• These findings suggest that lesions in the dorsolateral frontal cortex and NAS may affect locomotor activity through a common mechanism mediated through the NAS. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This injection resulted in widespread retrograde and anterograde labeling throughout the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, parietal lobe (precuneus and intraparietal sulcus), medial temporal lobe (hippocampal formation), and frontal cortex (primarily dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices). (nature.com)
  • We also represent the topological distribution of cortical types in simplified flat maps of the cerebral cortex of monotremes, rats, and primates. (springer.com)
  • The main structural feature of the cerebral cortex is the arrangement of cortical neurons and glial cells in layers that run parallel to the surface of the brain. (springer.com)
  • Given that frontal cortex in general exhibits protracted development, frontal language areas presumably emerge later and/or mature more slowly than temporal language areas. (biorxiv.org)
  • However, another network implicated in high-level cognition- the domain-general multiple demand, MD, network-is robustly present in both right and left frontal lobes, suggesting that EG's left frontal cortex is capable of supporting non-linguistic cognitive functions. (biorxiv.org)
  • Repeated exposure promotes loops that activate limbic anxiety and disrupt the frontal cortex leading to degeneration. (unc.edu)
  • Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. (elifesciences.org)
  • How field potential oscillations and neuronal firing rates are correlated time in the frontal cortex in rodent recordings. (google.com)
  • Hematoxylin and eosin stain of the left frontal cortex from a patient with primary progressive aphasia. (medscape.com)
  • In a third patient who had an isolated speech disturbance for 5 years before developing the more typical motor features of cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration, the most severe changes were observed in the left motor cortex and adjacent Broca's area. (nih.gov)
  • and pattern 2, a bumpy cortex that appeared abnormally thick (6-8 mm) and had an irregular cortical-white matter junction in seven patients older than18 months. (ajnr.org)
  • however, we performed MR imaging in several patients in whom the cortex had small, fine, and undulating gyri, very similar to the undulating cortical ribbon of PMG described by pathologists. (ajnr.org)
  • Neonatal Isoflurane Exposure in Rats Impairs Short-Term Memory, Cell Viability, and Glutamate Uptake in Slices of the Frontal Cerebral Cortex, But Not the Hippocampus, in Adulthood. (iasp-pain.org)
  • In PND8, ex vivo analysis of hippocampal and frontal cortex slices evaluated cell viability and susceptibility to in vitro glutamate challenge. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The motor cortex includes several areas in the frontal agranular cortex. (lww.com)
  • Unlike Alzheimer disease, which typically presents with impairment of recent memory associated with entorhinal cortex and hippocampal dysfunction, Pick disease typically affects the frontal and/or anterolateral temporal lobes. (medscape.com)
  • In cultured frontal cortical neurons, however, 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly more potent than cAMP signaling, with a more prolonged signaling profile than that in HEK293T cells. (monash.edu)
  • Furthermore, knock down of β-arrestin-2 in frontal cortical neurons abolished 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not cAMP accumulation. (monash.edu)
  • Another possibility, not mutually exclusive to the previous one, is that CC projections selectively synapse onto looped neurons directly to form interareal monosynaptic loops, which would be excitatory since most long-range cortical afferents are glutamatergic. (elifesciences.org)
  • This shows loss of neurons, plump astrocytes (arrow), and microvacuolation of the superficial cortical layers. (medscape.com)
  • Cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration classically presents predominantly as a motor disorder with a unique constellation of histological alterations characterized by the presence of neuronal loss and gliosis in a selective distribution, swollen achromasic neurons, and extensive deposition of abnormal tau in neurons and glia. (nih.gov)
  • These are 3-repeat tau-immunopositive bodies predominantly located in granular neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and layer II of frontal and temporal cortices. (medscape.com)
  • Cortical degeneration with swollen chromatolytic neurons: its relationship to Pick's disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report two cases of dementia in which cortical degeneration with widespread swollen chromatolytic neurons (SCN) was the dominant pathologic feature. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although the clinical outcome so far has been highly variable, the trials have provided evidence that grafted dopamine neurons can restore regulated dopamine release and movement-related frontal cortical activation in the transplanted patients, and - at least in some cases - give rise to significant symptomatic relief ( publications 5 below ). (lu.se)
  • The melanin in these lesions is produced within neurons and glia rather than melanocytes, and there are subtle signs of focal cortical dysplasia within these lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Assessment of brain metabolite correlates of adeno-associated virus-mediated over-expression of human alpha-synuclein in cortical neurons by in vivo (1) H-MR spectroscopy at 9.4 T. (lu.se)
