SuccinateYchMPyruvateUptakeSoluteSubstrateBacteria and archaeaGenesAminoMalic acid productionFatty acid oxidAnionMitochondrialBinding proteinCitrateCitric acidMembraneDauATransportsAnaerobicBacteriumInhibitorsGeneticTransportWidelyIntermediateAspergillusMainly producedChainSystemsFunctionProductionDomainTime
Succinate9
- This includes C4-dicarboxylates such as succinate, malate and fumarate, keto-acids such as pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate and the sugar acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (or sialic acid). (wikipedia.org)
- Also transports dicarboxylic acids including fumarate, aspartate and succinate, and is therefore designated the dicarboxylic acid uptake system A (DauA) (Karinou et al. (lbl.gov)
- Using an in vivo succinate transport assay, we show that YchM is the sole aerobic succinate transporter active at acidic pH. (rhea-db.org)
- We demonstrate that YchM can also transport other C(4) -dicarboxylic acids and that its substrate specificity differs from the well-characterized succinate transporter, DctA. (rhea-db.org)
- Succinate is an essential intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that exerts pleiotropic roles beyond metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. (haematologica.org)
- The metabolite succinate or succinic acid is at the hub of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and it is mainly produced by succinyl coenzyme A synthetase from succinyl coenzyme A, in a reversible reaction that generally occurs under aerobic conditions ( Figure 1 ). (haematologica.org)
- 1 Similarly, succinate may derive from the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt pathway that correlates with levels of expression of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters solute carrier family 6 members 12 and 13 (SLC6A12, SLC6A13). (haematologica.org)
- Succinate is an intermediate of several metabolic pathways, i.e. tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle under normoxic conditions (blue lines), and glutamine-dependent anerplerosis and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt under anaerobic conditions (red lines). (haematologica.org)
- Succinate is released to the extracellular space through sodium-coupled citrate transporters (SLC13). (haematologica.org)
YchM3
- Dicarboxylic acid uptake system A. Bicarbonate transporter, DauA (YchM). (lbl.gov)
- The Escherichia coli SLC26 homologue YchM (DauA) is a C(4)-dicarboxylic acid transporter. (rhea-db.org)
- Accordingly ychM was re-designated dauA (dicarboxylic acid uptake system A). Finally, our data suggest that DauA is a protein with transport and regulation activities. (rhea-db.org)
Pyruvate2
- Fatty acids represent a rich source of energy for gluconeogenesis , but glucose is not formed from their carbon atoms (with the exception of fatty acids with an odd number of C). Acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to either pyruvate or oxaloacetate - both carbons are split off as CO 2 during the Krebs cycle . (wikilectures.eu)
- In silico simulation of a genome-scale metabolic model ( i ZX637) further verified that pyruvate carboxylase ( pyc ) via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle strengthened carbon flux for PMA synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Uptake4
- Tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporters (TRAP transporters) are a large family of solute transporters found in bacteria and archaea, but not in eukaryotes, that appear to be specific for the uptake of organic acids or related molecules containing a carboxylate or sulfonate group. (wikipedia.org)
- They further showed that uptake of the same dicarboxylates was independent of ATP and that uptake required an electrochemical ion gradient, making this a unique binding protein-dependent secondary transporter. (wikipedia.org)
- For the SiaPQM TRAP transporter which has been studied in a fully reconstituted in vitro form, uptake uses a Na+ gradient and not proton gradient to drive uptake. (wikipedia.org)
- The SiaPQM systems also exhibits unique properties for a secondary transporter in that it cannot catalyse bidirectional transport as the SBP imposes that movement is only in the direction of uptake into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Solute1
- The SLC26/SulP (solute carrier/sulphate transporter) proteins are a ubiquitous superfamily of secondary anion transporters. (rhea-db.org)
Substrate4
- They are unique in that they utilize a substrate binding protein (SBP) in combination with a secondary transporter. (wikipedia.org)
- By using an SBP, TRAP transporters share some similarity to ABC transporters in that the substrate for the transporter is initially recognized outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The trapped substrate is then delivered to the membrane domains of the transporter, where the electrochemical ion gradient is somehow exploited to open the SBP, extract the substrate and catalyse its movement across the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- This study evaluates relevant aspects of malic acid production with A. oryzae using acetate as carbon source and demonstrates that it is a suitable substrate for biomass formation and acid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria and archaea2
- Since these early studies, it has become clear that TRAP transporters are present in many bacteria and archaea, with many bacterial having multiple TRAP transporters, some having over 20 different systems. (wikipedia.org)
- For diverse bacteria and archaea that can utilize a carbon source, there is a complete high-confidence catabolic pathway (including a transporter) just 38% of the time, and there is a complete medium-confidence pathway 63% of the time. (lbl.gov)
Genes5
