• The innate immune system is mainly composed of myeloid lineage cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, were found to provide a rapid response to virtually all pathogens and to initiate inflammation at sites of local infection. (aacrjournals.org)
  • They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we show that successful treatment of cervical carcinoma in mouse models with synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines induced influx of cytokine-producing CD8 T cells that strongly altered the numbers and phenotype of intratumoral macrophages. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Strikingly, complete regressions of large established tumors depended on the tumor-infiltrating macrophages that were induced by this immunotherapy, because a small-molecule drug inhibitor targeting CSF-1R diminished the number of intratumoral macrophages and abrogated the complete remissions. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Fig. 4: T reg cells and TGF-β are not major contributors to the paralysis program of alveolar macrophages. (nature.com)
  • Tumor cell-derived spondin 2 (SPON2) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has complicated roles in recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They proliferate to activate B cells to make antibody responses and macrophages to destroy microorganisms that either invaded the macrophage were ingested by it. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The infiltration of multiple types of tumor-promoting immune cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and other immune cells, mediates immune evasion and tumor progression [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • DEP exert immunoregulatory functions through their first action on resident cells in the lung including macrophages, airway epithelial cells, and dendritic cells (DC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Whereas alveolar macrophages mainly reside in the alveolar region of the lung, immature myeloid DC (mDC) constitute a dense network in close proximity to airway epithelial cells [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Macrophages that infiltrate tumor tissues are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and are closely involved in tumor progression by inducing angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and invasion [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
  • They can also stimulate the destruction of antigen by cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils by covering the surface of the antigen by the Fc portion of the antibodies in a process known as "opsonization. (medscape.com)
  • In tumors which had high levels of infiltrating CD11b + macrophages expressing the ADCC-activating FcgRIV, T REGS were selectively depleted in an FcgR-dependant manner, while effector T cells were instead expanded. (sanguinebio.com)
  • In lymph nodes lacking significant levels of these macrophages, frequencies of both effector T cells and T REGS were increased. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Tumor-associated T REGS expressedhigher levels of CTLA-4 than their effector T cell counterparts, or than T REGS present in the lymph node, indicating that higher CTLA-4 expression levels mediate ADCC via macrophages in the tumor. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Lipopeptides act as immunomodulators by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed on antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) to activate immune functions [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Monocytes migrate into tissues, where over about 8 hours, they develop into macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
  • Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
  • Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, the role of Dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation of specific T cell immunity to M. tuberculosis has not been clearly elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
  • Understanding the paradoxical importance of dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance will inform the development of successful cancer immunotherapies. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The adaptive immune system, discovered by Paul Ehrlich, involves the production of circulating antibodies that can provide long lasting, systemic immunity that is specific to antigens expressed by a given pathogen. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We now understand that adaptive immunity is the purview of a second set of leukocytes, T and B lymphocytes, which are responsible not only for antibody production but also for the generation of T cells that can directly identify and kill host cells infected by pathogens (e.g., viruses). (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + T cells are essential organizers of cell-mediated immunity, participating in each stage of the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
  • Second, the authors discuss that inability to resolve infection and prevent disease may not be a consequence of the generation of an inadequate number of Th1 cells but of an intrinsic deficiency in macrophage function that prevents these cells from expressing immunity. (scielo.br)
  • The authors also argue that memory B and T cell responses are long-lived in the absence of antigen, but they are modulated and influenced by other infections and that memory B and T cells can either provide protective immunity or contribute to immunopathology on infection with homologous or heterologous viruses. (scielo.br)
  • discuss the role of integrins in T cell- mediated immunity, with a focus on how these receptors participate in lymphocyte recirculation and T cell activation, how antigen stimulation regulates integrin activity, and how integrins define functionally unique subsets of T cells and APCs. (scielo.br)
  • Intracellular Helicobacter pylori induces temporal waves in macrophage immunity. (nimml.org)
  • Next we investigated how innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) may facilitate the recognition of H. pylori to subsequently induce classic molecular cascades that efficiently modulate immunity. (nimml.org)
  • Agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies have been reported to induce T cell mediated antitumor immunity. (bioxcell.com)
  • All FcgammaRs can crosslink anti-41BB antibodies to strengthen co-stimulation, but activating FcgammaR-induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity compromises anti-tumor immunity by deleting 4-1BB(+) cells. (bioxcell.com)
  • Some tumor cell-inherent resistance mechanisms, such as the tumor mutational burden and aberrant expression of oncogenic pathways, restrain antitumor immunity [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Introduction B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is usually associated with profound defects in T-cell function resulting in failure of antitumor immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. (researchensemble.com)
  • 3 , 4 It has been widely acknowledged that B cells are necessary for the development of T-cell immunity because they serve as excellent antigen-presenting cells, providing costimulatory signals and producing cytokines necessary for effector functions of T cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • Following the binding of TGFβ to its specific receptors that are expressed on nearly all cell types, TGFβ regulates a plethora of biological processes, ranging from cell proliferation and differentiation, embryogenesis, hormonal synthesis and secretion, immunity to tissue remodeling and repair [ 6 ] [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The cells that have the inherent property of innate and adaptive immunity within the body are present at different sites including the blood, lymphatic system (lymph, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs), epithelium, and connective tissues. (medscape.com)