  • Across two locations (Stockholm and Oxford), we examined how regional surface area and cortical thickness in frontal and parietal regions were related to visuospatial working memory capacity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • More precisely, the human FPl has access to both medial and lateral cortical circuits through its extensive connections with other frontal, parietal and temporal association areas. (nature.com)
  • Seventeen school-age children and 15 adults completed a reach to cleanup task while we obtained cortical activation data from bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and inferior parietal lobes (IPL). (frontiersin.org)
  • Both patterns were observed in four patients between 15 months and 2 years of age (ie, pattern 1 in the anterior frontal region and pattern 2 in the posterior frontal, parietal, or perisylvian regions). (ajnr.org)
  • In 2008, neuroscientist Bijan Pesaran of New York University and colleagues recorded the frontal and parietal cortices in rhesus macaques and learned that the two areas were more in sync when monkeys had freedom to make their own choices versus when they had to follow instructions, suggesting these areas may be part of a "decision circuit. (the-scientist.com)
  • The CV of force was associated with PSC in the ipsilateral parietal lobule (r = -0.28), putamen (r = -0.29), insula (r = -0.33), and contralateral superior frontal gyrus (r = -0.33, p (cdc.gov)
  • They found that anger caused greater relative left frontal cortical activity, and thus posited that asymmetrical frontal cortical activity was due to motivational direction rather than affective valence. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the role of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence. (wikipedia.org)
  • We propose that hippocampal separation might resolve interference between existing and newly learned information, allowing cortical assimilation. (huji.ac.il)
  • In marsupials and monotremes, cortical gradients of laminar elaboration expand from allocortical areas (primary olfactory and hippocampal areas) of 2-3 layers to periallocortical and proisocortical areas of 5 layers that lack or have rudimentary granular layer IV (Abbie 1940 , 1942 ). (springer.com)
  • Indeed, the group with moderate hippocampal atrophy showed the highest increase in the theta power on frontal regions and of the alpha2 and alpha3 powers on frontal and temporoparietal areas. (hindawi.com)
  • In adult rats, behavioral parameters related to anxiety-like behavior, short-term memory, and locomotor activity (PND60-62) and ex vivo analysis of cell viability, membrane permeability, glutamate uptake, and susceptibility to in vitro glutamate challenge in hippocampal and cortical slices from PND65. (iasp-pain.org)
  • A single isoflurane (3%, 2 h) exposure at PND7 did not acutely alter cell viability in cortical and hippocampal slices of infant rats (PND8) per se and did not alter slice susceptibility to in vitro glutamate challenge. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Ex vivo analysis of brain slices showed isoflurane neonatal exposure selectively decreased cell viability and glutamate uptake in cortical slices, but it did not alter hippocampal slice viability or glutamate uptake (PND65). (iasp-pain.org)
  • Isoflurane exposure did not alter in vitro glutamate-induced neurotoxicity to slices, and isoflurane exposure caused no significant long-term damage to cell membranes in hippocampal or cortical slices. (iasp-pain.org)
  • however, it reduced cortical, but not hippocampal, slice viability and glutamate uptake in the adulthood. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Parcellation results using (a) connectivity from fMRI and (b) connectivity from cortical thickness based on Ward's clustering with K = 2. (figshare.com)
  • Importantly, this association was specific to (i) the surface area (not cortical thickness), (ii) the left side of the brain, (iii) and the visuospatial rather than the verbal modality. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Normal aging, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are characterized by different degrees of decline in frontal lobe functions. (nih.gov)
  • Subcorticofrontal dementia in PSP is related to hypometabolism in discrete frontal areas, which are probably disconnected from certain subcortical structures. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, temporospatial analysis of the EEG record is a useful indicator of cortical dysfunction in dementia and correlates with the degree of cognitive impairment. (medscape.com)
  • In England and Europe, cases of frontal lobe dementia were described with progressive dysfunction of the frontal lobes. (medscape.com)
  • The condition described in the North American literature as primary progressive aphasia and that described in the European literature as frontal dementia have been combined under the term frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTD) or frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). (medscape.com)
  • In recent years, the term frontotemporal dementia has become an umbrella term referring to clinical syndromes of frontal dementia or progressive aphasia. (medscape.com)
  • In 2 patients with severe dementia, pathological changes were extensive in the anterior frontal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus. (nih.gov)
  • On this basis we conclude that cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration should be considered in the differential diagnosis of language disturbances and dementia, particularly when the latter is accompanied by frontal lobe symptomatology, early speech alterations, or parkinsonism. (nih.gov)
  • In families with an inherited frontal lobe dementia (some of which have been found to be pathologically or clinically indistinguishable from Pick disease), linkage to markers on chromosomes 17, 9, and 3 have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • In 1998, Nicolelis used his microwires to record from three different cortical regions of owl monkeys, all of which showed nearly simultaneous activation upon tactile stimulation. (the-scientist.com)