- They characterised a binding protein component (DctP) of a transporter that recognized these compounds, which they assumed would form part of a typical ABC transporter, but when they sequenced the genes surrounding dctP they found two other genes encoding integral membrane proteins, dctQ and dctM, but no genes encoding components of an ABC transporter. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression of dicarboxylic acid transporter genes were negligible in healthy and reperfused hearts, and lactate dehydrogenase release and infarct size were significantly increased in reperfused hearts. (ox.ac.uk)
- 1] "Construction and properties of Escherichia coli mutants defective in two genes encoding homologous membrane proteins with putative roles in anaerobic C4-dicarboxylic acid transport. (tcdb.org)
- Overexpression of the genes cadA ( cis -aconitate decarboxylase) and mfsA (Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporter) enhanced the itaconate production level by 9.4% and 5.1% in shake flasks respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- The titers of other organic acids were affected by the introduced genes to different extent. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino5
- For the typical bacterium that can make all 20 amino acids, there are 1-2 gaps in amino acid biosynthesis pathways. (lbl.gov)
- For more information, see the paper from 2019 on GapMind for amino acid biosynthesis, the paper from 2022 on GapMind for carbon sources, or view the source code . (lbl.gov)
- The encoded protein shares a high degree of homology to clostridial FMN- and FAD-dependent 2-enoate reductases, including the cinnamic acid reductase proposed to be involved in amino acid metabolism in proteolytic clostridia. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Although other conditions, such as amino acid and fatty acid oxidation defects, also occur in the mitochondria, they are not traditionally considered part of the mitochondrial disorders. (essayempire.com)
- One manifestation of negative selection in the globins is that minimal 3-base type amino acid replacements occur less frequently than would be expected if base replacements had occurred and were accepted at random. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Malic acid production8
- Microbial malic acid production is currently not able to compete economically with well-established chemical processes using fossil resources. (biomedcentral.com)
- To pave the path towards microbial malic acid production, the potential of acetate as a carbon source for A. oryzae is evaluated in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
- A broad acetate concentration range was tested both for growth and malic acid production with A. oryzae . (biomedcentral.com)
- For malic acid production, 45 g/L acetic acid was ideal, resulting in a product concentration of 8.44 ± 0.42 g/L after 192 h. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, the presence of CaCO 3 , a pH regulator used for malate production with glucose, was found to be crucial also for malic acid production with acetate. (biomedcentral.com)
- The insights provided here will be useful to further microbial malic acid production using renewable substrates. (biomedcentral.com)
- Among these genera, Aspergillus oryzae is of particular interest in the context of malic acid production with bio-based substrates as this species exhibits a high tolerance against biomass-derived inhibitors [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The majority of malic acid production processes with A. oryzae described so far utilized glucose as carbon source. (biomedcentral.com)
Fatty acid oxid2
- Individual types of fatty acid oxidation are indicated by Greek letters, which determine the carbon atom on which the reactions take place. (wikilectures.eu)
- The three main categories of disease include the mitochondrial myopathies, fatty acid oxidation defects (FAODs), and glycogen storage diseases (GSDs). (essayempire.com)
Anion2
- eM is a piezoelectric mechanism generated by little-understood, voltage-induced conformational changes of the anion transporter homolog prestin (SLC26A5). (bvsalud.org)
- Patients do not acidify the urine after acid overload (NH4Cl) or after stimulating H+ secretion by obtaining a high intratubular concentration of an anion such as chlorine (pH is measured) or HCO3- (urinary pCO2 is measured). (bvsalud.org)
Mitochondrial2
- Citric acidis converted into cis -aconitate by aconitase (ACO), which is transported back into the cytosol with the help of mitochondrial tricarboxylic transporter(s) (MTT) and then decarboxylated into itaconate by cis -aconitate decarboxylase (CAD). (biomedcentral.com)
- Fatty acid activation occurs in the cytosol, on the outer mitochondrial membrane immediately after their entry into the cell. (wikilectures.eu)
Binding protein1
- putative ABC transporter ATP-binding protein [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Citrate1
- In the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate were condensed into citric acid by citrate synthase (CS). (biomedcentral.com)
Citric acid1
- The side product spectrum of cultures with acetate, glucose, and cultures containing both substrates was compared, showing differences especially in the amount of oxalic, succinic, and citric acid produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Membrane6
- Around 10% of TRAP transporters have natural genetic fusions between the two membrane protein components, and in the one well studied example of this in the sialic acid specific TRAP transporter from Haemophilus influenzae the fused gene has been named siaQM. (wikipedia.org)
- The first structure of the membrane domains was solved for the sialic acid transporter from Haemophilus influenzae. (wikipedia.org)