  • To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Contact allergen-induced innate immunity contrast to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), which evolves emollients may help reduce irritancy and stabilize the barrier as a consequence of direct toxic effects of physical or chemi- function of the skin avoiding the penetration of contact aller- cal agents resulting in keratinocyte damage and local inflam- gens. (cdc.gov)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • This binding results in the activation of a large proportion of antigen-presenting cells and T cells, with subsequent release of high systemic levels of cytokines ( 12 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The major cytokines released from antigen-presenting cells and T cells after activation by SAgs are tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-2 ( 11 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The present study investigated the expression of T helper (Th)17 cytokines in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and their clinical significance in providing new therapeutic insights. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It was further demonstrated that Th17 cells could be induced and expanded in the tumor microenvironment through cytokines produced by the tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • SPON2 may indirectly induce M2-polarization through upregulating cytokines including IL10, CCL2 and CSF1 expression in tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Memory T cells consist of both CD4 and CD8 T cells that can rapidly acquire effector functions to kill infected cells and/or secrete inflammatory cytokines that inhibit replication of the pathogen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Therefore although CLL CD8+ T cells exhibit features of T-cell exhaustion they retain the ability to produce cytokines. (researchensemble.com)
  • Human primary tumor cells could also be reprogrammed to increase their capability to present antigen and to activate patient-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. (lu.se)
  • We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. (wikipedia.org)
  • B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the events taking place immediately after activation have yet to be completely determined, it is believed that B cells are activated in accordance with the kinetic segregation model[citation needed], initially determined in T lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (T CM cells) and effector memory (T EM ) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting review, P. MARRACK & J. KAPPLER focus on naïve, activated, and memory T cells survival separately, and discuss experiments done in vitro and in mice lacking or containing normal populations of lymphocytes. (scielo.br)
  • 4-1BB is a 39 kDa transmembrane protein expressed by T lymphocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells. (bioxcell.com)
  • T cells (T lymphocytes) derive their names from the organs in which they develop in the thymus. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Together with memory B cells, lymphocytes that store specific antigen messages after antigen stimulation have lifespans of up to several decades. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • While the autoreactive cells displayed significantly reduced Tregs numbers, the alloreactive transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes had high functional Tregs. (hindawi.com)
  • In some cases, T cells may present, as a result of residual autologous cells or transplacentally acquired maternal lymphocytes [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The origin of the reactive cells in such patients are either thymic release of T-cells that expand at the periphery or transplacentally transfers of maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • A distinctive feature of SCID patients, which sometimes can clinically resemble Omenn, [ 6 ] is the presence of alloreactive cells originated from transplacentally maternal T lymphocytes. (hindawi.com)
  • Under this project my lab investigates the role of signals mediated through receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2R) and functionally related cytokine receptors in malignant transformation of T lymphocytes. (upenn.edu)
  • The interaction of TNFRSF9 and its ligand, TNFSF9, leads to the activation of cytotoxic T cells, reactivation of anergic T lymphocytes, and induces T-cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
  • Immunoglobulins (Igs), the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "antibodies," are glycoprotein molecules produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to an immunogen or after recognition of specific epitopes on the antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • Regardless of the stimulation by anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies or by antigen-presenting cells, human iT SCM cells were more efficiently induced from central memory type T cells than from effector memory T cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the B cell system protective memory is mediated by plasma cells that secrete antibodies, whereas reactive memory is mediated by memory B cells that proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells in response to secondary antigenic stimulation. (scielo.br)
  • Like antibody responses, T cell responses are exquisitely antigen-specific, and they are at least as important as antibodies in defending vertebrates against infection. (nutritionfit.org)
  • When they receive the same antigenic stimuli as they once again, they can proliferate as functional T cells against antigen or plasma cells that produce antibodies. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The cellular response is mainly a lymphocyte-mediated reaction, whereas the humoral response includes production of antibodies against the antigen by the plasma cells. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies then specifically bind to only those particular antigens. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies can bind to the different antigens causing agglutination and precipitation of the antigens leading to neutralization of the antigen effect. (medscape.com)
  • Thus differential affinities of IgG subclasses to functionally different Fcg receptors are thought to mediate the variation in clinical effectiveness of different antibodies targeting the same antigen. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Thus, even for functionally different (antagonistic versus agonistic) immunotherapeutic antibodies targeting these same T cell populations, FcgR-mediated ADCC of T REG s appears to be a critical mechanism for anti-tumor effects. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) or to functionally related molecules in the post-synaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction. (covidreference.com)
