• Unlike many other magnitude systems, it is based on flux measurements that are calibrated in absolute units, namely spectral flux densities. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some fields, spectral flux densities are expressed per unit wavelength, fλ, rather than per unit frequency, fν. (wikipedia.org)
  • This makes it very unlikely that D 2 sources are just those D1s in which there is a large intrinsic difference in the flux densities or separations of the two outer components. (ias.ac.in)
  • We confirm previous observations of such emission as well, and measure properties such as their integrated flux densities, spectral indices, and sizes where possible. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • We have used a 30 GHz dual-beam receiver (One Centimetre Receiver Array prototype) on the Toruń 32-m telescope to measure the flux densities of 121 sources in Very Small Array fields selected at 15 GHz with the Ryle Telescope. (iac.es)
  • The circle corresponds to the measured flux density from LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey imaging observations, and the triangles correspond to upper limits on the flux densities from LOFAR Low Band Antenna, Nançay, and Lovell radio telescope observations, respectively. (astrobites.org)
  • The monochromatic AB magnitude is defined as the logarithm of a spectral flux density with the usual scaling of astronomical magnitudes and a zero-point of about 3631 janskys (symbol Jy), where 1 Jy = 10−26 W Hz−1 m−2 = 10−23 erg s−1 Hz−1 cm−2 ("about" because the true definition of the zero point is based on magnitudes as shown below). (wikipedia.org)
  • If the spectral flux density is denoted fν, the monochromatic AB magnitude is: m AB ≈ − 2.5 log 10 ⁡ ( f ν 3 631 Jy ) , {\displaystyle m_{\text{AB}}\approx -2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {f_{\nu }}{3\,631{\text{ Jy}}}}\right),} or, with fν still in janskys, m AB = − 2.5 log 10 ⁡ f ν + 8.90. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is found that the central components in most D 2 sources account for more than half the total flux density at high frequencies in contrast to the D 1 quasars which generally have less than 20 per cent of their total flux density in a central component. (ias.ac.in)
  • No significantly large population of very-steep-spectrum sources with spectral index α >1.2 (flux density ∝ frequency -α ) was found to be associated with cD galaxies. (ias.ac.in)
  • Giroletti & Panessa 2009 ), with separation velocities of 0.1-0.4 h -1 c, and the young kinematic ages that agree with spectral ages derived from flux density measurements (Murgia et al. (aanda.org)
  • All normalized spectral density was averaged according to different frequency range. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • By analyzing spectral density distribution with frequency and comparing to theoretic curve, we determined the best one as the relative standard. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • 2012). The following features were extracted with Matlab's MIR toolbox (Lartillot & Toiviainen, 2007): RMS energy, spectral flux, sub-band flux, pulse clarity ("˜MaxAutocor' and "˜Attack'), and event density. (gold.ac.uk)
  • We model the broadband radio spectral energy distribution for the total flux density of NGC 253 between 76 MHz and 11 GHz. (edu.au)
  • As for the complex spectrum of J114657.79+403708.6 at z = 5.00 with two spectral peaks, it may be caused by multiple components (i.e., core-jet) and FFA by the high-density medium in the nuclear region. (nsf.gov)
  • We have detected 57 sources above a limiting flux density of 5 mJy, of which 31 sources have a flux density greater than 10 mJy, which is our effective completeness limit. (iac.es)
  • We have also investigated the dependence of the spectral index distribution on flux density by comparing our results with those for sources above 1 Jy selected from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 22 GHz catalogue. (iac.es)
  • We conclude that the proportion of steep spectrum sources increases with decreasing flux density, qualitatively consistent with the predictions of de Zotti et al. (iac.es)
  • [1] [2] Soon the term referred to a plot of light intensity or power as a function of frequency or wavelength , also known as a spectral density plot . (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • FIGURE 3.1 The minimum detected or detectable signal in flux density versus the year of measurement. (nationalacademies.org)
  • By varying the frequency separation of the two spectral components of the probe pulse, we determine the populations and coherences of the density matrix. (lu.se)
  • The STMAG system is similarly defined, but for constant flux per unit wavelength interval instead. (wikipedia.org)
  • At any specific wavelength, f ν = λ 2 c f λ , {\displaystyle f_{\nu }={\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{c}}f_{\lambda },} where fν is measured per frequency (say, in hertz), and fλ is measured per wavelength (say, in centimeters). (wikipedia.org)