  • Sleep regulation of the distribution of cortical firing rates. (google.com)
  • [ 7 ] Less commonly, cases of isolated right frontal or temporal degeneration have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • It is therefore apparent that the histological changes of cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration result in a variety of clinical presentations depending on the topography of the lesions. (nih.gov)
  • All infants had brain abnormalities on neuroimaging consistent with congenital Zika syndrome, including decreased brain volume, ventriculomegaly, subcortical calcifications, and cortical malformations. (cdc.gov)
  • Control of steady lower limb contractions involves cortical and subcortical motor areas in both men and women and provides insight into key areas for potential cortical plasticity with impaired or enhanced leg function. (cdc.gov)
  • PMG is believed to result from a developmental disorder or injury that occurs between 17 and 25 or 26 weeks' gestation ( 5 ), toward the end of the period of neuronal migration and the early phase of cortical organization ( 1 ). (ajnr.org)
  • Marked neuronal loss and cortical atrophy, especially in right ventral and dorsal frontal and anterior temporal regions. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, the deficit appears restricted to the frontal and/or temporal lobes. (medscape.com)
  • The frontal lobes are the area of the brain that are responsible for inhibiting risky behaviors, or those behaviors that are considered deviant or damaging to the good of a community. (promises.com)
  • As J. Leon Morales-Quezada, a research associate in the Neuromodulation Laboratory at Harvard Medical School explains, the frontal lobes are the part of the brain that separate humans from others in the animal kingdom. (promises.com)
  • Forty-three healthy young adults performed the emotional and non-emotional SFTs while hemodynamic changes in the bilateral frontopolar, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and posterolateral frontal cortices were measured by fNIRS. (eduhk.hk)
  • There were significant increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration and significant decreases in deoxyhemoglobin concentration (i.e., activation) in frontopolar, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral frontal regions during both the non-emotional and emotional SFTs. (eduhk.hk)
  • Beginning in the late 1990s, Harmon-Jones and his colleagues began a series of studies examining whether affective valence (positive vs. negative affect) or motivational direction (approach vs. withdrawal) best explained the relationship between properties of emotions and left vs. right prefrontal cortical activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many theories propose recurrent interactions across the cortical hierarchy, but it is unclear if cortical circuits are selectively wired to implement looped computations. (elifesciences.org)
  • The place of the thalamus in frontal cortical-basal ganglia circuits. (bvsalud.org)
  • The IPS condition involved more right-sided activation compared to action execution suggesting that IPS is a higher-order process involving more bilateral cortical activation. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is concluded that auditory language input is processed in a left posterior frontal and bilateral temporal cortical network. (mpi.nl)
  • The goal was to determine whether the emotional SFT activated overlapping yet distinct frontal cortical regions compared with the conventional, non-emotional SFT. (eduhk.hk)
  • Also, complementary analyses conducted on changes in the two chromophores using classical and Bayesian hypothesis testing suggested that comparable frontal cortical regions were activated while performing the two tests. (eduhk.hk)
  • The alcohol-induced innate immune response was associated with cortical brain regions that show binge drinking-induced brain damage in rats. (unc.edu)
  • [ 7 ] can disproportionally affect the frontal and temporal cortical regions. (medscape.com)
  • While both right cortical and NAS lesions alone produced hyperactivity, there was no additive effect of both lesions. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In the second experiment, the effect of cortical lesions on NAS dopaminergic activity was assessed. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • There was no deficit of cortical choline acetyltransferase activity, assayed in one case, or lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the left inferior frontal gyrus, however, prior knowledge leads to integration, and in a specific direction: the representation of the novel face becomes similar to that of the famous face after learning, suggesting assimilation of new into old memories. (huji.ac.il)
  • Despite a large body of research, extant findings on the functional role of left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in phonological and semantic fluency are still controversial. (jneurosci.org)
  • 1-4 EEG findings in psychiatric populations include generalized or focal slowing of cortical activity and a variety of focal or generalized paroxysmal EEG discharges. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • For example, visuospatial attention engages a frontoparietal network including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which modulate activity in visual sensory areas to enhance the representation of an attended visual object. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we contrast whole-brain activity during spatial and non-spatial auditory attention tasks, asking whether different cortical areas participate when listeners attend to location versus pitch. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the present article, we perform cortical type analysis of the neocortex of adult rats, Rhesus macaques, and humans to propose hypotheses on homology of cortical areas applying the principles of the Hypothesis on the Dual Origin of the Neocortex. (springer.com)