  • It is now known that new blood vessels originate from preexisting vessels by activation, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through a process named "angiogenesis" [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mechanistically, PTPN22 mediates cDC2 homeostasis in a cell intrinsic manner by restricting cDC2 proliferation. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a consequence, cDC2 dependent CD4 + T cell proliferation and T follicular helper cell responses are increased. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ability of the M. tuberculosis infected DC to induce T cell proliferation using 5 and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution technique was also investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was revealed that the M. tuberculosis infected DC induced T cell proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data clearly demonstrate that M. tuberculosis induces activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived immature DC as well as induces T cell proliferation in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among their other immunological properties, MSC inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, suppress dendritic cell function and alter DC cytokine production, and decrease IFN-g production by NK cells. (vin.com)
  • Hh proteins comprise a group of secreted proteins that are involved in organogenesis and have been shown to promote adult stem cell proliferation [74-76]. (cret-signal.com)
  • Despite the preliminary nature of these studies, the Hh signaling pathway may represent a new therapeutic target to protect or promote cell proliferation and tissue repair within the chronically damaged liver in PBC and other chronic liver diseases. (cret-signal.com)
  • CLL CD8+ T cells showed functional defects in proliferation and cytotoxicity with the cytolytic defect caused by impaired granzyme packaging into vesicles and nonpolarized degranulation. (researchensemble.com)
  • A major potential confounding factor is usually cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity known to influence the major lymphoid subsets in healthy individuals with expanded populations of CMV-specific CD4+ Tnf and CD8+ T cells reported in CMV-seropositive (CMV+) CLL patients.14-17 Here we show that CD8+ T cells from patients with CLL exhibit defects in proliferation cytotoxicity and increased expression of inhibitory receptors irrespective of CMV serostatus. (researchensemble.com)
  • Human circulating B cells coexpress ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, hydrolyze exogenous ATP to 5′-AMP and ADO, and express messenger RNA for A 1 R, A 2A R, and A 3 R. 2-chloroadenosine inhibited B-cell proliferation and cytokine expression, and only A 3 R selective antagonist restored B-cell functions. (ashpublications.org)
  • However, in vitro-activated B cells downregulated CD73 expression, mainly produced 5′-AMP, and inhibited T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. (ashpublications.org)
  • In contrast to this activity, TGFβ can also function as a tumor promoter by promoting cancer cell proliferation, stimulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration of cancer cells, and indirectly by acting on the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis, and/or immune evasion in advanced stages of tumor progression [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Our studies indicate that RAD has a strong inhibitory effect on PTLD-like and PTLD-derived B cells by suppressing their proliferation, blocking cell cycle progression and increasing apoptotic rate. (upenn.edu)
  • Even though GITR-activation in effector T cells promotes activities including cytokine production and proliferation, the agonistic properties of this antibody alone were not effective in the absence of activating FcgR engagement. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Superantigens simultaneously bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and T-cell receptor molecules bearing a particular V-β region. (cdc.gov)
  • Reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes and costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of tumor cells, allowing the. (lu.se)
  • The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, MSC are poor antigen presenting cells and do not express MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules and only low levels of MHC class I molecules. (vin.com)
  • T cells cannot recognize antigen alone, as for T cell receptors (TCRs), they can recognize only antigen bound to cell-membrane proteins (MHC molecules). (nutritionfit.org)
  • Therefore, a critical role may exist for short-range acting factors, such as cell surface molecules. (nutritionfit.org)
  • These molecules were most highly expressed in the expanded populace of effector T cells in CLL. (researchensemble.com)
  • MHC-II molecules drive the development, activation, and homeostasis of CD4 + T-helper cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, while the mainstay of the diagnosis of MHC-II deficiency is the absence of constitutive and inducible expression of MHC-II molecules on all cell types, other tests for T-cell function are less informative in such patients. (hindawi.com)
  • A qualitative mathematical model of the notion of immunocompetence is developed, based on the formalism of Memory Evolutive Systems (MES), from which, immunocompetence is defined as an emergent structure of a higher order arising from the signal networks that are established between effector cells and molecules of the immune response in the presence of a given antigen. (biorxiv.org)
  • The immune system is an inherent self-defense system consisting of cells that helps the body distinguish between self and non-self molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Antigens are the molecules that are recognized and stimulate the cells of immune system. (medscape.com)
  • These may be different molecules within the cells like proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleoproteins and may also be the whole cell, like a tumor cell or organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or agents containing genetic material such as nucleic acids or lipids. (medscape.com)
  • Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
  • CTLA-4 is related to the T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28, and acts to suppress T cell function by competing with CD28 for binding to CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells and recruiting inhibitory molecules into the TCR signaling synapse. (sanguinebio.com)
  • MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)
  • Загальні відомості про імунну систему The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) must be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs (which specialize in presenting antigens to T cells) to be recognized by CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage, do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vasculogenesis is the coalescence of new blood vessels from individual endothelial cells or progenitor cells. (hindawi.com)
  • This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Established tumors are complex, heterogeneous masses composed of malignant cells admixed with a variety of non-transformed host cells, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient recognition of foreign pathogens by T cells requires adhesive interactions between T cells and other cell types, such as endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and with components of the extracellular matrix. (scielo.br)
  • However, PDAC is characterized by an abundant tumor stroma that includes a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neurons and some molecular events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hemostatic system consists of platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. (medscape.com)