  • is the spectral transmittance in wavelength of that material. (knowpia.com)
  • is the spectral absorbance in wavelength. (knowpia.com)
  • In radiometry , radiosity is the radiant flux leaving (emitted, reflected and transmitted by) a surface per unit area, and spectral radiosity is the radiosity of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength , depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. (knowpia.com)
  • Received in revised form flux than high flux reactor sources, advantage for different instrumental techniques can be derived from 9 March 2009 the pulsed time structure of the available flux, which can be translated into energy, respectively, Accepted 12 March 2009 wavelength resolution. (lu.se)
  • The min-function in spallation targets (for a given amount of energy deposition), is the smaller of 1 and the product of the duty cycle c and the the available time-integrated flux reaches a maximum of only required wavelength resolution in terms of (l/dl) fractions of the above-mentioned reactor sources in state-of-the- required. (lu.se)
  • However, in addition to instruments requiring neutrons of a techniques profit substantially from the pulsed sources and certain single wavelength, observing a single Bragg peak at a time increase their efficiency by orders of magnitude due to the (e.g. three-axis spectrometers), conventional neutron imaging, efficient use of the time-structured flux by spectroscopic methods. (lu.se)
  • The FOM as defined above does not apply, because either width and T the repetition time, in relation to the wavelength a single wavelength or no wavelength resolution are required (i.e. these are no spectroscopic methods) and hence only the time- averaged flux matters. (lu.se)
  • The interpretation of these spectral measurements requires the modelling of stellar atmospheres on a fine grid of stellar fundamental parameters, such as effective temperature, surface gravity, and chemical composition. (aanda.org)
  • A high-resolution (1.25 m) large eddy simulation (LES) of the nocturnal cloud-topped marine boundary layer is used to evaluate random error as a function of continuous track length L for virtual aircraft measurements of turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and horizontal momentum. (copernicus.org)
  • It is found that for 7.2 km flight tracks, flux errors are improved by factor of approximately 1.5 to 2 for most variables by making measurements in the crosswind direction. (copernicus.org)
  • Petty, G. W.: Sampling error in aircraft flux measurements based on a high-resolution large eddy simulation of the marine boundary layer, Atmos. (copernicus.org)
  • The eddy covariance (EC) method has long been the principal means of making field measurements of turbulent fluxes of energy, momentum, and trace gases in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). (copernicus.org)
  • In this paper, we are concerned exclusively with the problem of random sampling error in the context of aircraft flux measurements relying on in situ (e.g., gust probe) measurements of fluctuating wind vector and scalar quantities directly along the flight path. (copernicus.org)
  • These results will help to assess the robustness of ecosystem C flux estimates made in the past with EC and give clues on how to move forward with EC measurements during the decoupled periods. (copernicus.org)
  • The measurements from OliNo show that the lamp emits a warm white light with a color temperature of 3018 K. The lamp consumes 9.7 W and has a luminous flux of 1214 lm. (olino.org)
  • We explored the likely changes in net ecosystem production (NEP) due to the increasing concentration of tropospheric ozone by applying a Generalized Additive Mixed Model based on measurements of ozone concentration ([O 3 ]) and stomatal ozone flux (FsO 3 ), at a mountainous Norway spruce forest in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. (sisef.org)
  • We carry out a number of activities including spectral measurements, use of phenology cameras, model development, use or carbon flux measurements, and processing of MODIS and Sentinel-2 satellite data. (lu.se)
  • Photolysis Frequencies were calculated from the actinic flux data using a modified version of the ACD TUV model. (ucar.edu)
  • The key question that has been asked for decades is, how long of a flight path - whether consisting of a single extended leg or a series of shorter legs over a smaller region - is sufficient to obtain turbulent flux estimates of useful precision? (copernicus.org)
  • However, EC technique underestimates surface fluxes during periods when the turbulent flow is decoupled from the surface and this deficiency casts a shade on the validity of EC flux networks. (copernicus.org)
  • Due to their large size and slow motion, their contributions to the low frequency part of the turbulent spectrum cannot be detected by the eddy-covariance (EC) measurement, which is typically averaged over a period of 30 min. (springer.com)