  • The updated version of the hypothesis of Sanides provides explanation for the emergence of cortical hierarchies in mammals and will guide future research in the phylogenetic origin of neocortical areas. (springer.com)
  • But are temporal areas necessary for the development of the language areas in the frontal lobe, or do frontal language areas instead emerge independently? (biorxiv.org)
  • However, her RH frontal language areas have no corresponding LH homotopic areas: no reliable response to language is detected on the lateral surface of EG's left frontal lobe. (biorxiv.org)
  • The existence of temporal language areas therefore appears to be a prerequisite for the emergence of the language areas in the frontal lobe. (biorxiv.org)
  • I use structural and functional neuroimaging techniques to examine the role of the cerebellum, striatum and motor cortical areas in the learning and retention ofmotor skills. (concordia.ca)
  • The complex network of cortical areas can be hierarchically ordered based on the anatomy of interareal cortico-cortical (CC) projections. (elifesciences.org)
  • Harris and Shepherd, 2015 ), long-range cortical connections could be performing stereotyped functions in different areas and in different species. (elifesciences.org)
  • Localization of early syntactic processes in frontal and temporal cortical areas: A magnetoencephalographic study. (mpg.de)
  • These areas receive inputs from sensory pathways, motor control structures, other cortical areas, and from "modulatory" pathways. (lww.com)
  • The researchers noted that many high-functioning alcoholics exhibit both frontal executive dysfunction yet seem to have no major cognitive issues. (promises.com)
  • The individual with frontal executive dysfunction may also struggle to make urgent decisions. (promises.com)
  • These results indicate that different aspects of spatially mediated behavior are subserved by separate, distributed limbic-cortical-striatal networks. (jneurosci.org)
  • 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) modulates cortical and limbic brain activity as measured by [H215O]-PET in healthy humans. (researchgate.net)
  • "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Modulates Cortical and Limbic Brain Activity as Measured by [H2 15 O]-PET in Healthy Humans" Neuropsychopharmacology . (erowid.org)
  • Here, using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and anatomical information obtained from MRI, we contrasted cortical activity when observers attended to different auditory features given the same acoustic mixture of two simultaneous spoken digits. (frontiersin.org)
  • Motor cortical outputs are widely distributed to many other parts of the nervous system and can thereby influence each of the major descending motor control pathways and spinal motor circuitry. (lww.com)
  • The results suggest a crucial role of NF-kB in alcohol-induced brain damage and support the hypothesis that innate immune gene induction contributes to alcohol-induced frontal cortical damage that could underlie the loss of behavioral control associated with alcohol addiction (Fig. 2). (unc.edu)
  • Using fNIRS, we compared cortical activation patterns between children and adults during action observation, execution, and IPS. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study, we compared IPS performance and associated cortical activation patterns using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) between typically developing (TD) young adults and school-age children. (frontiersin.org)
  • During the review of MR studies of multiple patients with polymicrogyria (PMG), it was noted that the patterns of cortical abnormality differed significantly among affected patients. (ajnr.org)
  • functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging tool that allows the study of cortical activation in the presence of natural movements. (frontiersin.org)
  • The progressive expansion of cortical gradients of laminar elaboration observed from marsupials and monotremes to primates led Friedrich Sanides to propose the Hypothesis on the Dual Origin of the Neocortex (Sanides 1962 , 1970 ). (springer.com)
  • Here, fNIRS was used to compare frontal cortical activation during emotional and non-emotional SFTs. (eduhk.hk)
  • The researchers also conducted cortical and sub cortical corrections and segmentation. (promises.com)
  • We found a negative association between visuospatial working memory capacity and the surface area of the left frontal pole across both locations, and this finding was consistently present in each of the two locations separately. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There were minimal sex differences in brain activation across the isometric motor tasks indicating men and women were similarly motivated and able to activate cortical motor centers during static tasks. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, frontal cortical activation during the emotional SFT is similar to that during the conventional, non-emotional SFT. (eduhk.hk)
  • An extratemporal cortical resection requires exposing an area of the brain using a procedure called a craniotomy. (medicinenet.com)
  • These layers are not homogeneous from one cortical area to another but vary systematically in gradients of laminar elaboration that have been traced across the cortical quilt of all the species of mammals examined so far. (springer.com)
  • Within this network, no processing leve l is related to a single cortical area. (mpi.nl)