  • Cytomegalovirus reactivation is still a critical concern following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and cellular immune reconstitution of cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells is necessary for the long-term control of cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. (nature.com)
  • Here we show the features of repertoire diversity and the gene expression profile of HLA-A24 cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells in actual recipients according to the cytomegalovirus reactivation pattern. (nature.com)
  • Single-cell RNA-sequence analyses demonstrate the homogenous distribution of the gene expression profile in individual cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells within each recipient. (nature.com)
  • However, cellular immune reconstitution of CMV-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CMV-CTL) is generally considered to be necessary for the long-term control of CMV reactivation after allo-HCT. (nature.com)
  • To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
  • Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells by inducing them to undergo apoptosis, these cells like a "killer" or cytotoxin because they kill cells of interest that produce a particular antigen. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The major surface marker of cytotoxic T cells is CD8, also known as killer T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Helper T cells also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The immunosuppressive TME of PDAC is characterized by T cell exhaustion resulting in the loss of cytotoxic effector functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumor-specific neoantigens, which are expressed on tumor cells, can induce an effective antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response and mediate tumor regression. (wjgnet.com)
  • In conclusion, female UCB comprises HY-specific cytotoxic T cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • In the present paper, we construct a notion of immunocompetence as a hyperstructure emerging from the cooperation of the components of a pattern, in this case, the effector immune cells, which are devoted, in principle, to carry out a particular task e.g., to recognize and neutralize a particular antigen. (biorxiv.org)
  • Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
  • The cellular or innate immune system was first described by the pathologist Elie Metchnikoff who recognized the existence of cells in the blood and tissues whose role was to identify, capture, and destroy invading pathogens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • It has long been appreciated that the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system must be coordinated, but it was not until the discovery of dendritic cells (DC) by Ralph Steinman at The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s that we truly understood conceptually how the immune system functions as a coherent unit. (aacrjournals.org)
  • They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
  • The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
  • We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
  • Innate immune cells play a decisive role in host fate by enabling high bacterial loads and minimizing the immunological impact of this burden in the gastric mucosa. (nimml.org)
  • Prime candidates are the streptococcal superantigens (SAgs), a family of highly mitogenic proteins secreted individually or in certain combinations by many Streptococcus pyogenes strains ( 7 - 10 ), although other virulence factors, such as Streptolysin O and various cell wall antigens can also cause toxic shock ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • B cell activation is enhanced through the activity of CD21, a surface receptor in complex with surface proteins CD19 and CD81 (all three are collectively known as the B cell coreceptor complex). (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigens that activate B cells with the help of T-cell are known as T cell-dependent (TD) antigens and include foreign proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. The cell biology of MHC class I-restricted antigen processing and presentation: My laboratory continues to explore the forces that drive the extremely rapid MHC class I-restricted presentation of both cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum-targeted proteins, and how differential processing could impact both the induction and effector phases of CD8+ T cell responses. (upenn.edu)
  • 2. The cell biology of MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and presentation: A generally accepted paradigm in fundamental immunology is that CD4+ T cells recognize peptides derived from exogenous (internalized) sources of antigen while CD8+ recognize peptides derived from endogenous sources of antigen (generally, proteins synthesized within the antigen-presenting cell). (upenn.edu)
  • This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
  • Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (c-IAP) 1 and 2 are widely expressed ubiquitin protein ligases that regulate a variety of cellular functions, including the sensitivity of T cells to costimulation. (bioxcell.com)
  • Hence, these proteins could be candidate antigen targets for the development of vaccines aimed at the control and prevention of O. erraticus infestations and the diseases this tick transmits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have recently shown that the replication of rhinovirus, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus requires the co-translational N-myristoylation of viral proteins by human host cell N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs), and is inhibited by treatment with IMP-1088, an ultrapotent small molecule NMT inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
  • Low AKR1B10 expression induced M2 macrophage polarization and promoted the malignant phenotype of GC. (portlandpress.com)
  • Low AKR1B10 expression induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes the malignant transformation of GC. (portlandpress.com)
  • These changes of the intratumoral myeloid composition coincided with macrophage recruitment by chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5, and were completely dependent on a vaccine-induced influx of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Incubation of tumor cells with T cell-derived IFNγ and TNFα recapitulated the chemokine profile observed in vivo , confirming the capacity of antitumor CD8 T cells to mediate macrophage infiltration of tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In vitro migration assays, transendothelial migration assays (iTEM), and cell adhesion assays were used to investigate the effects of SPON2 on monocyte/macrophage migration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Blocking M2 polarization and Macrophage depletion inhibited the SPON2-induced tumors growth and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD14+ monocytes from IBD patients had significantly decreased cleaved H3T22, suggesting they were epigenetically primed for macrophage differentiation.We describe the first systems-level quantification of histone modifications across immune cells from IBD patients at a single-cell resolution revealing the increased epigenetic heterogeneity that is not possible with traditional ChIP-seq profiling. (stanford.edu)