- Current models suggest a binding of the SBP with both functional parts of the transporter, the stator- and elevator domain, and show a matched conformational coupling between the inward-open and outward-open state of the membrane subunits to the opened and closed state of the SBP. (wikipedia.org)
- Magnetic resonance-based detection of the conversion of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate to [1,4-13C2]malate, enabled by disrupted cell membrane integrity, has measured cellular necrosis in vivo in other tissue types. (ox.ac.uk)
- 2] "Escherichia coli possesses two homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate membrane transporters (DcuA and DcuB) distinct from the aerobic dicarboxylate transport system (Dct). (tcdb.org)
- Those with a longer chain use different transport systems in the membrane enabling their facilitated diffusion - for example FATP (fatty acid transport protein) or FAT/CD36 (fatty acid translocase). (wikilectures.eu)
DauA1
- aerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter DauA. (lbl.gov)
Transports1
- The released fatty acids bind to serum albumin , which transports them to their destination (e.g. the liver). (wikilectures.eu)
Anaerobic1
- 9] "Topological analysis of DcuA, an anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter of Escherichia coli. (tcdb.org)
Bacterium1
- His group were working on the mechanism used by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus to take up certain dicarboxylic acids. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitors2
- We show that R79 is also critical for the competitive binding of ANT1 substrates (ADP and ATP) and inhibitors (carboxyatractyloside and bongkrekic acid). (bvsalud.org)
- these limitations must be overcome to achieve an economically competitive process, including enhanced strain tolerance and fermentation performance in the presence of inhibitors released from dilute acid-pretreated lignocellulose [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic3
- The genetic engineering approach hasn't been applied in industrial A. terreus strains to increase itaconic acid production. (biomedcentral.com)
- Itaconic acid production could be improved through genetic engineering of the industrially used A. terreus strain. (biomedcentral.com)
- Our results will provide a guide for further enhancement of the itaconic acid production level through genetic engineering in future. (biomedcentral.com)
Transport1
- Confirmed by another TRAP transporter structure, the structures reveal a monomeric elevator-like transport mechanism for TRAP transporter. (wikipedia.org)
Widely1
- Acid hydrolysis of PMA, resulting in release of the monomer l -malic acid (MA), which is widely used in the food and chemical industry, is a competitive process for producing bio-based platform chemicals. (biomedcentral.com)
Intermediate2
- As intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, malic acid has great potential to be produced microbially. (biomedcentral.com)
- Citramalic acid is a central intermediate in a combined biocatalytic and chemocatalytic route to produce bio-based methylmethacrylate, the monomer used to manufacture Perspex and other high performance materials. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Aspergillus1
- Itaconic acid, which has been declared to be one of the most promising and flexible building blocks, is currently used as monomer or co-monomer in the polymer industry, and produced commercially by Aspergillus terreus . (biomedcentral.com)
Mainly produced2
- Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer with many attractive properties for food and pharmaceutical applications mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans . (biomedcentral.com)
- Polymalic acid (PMA) is a water-soluble biopolymer composed of l -malic acid (MA) monomers and is mainly produced by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chain3
- The enzyme reduced aromatic enoates, such as cinnamic acid or p -coumaric acid, but not short chain unsaturated aliphatic acids. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Its protonophoric function in the presence of long-chain fatty acids (FA) is also recognized. (bvsalud.org)
- Short chain fatty acids (↓12C) can penetrate by simple diffusion . (wikilectures.eu)
Systems1
- high confidence medium confidence low confidence transporter - transporters and PTS systems are shaded because predicting their specificity is particularly challenging. (lbl.gov)
Function1
- This is the first report that a SLC26/SulP protein acts as a C(4) -dicarboxylic acid transporter and an unexpected new function for a prokaryotic member of this transporter family. (rhea-db.org)
Production3
- However, the production level of itaconic acid hasn't been improved in the past 40 years, and mutagenesis is still the main strategy to improve itaconate productivity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Itaconic acid is on the DOE (Department of Energy) top 12 list of the biotechnologically produced key building blocks in chemicals production, and is a valuable monomer or co-monomer in polymers manufacturing [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Although several other natural itaconate producers such as Ustilago maydis and Pseudozyma antartica have been discovered, they couldn't compete with A. terreus based on the production level of itaconic acid [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Domain1
- While the larger M-subunit forms the stator- and elevator-domain, the Q-subunit seems to enlarge and stabilize the stator-domain of the monomeric transporter. (wikipedia.org)
Time1
- The addition of 5-15 g/L glucose to acetate medium proved beneficial by lowering the time point of maximum productivity and increasing malic acid yield. (biomedcentral.com)