected by differential centrifugation including: 7000× g pellet containing mitochondria (TOM20, mitochondria), 20,000× g pellet containing light membrane and ER (Calnexin, ER), and supernatant containing cytosol (GAPDH, cytosol). (elifesciences.org)
  • Fusion conformation change can often be controlled by pH. (wikipedia.org)
  • The β-sheet conformation causes negative Gaussian curvature and membrane dehydration, which are required for membrane merger, while the α-helical conformation resides in low-curvature lamellar membranes and forms three-helix bundles. (lu.se)
  • Membrane curvature generation and membrane remodeling underlie many biological processes such as virus entry into cells and virus budding. (lu.se)
  • How proteins mediate this curvature generation is a fundamental question that is still poorly understood. (lu.se)
  • Thenovel NT* tag is derived from a spider silk protein and was reported to be apromising fusion tag for protein purification. (kth.se)
  • While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation, syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Purified GST fusion proteins of the N and C termini of Na v 1.3 pull down contactin from lysates of transfected HEK 293 cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Theyre coated in the membranes of the cells they budded off of. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Bexsero contains four proteins which are found on the surfaces of cells of the N. meningitidis group B bacterium. (europa.eu)
  • The discovery of membrane fusion shows the means by which proteins and other materials are transported within and between cells. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
  • Protein folding inside cells is a vital process that gives molecules' their unique characteristics and disruption of this process can lead to disease and allergies. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
  • This muscle-making protein, when artificially stuck to the surface of non-muscle cells, drives them to fuse with muscle cells-- but not with each other, suggesting that muscle cells must possess some additional signals that drive the process. (pewtrusts.org)
  • 3) The influenza virus buds from host cells in a cholesterol-dependent manner using the matrix protein M2. (lu.se)
  • Evidence from a variety of secretory tissues, including pancreatic islet cells suggests, however, that the secretory granules can be functionally divided into distinct pools that are distinguished by their release competence and/or proximity to the plasma membrane. (lu.se)
  • Voltage-gated sodium channels mediate a rapid and transient increase in Na + permeability in response to membrane depolarization, thereby contributing to the generation and conduction of action potentials. (jneurosci.org)
  • Solubility issues associated especially with membrane proteins contribute further to reduced cleavage at Met-Xxx sites. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • Moreover, prolonged incubations of several hours to days, in highly acidic reaction conditions required for CNBr cleavage, often lead to protein degradation. (praiseworthyprize.org)
  • Enveloped viruses readily overcome the thermodynamic barrier of merging two plasma membranes by storing kinetic energy in fusion (F) proteins. (wikipedia.org)