  • Upon culture in endothelial growth media, these cells expressed endothelial lineage markers, such as CD31, Tie2, and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and incorporated into blood vessels in ischemic tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • if the BCR can bind strongly to self-antigen, then the B cell undergoes one of four fates: clonal deletion, receptor editing, anergy, or ignorance (B cell ignores signal and continues development). (wikipedia.org)
  • A skewed preference for BV7 genes and sequential "G" amino acids motif is observed in complementarity-determining region-3 of T cell receptor-β. (nature.com)
  • Increased binding scores are observed in T-cell clones with complementarity-determining region-3 of T cell receptor-β with a "(G)GG" motif. (nature.com)
  • An individual T-cell has a specific complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of T cell receptor (TCR)-α and -β, which is a result of the recombination of somatic TCR V-(D)-J genes and junction diversity. (nature.com)
  • The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
  • The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
  • 4-1BB is a TNF receptor family member that signals via a complex that includes TRAF family members and the c-IAPs to upregulate NF-kappaB and ERK, and has been implicated in memory T-cell survival. (bioxcell.com)
  • However, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which have produced unprecedented clinical benefits in a variety of different cancers, produce promising results in only some highly selected patients with PDAC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we compared T-cell functions including the number of circulating CD3 + T cells, in vitro responses to mitogens, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, TCR excision circles (TREC) levels, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) enumeration in several immunodeficinecy subtypes, clinically presenting with nonreactive residual cells (MHC-II deficiency) or reactive cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Freshly isolated or cultured B cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 30 normal donors were evaluated for CD39 and CD73 coexpression, the ability to produce adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine (ADO) in the presence of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well as A 1 , A 2A , A 2B , and A 3 adenosine receptor (ADOR) expression. (ashpublications.org)
  • We found that cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells display activation of the interleukin-2 receptor/cytokine common chain-associated Jak/STAT signal transduction pathway that is transient in the early stage of the lymphoma and constitutive in the late stage of the disease progression. (upenn.edu)
  • Expression of ALK in malignant T cells is typically due to the t(2;5) translocation resulting in formation of the fusion gene which encodes a 80-kDa hybrid protein that contains portion of the nuclear protein nucleophosmin (NPM) joined to the entire cytoplasmic portion of the receptor tyrosine kinase ALK. (upenn.edu)
  • A second article in the same issue of The Journal of Experimental Medicine by Bulliard et al also explored the role of FcgR engagement on the effects of Ipilimumab as well as an agonistic antibody (DTA-1) targeting the T cell activating receptor GITR (TNFR glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein), which is also expressed on both activated T cells and T REG s. (sanguinebio.com)
  • B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same epitope. (wikipedia.org)
  • B cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development, both involving B cell receptors (BCR) on the surface of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • If these receptors do not bind to their ligand, B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular (FO) B cells or marginal zone (MZ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This model denotes that before antigen stimulation, receptors diffuse through the membrane coming into contact with Lck and CD45 in equal frequency, rendering a net equilibrium of phosphorylation and non-phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence of Th17 cells and their receptors in patients with LSCC was studied using immunohistochemical analysis via tissue microarray technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
  • The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
  • This exhausted state is also associated with increased expression of inhibitory receptors including programmed death-1 (PD1 CD279) CD160 (BY55) and CD244 (2B4).13 We hypothesized that chronic stimulation may result in T cells from patients with CLL becoming functionally "exhausted " similar to that reported in chronic viral infections. (researchensemble.com)
  • Active TGFβ induces the heteromeric complex formation of two single transmembrane serine/threonine kinase family receptors, i.e. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Activating receptors contain cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) and activate the FcgR-expressing cell to mediate functions including antibody-dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis of the antibody-labeled target cell. (sanguinebio.com)
  • they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a foreign antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Costimulation of T cell responses with monoclonal antibody agonists (mAb-AG) targeting 4-1BB showed robust anti-tumor activity in preclinical models, but their clinical development was hampered by low efficacy (Utomilumab) or severe liver toxicity (Urelumab). (bioxcell.com)
  • This is to distinguish them from antibody responses, which, of course, also depend on cells (B cells). (nutritionfit.org)
  • Indeed, most adaptive immune responses, including antibody responses, require helper T cells for their initiation. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Antibody-independent role of B cells in modulating T-cell responses is incompletely understood. (ashpublications.org)
  • In vivo studies with TNFSF9 knockout mice and with the agonistic anti-TNFRSF9 monoclonal antibody showed that TNFRSF9/TNFSF9 interaction keeps optimal CD8 T-cell mediated immune response against viral infections and tumors. (biolegend.com)
  • human CD14(+) dermal DC can promote antibody production by B cells. (cnrs.fr)
  • The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • A broad antibody response was detected that included immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA subtypes with demonstrable Fc-mediated effector function targeting multiple viral antigens. (cdc.gov)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • We have found that a variety of endogenous processing pathways are the major drivers of the primary CD4+ T cell response to influenza and also rabies. (upenn.edu)
  • The prevention of immune cell access into the tumor, the accumulation of inhibitory FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), the activation of negative immunoregulatory pathways, and the dysregulation of effector T cells are all mechanisms by which tumors evade the host immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon binding its ligand 4-1BBL, 4-1BB provides costimulatory signals to both CD4 and CD8 T cells through the activation of NF-κB, c-Jun and p38 downstream pathways. (bioxcell.com)
  • In the thymus, developing T cell, known as thymocytes, proliferate and differentiate along developmental pathways that generate functionally distinct subpopulations of mature T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • 1. Role of the cytokine-signal transduction pathways and epigenetic gene silencing in pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma. (upenn.edu)
  • These networks range from those involving gene regulatory and protein-protein interactions underlying intracellular signalling pathways, and single-cell responses, to increasingly complex networks of in vivo cellular interaction, positioning, and migration that determine the overall immune response of an organism ( Subramanian 2015 ). (biorxiv.org)
  • Different pathways regulate different immune cells to help the body differentiate the bodies own healthy cells from disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancerous cells, and many more. (medscape.com)
  • The body's immune system can react adaptively against the antigen via 2 pathways: cellular or humoral. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Maintaining the homeostasis of the multiple functionally distinct conventional dendritic cells (cDC) subsets that exist in vivo is crucial for regulating immune responses, with changes in numbers sufficient to break immune tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • In mice, cDCs (CD11c + MHCII + ) are sub-divided into functionally distinct phenotypes defined as cDC1 (CD8 + IRF8 + XCR1 + Clec9a + CD24 + ) and cDC2 (IRF4 + CD11b + SIRPα + ) whilst in humans the equivalent DC subsets are defined by expression of CD8 + IRF8 + XCR1 + Clec9a + CD141 + (cDC1) and IRF4 + CD1c + (cDC2) ( 1 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We have demonstrated that processing of antigen targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum is both qualitatively and kinetically distinct from antigen targeted to the cytosol. (upenn.edu)
  • They conclude that although armed with highly distinct effector functions, there are many parallels between the T cell and B cell components of the immune response and their conversion into memory. (scielo.br)
  • They had a higher proportion of less differentiated CD34 + hematopoietic progenitors, and a subset of CD56 bright NK cells and γδ T cells characterized by distinct histone modifications associated with the gene transcription. (stanford.edu)
  • Distinct lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal cell types in the TME exert opposing influences on PDAC tumor trajectory, suggesting a more complex organization than the classical "hot" versus "cold" tumor distinction. (stanford.edu)
  • Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Accumulating evidence indicates that expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) defines a distinct type of T-cell lymphoma. (upenn.edu)
  • Under nontumor conditions, these cells provide the first line of protection against pathogens. (hindawi.com)
  • Most importantly, unlike B cells, T cells can help eliminate pathogens that reside inside host cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • Within 9 days of reprogramming, tumor-APCs acquired transcriptional and epigenetic programs associated with cDC1 cells. (lu.se)
  • In addition to acquiring improved antigen presentation, tumor-APCs had impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)
  • In addition, the LSCC microenvironment was identified as a strong Th17-cell inducer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) played a critical role in the establishment of the microenvironment that induced tolerogenic training. (nature.com)
  • Ipilimumab functions to increase the ratio of effector T cells to T REGS in the tumor microenvironment and has been shown to require binding to both types of T cells for maximal anti-tumor effectiveness. (sanguinebio.com)
  • Enforced expression of the transcription factors PU.1, IRF8, and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce the cDC1 phenotype in 36 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. (lu.se)
  • Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
  • In 1971, Dr. Judah Folkman observed that neovascularization occurs around tumors and proposed that new blood vessel growth is necessary to supply nutrients and oxygen to tumor cells during exponential tumor growth [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The results revealed that the prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with LSCC was elevated in their primary tumors, as well as in peripheral blood, compared with that in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The present study revealed that patients with LSCC have elevated levels of Th17 cells in their primary tumors and peripheral blood compared with those in healthy controls. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Therefore, it is not surprising that physically preventing effector CD8 + T cell infiltration or inhibiting their activity once they gain access to the tumor might be a means by which tumors protect themselves from immune attack, enabling them to persist within the host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the in vivo SCID mouse xeno-transplant model, RAD markedly delayed growth or induced regression of established PTLD-related B-cell tumors. (upenn.edu)
  • Special advances are achieved in HER-positive tumors using targeted therapy with drugs which suppress the tumor cell growth factors (trastuzumab, herceptin). (cttjournal.com)
  • Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells that instruct T cell responses through sensing environmental and inflammatory danger signals. (frontiersin.org)
  • Collectively, our data demonstrate that PTPN22 controls cDC2 homeostasis, which in turn ensures appropriate cDC2-dependent T cell responses under antigenic challenge. (frontiersin.org)
  • Functionally, cDC1 cross-present exogenous antigens to activate CD8 + T cells and can promote IL-12 dependent Th1 responses ( 1 , 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Under polarizing inflammatory conditions, cDC2 induce Th2 responses in the lung ( 9 , 10 ), drive Th17 responses through IL-23 secretion ( 11 - 17 ), and initiate SIRPα dependent induction of T follicular helper cells (T FH ) and germinal center (GC) formation ( 18 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Dendritic cells (DC) are responsible for initiating all antigen-specific immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Importantly, DCs also help guide the immune system to respond to foreign antigens while avoiding the generation of autoimmune responses to self. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Upon completion of this activity, the participant should understand the critical roles of dendritic cells in guiding host immune responses, and the details of how they mature, process, and present antigens. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells clearly modulate immune responses, as demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. (vin.com)
  • provides an overview of the dynamic in vivo life of NK cells from their development in the bone marrow to their mature cellular responses in the periphery and their ultimate demise, with emphasis on mouse NK cells and viral infections. (scielo.br)
  • They arise in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus gland to mature.The diverse responses of T cells are collectively called cell-mediated immune reactions. (nutritionfit.org)
  • It is known that B cell functions are necessary for the development and maintenance of immune responses. (ashpublications.org)
  • 1 Early studies in B cell-deficient mice showed that the absence of B cells had adverse effects on CD4 + as well as CD8 + T cell responses. (ashpublications.org)
  • We advance the hypothesis that antigen presentation by beta cells, their stress responses and functional heterogeneity are critical factors that will provide clues towards solving the enigma posed by islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • The authors describe currently available tests to detect either the virus (SARS-CoV-2) or virus-induced immune responses, explaining how the tests work and comparing their performance (see the graphical abstract ). (covidreference.com)
  • Of the three B cell subsets, FO B cells preferentially undergo T cell-dependent activation while MZ B cells and B1 B cells preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell differentiation is essential to create multiple subsets. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The past decade has seen the discovery of an ever-growing number of CD4 T helper cell subsets, with unique transcriptional programs governed by lineage-defining transcription factors. (nutritionfit.org)
  • These defects were not restricted to expanded populations of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cells although CMV seropositivity modulated the distribution of lymphocyte subsets the functional defects were present irrespective of CMV serostatus. (researchensemble.com)
  • This could be achieved by specifically targeting functionally diverse skin DC subsets. (cnrs.fr)
  • This negative selection process leads to a state of central tolerance, in which the mature B cells do not bind self antigens present in the bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is one mechanism by which a T cell can become tolerant to self antigens. (nih.gov)
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) can take up an array of different antigens, including microorganisms which they can process and present more effectively than any other antigen presenting cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequent studies described a VEGFR2 and AC133 expressing subpopulation of these CD34 positive circulating cells that could form endothelial colonies in vitro [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hh dependent induction of Cxcl16, demonstrated Y27632 in both bile duct ligated rats and humans with PBC, resulted in Natural Killer T (NKT) cell chemotaxis toward cholangiocytes in vitro [17]. (cret-signal.com)
  • Forty-two of 104 tetramer pos T-cell clones, isolated from 16 of 17 UCB samples, showed male-specific lysis in vitro. (ashpublications.org)
  • In previous studies, secondary metabolites of B. subtilis strain Z15 (BS-Z15) were found to be highly effective as a broad-spectrum antibacterial in vitro and could act as an elicitor to regulate systemic resistance in plants by inducing the immune response of plants [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We previously established a direct single-cell analysis to simultaneously identify and quantify in vivo CMV-CTL clones after allo-HCT 9 , 10 . (nature.com)
  • However, how tumor cells affect TAM accumulation and their pro-tumoral phenotype in invasive CRC has not yet been well established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific stem cell memory T (T SCM ) cells is expected to overcome this shortcoming as T SCM cells are close to naïve T cells, but are also highly proliferative, long-lived, and produce a large number of effector T cells in response to antigen stimulation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To analyze the interactions between M. tuberculosis and immune cells, human peripheral blood monocyte-derived immature DCs were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv wild type strain and flow cytometry was used to analyse cell surface expression markers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To complete development, immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as transitional B cells, passing through two transitional stages: T1 and T2. (wikipedia.org)
  • No amount of exogenous, inactivated virus, displaying abundant amounts of NA at the virion surface, could be converted to class II-bound peptide by antigen-presenting B cells. (upenn.edu)
  • Considering these facts, it could be concluded that pro-inflammatory Th17 cells may have extensive effects on LSCC pathogenesis and anti-tumor response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Additionally, we found that H. pylori induces a unique regulatory gene module with an early transient peak during infection including the anti-inflammatory cytokine Il10 . (nimml.org)
  • Current understanding of histone post-translational modifications (histone modifications) across immune cell types in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during remission and flare is limited. (stanford.edu)
  • Metalloendopeptidase ADAM-like Decysin 1 (ADAMDEC1) in Colonic Subepithelial PDGFRalpha+ Cells Is a New Marker for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. (stanford.edu)
  • Adoptive T-cell therapy is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Here we show the methodological parameters of human CD8 + iT SCM cell generation and their application to adoptive cancer immunotherapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Thus, adoptive T-cell therapy with iT SCM offers a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 4,6,7 It has been proposed that some of these MSC may actually differentiate into functional renal tubular epithelial cells, though this theory remains controversial. (vin.com)
  • Hh signaling was found to be increased in a murine model of bile JNK animal study duct ligation in periportal epithelial cells expressing pan-cytokeratin, representing potential liver progenitor cell populations [63]. (cret-signal.com)
  • Hh signaling has also been shown to be able to promote the survival of biliary epithelial cells, possibly mediated through the inhibition of caspase activity [16]. (cret-signal.com)
  • Hh signaling may represent an important protective factor within the damaged liver, promoting the survival of small periportal epithelial cells representing potential hepatic progenitor cells. (cret-signal.com)
  • I have had a longstanding interest in MHC class II-bound peptides derived from endogenous sources of antigen. (upenn.edu)
  • In this case, we identified by tandem mass spectrometry numerous class I-bound recoded peptides in gentamycin-treated cells but not their control counterparts. (upenn.edu)
  • HSCs first differentiate into multipotent progenitor (MPP) cells, then common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • A stem cell is a generic term referring to any unspecialized cell that is capable of long-term self-renewal through cell division but that can be induced to differentiate into a specialized, functional cell. (vin.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent but not pluripotent, which means they can differentiate into some, or "multiple," but not all tissue types. (vin.com)
  • Most importantly stem cells possess the ability to differentiate into cell types of multiple lineages including adipocytes, chrondrocytes, and osteocytes. (vin.com)
  • The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)
  • These cells gauge the class of the ingested microbe and generate signals that direct naïve T cells to differentiate into the subset that mobilizes the appropriate immune defense mechanisms. (nutritionfit.org)
  • It has been confirmed that naïve (uncommitted) CD4 + T cells can be induced to different specific lineages according to the local cytokine, including towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Regulatory / suppressor T cells often play an important role in maintaining their own tolerance and avoid excessive damage to the immune response to the body. (nutritionfit.org)
  • There are many classes of regulatory / suppressor T cells, including CD25 and CD4 T cells. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
  • Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • SCID patients presenting with circulating T cells show different patterns of T-cell activity and regulatory T cells enumeration that dictates the immunodeficient and autoimmune manifestations. (hindawi.com)
  • Products of ATP hydrolysis, 5′AMP, and adenosine orchestrate the dual regulatory activity of B cells. (ashpublications.org)
  • B cells emerge as a key regulatory component of T cell-B cell interactions, which are under environmental control. (ashpublications.org)
  • Thus, B cells emerge as a key regulatory component of T cell-B cell interactions, and their dual regulatory activity is mediated by the products of ATP hydrolysis, 5′-AMP, and ADO. (ashpublications.org)
  • 6 , 7 A novel paradigm that implicates B cells in regulating peripheral tolerance by modulating development, expansion and function of regulatory T cell (Treg) has been recently introduced. (ashpublications.org)
  • CTLA-4 is a negative regulatory molecule expressed by activated T cells as well as by negative regulatory T cells (T REG s). (sanguinebio.com)
  • Treg, regulatory T cell. (cdc.gov)
  • These cells were therefore described as bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). (hindawi.com)
  • Regenerative medicine refers to the process of using living function tissues to repair or replace organs that are functionally damaged. (vin.com)
  • Recent years have brought increased interest in the potential for adult stem cells to help in the treatment of many diseases through both their regenerative properties as well as their apparent ability to alter the environment in injured and diseased tissues. (vin.com)
  • Adult stem cells can be obtained from many differentiated tissues including but not limited to bone marrow, bone, fat, and muscle. (vin.com)
  • For example, Omenn syndrome, a typical case of impaired T-cell differentiation with abnormal self-reactive cells, is invariably characterized by autoimmune features such as generalized scaly exudative erythroderma, enlarged lymphoid tissues, and peripheral expansion of oligoclonal T-cells, in addition to increased susceptibility for severe infections [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate tumor tissues are involved in tumor suppression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Transcriptomic profiling of T-cell populations in non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer. (lu.se)
  • Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we draw upon studies that have shed light on the initiation and progression of islet autoimmunity from the point of view of the beta cell. (springer.com)
  • On the other hand, bulk RNA-sequence analyses reveal that gene expression profiles among patients are different according to the cytomegalovirus reactivation pattern, and are associated with cytokine production or cell division. (nature.com)
  • However, a purely cytokine-driven model is difficult to reconcile with evidence that antigen presentation and delivery of differentiation signals occur by one and the same APC. (nutritionfit.org)
  • Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We used epigenetic profiling by time-of-flight (EpiTOF) to investigate changes in histone modifications within peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IBD patients.We discovered substantial heterogeneity in histone modifications across multiple immune cell types in IBD patients. (stanford.edu)
  • Furthermore, we describe a subset of myeloid cells with immunosuppressive activity (known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells). (hindawi.com)
  • They are named as such because they are unable to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • As dramatically demonstrated in AIDS patients, without helper T cells we cannot defend ourselves even against many microbes that are normally harmless. (nih.gov)
  • Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
  • The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
  • Helper T cells play an intermediate role in the immune response. (nutritionfit.org)
  • The major surface marker of helper T cells is CD4. (nutritionfit.org)
  • 13 ] isolated mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood that were enriched for expression of the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34 [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Henderson et al reported that human monocyte derived DC phagocytose M. tuberculosis efficiently, suggesting a role for this important cell in the early response to TB infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TSS toxin is a typical SAg that is functionally and structurally related to the staphylococcal and streptococcal SAgs ( 16 ). (cdc.gov)
  • B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), such as the spleen and lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • After B cells mature in the bone marrow, they migrate through the blood to SLOs, which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating lymph. (wikipedia.org)
  • DCs comprise a family of antigen presenting cells that act like 'conductors' of the immune response in their capacity to orchestrate signals derived from the different parts of the immune system [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When a BCR binds an antigen tagged with a fragment of the C3 complement protein, CD21 binds the C3 fragment, co-ligates with the bound BCR, and signals are transduced through CD19 and CD81 to lower the activation threshold of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
  • Such adaptation was not induced by direct encounter of the pathogen but by secondary immunosuppressive signals established locally upon resolution of primary infection. (nature.com)
  • Differentiation is also directed by instructive and licensing signals from the environment, especially from antigen-presenting cells (APC). (nutritionfit.org)
  • More recently we determined that the constitutive Jak/STAT activation is due, at least in part, to the lack of expression of SHP-1 phosphatase, which normally down-regulates IL-2R/ c-mediated cell activating signals. (upenn.edu)
  • Impaired immune effector cell infiltration and inactivation of the immune response contribute to the poor prognosis of PDAC patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequently, my laboratory demonstrated that this NA epitope and another residing within the hemagglutinin molecule are produced by a processing pathway that is much more class I-like in character, involving delivery of antigen to the cytosol, and being dependent upon activity of both the proteasome and TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). (upenn.edu)
  • During the induction phase by coculture with OP9-hDLL1 cells, interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 (but not IL-2 or IL-21) could efficiently generate iT SCM cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • describe how T and B cell memory is generate in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses. (scielo.br)
  • The galectin lattice is a multi-valent interaction of galectins with glycoproteins at the cell surface that displays rapid exchange of binding partners with properties of liquid-liquid phase transitions, thereby acting as an intermediary between freely diffusing glycoproteins and stable complexes in the membrane. (gr.jp)