  • 2003 ). The ogive analysis, which requires a steady-state condition, uses the turbulent spectrum to estimate the turbulent fluxes for different frequency ranges, allowing assessment of the contribution of the low frequencies to the turbulent fluxes measured by the EC method. (springer.com)
  • Total radiant flux adjusted by color sensitivity curve (from 350 - 780 nm) of chickens (Gallus domesticus). (olino.org)
  • 2012 ). Many micrometeorological experiments over low vegetation reveal that the available energy, which is the sum of the net radiation and the ground heat flux, is larger than the sum of the sensible and latent heat fluxes. (springer.com)
  • where \(Res\) is the residual or missing energy, \(Q^*\) is the net radiation, \(Q_\mathrm{G}\) is the ground heat flux, \(Q_\mathrm{H}\) is the sensible heat flux, and \(Q_\mathrm{E}\) is the latent heat flux. (springer.com)
  • To investigate the vertical changes of ozone fluxes at different heights, 4-layer ozone fluxes were measured by using eddy covariance method above and below the canopy of a 55 yr old spruce forest (Fichtelgebirge, Germany). (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Global eddy-covariance (EC) flux measurement networks have provided invaluable insights into ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges of gases, energy and momentum. (copernicus.org)
  • These findings suggest an alternative energy balance correction for a ground-based eddy-covariance measurement, in which the attribution of the residual depends on the ratio of sensible heat flux to the buoyancy flux. (springer.com)
  • The International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and Model Intercomparison (IPMMI) took place i. (knmi.nl)
  • Since the efficiency of producing fission neutrons seems to (i.e. source to detector distance) is required for a measurement the have reached its maximum with state-of-the-art high flux reactors efficiency in terms of the FOM has been derived by Schober et al. (lu.se)
  • It combines the efficient generation of ODF, atmosphere modelling, and spectral synthesis in local thermodynamic equilibrium, therefore being an all-in-one code. (aanda.org)
  • The theoretical parts encompass soil-vegetation-atmosphere transport, internal boundary-layer theories and flux footprint analyses. (copernicus.org)
  • Specific focus is given to outstanding problems in land surface boundary layer descriptions such as complex terrain, effects of horizontal heterogeneity on sub-meso-scale transport processes, energy balance closure, stable stratification and night time fluxes, dynamic interactions with atmosphere, plants (in canopy and above canopy) and soils. (copernicus.org)
  • Both tuning forks and singing bowls have other intermediate nodal regions associated with higher frequencies, or partials. (soul-guidance.com)
  • The partials of higher frequencies are of a shorter duration. (soul-guidance.com)
  • At higher frequencies (2-7 Hz) in the highest-luminosity epoch, a soft lag is present whose energy dependence reveals a thermal reverberation lag with an amplitude similar to previous findings for this source. (harvard.edu)
  • Second, the observed spectral activity could adequately be accounted for by the shrinking of the region of nonthermal electrons to the loop top and by the softening of the power-law spectrum of electrons in a time scale ranging 3-45 min depending on the event. (caltech.edu)
  • The extended emission component of the spectrum of NGC 253 is best described as a synchrotron emission flattening at low radio frequencies. (edu.au)
  • Our mannequin also can generate frequency decorrelation on the Modified Black Body (MBB) spectrum of mud, and is freely adjustable to completely different levels of decorrelation. (cimas.info)
  • The turnover frequencies are ∼1-50 GHz in the rest frame, making these targets gigahertz-peaked-spectrum or high-frequency-peaker candidates. (nsf.gov)
  • For the nine well-constrained targets with observations on both sides of the spectral turnover, we fit the entire radio spectrum with absorption models associated with synchrotron self-absorption and free-free absorption (FFA). (nsf.gov)
  • Later it expanded to apply to other waves , such as sound waves and sea waves that could also be measured as a function of frequency (e.g., noise spectrum , sea wave spectrum ). (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • Electromagnetic spectrum refers to the full range of all frequencies of electromagnetic radiation [3] and also to the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • [4] The absorption spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies or wavelengths of incident radiation that are absorbed by the compound due to electron transitions from a lower to a higher energy state. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • A graph of the intensity plotted against the frequency (showing the brightness of each color) is the frequency spectrum of the light. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • When all the visible frequencies are present equally, the perceived color of the light is white, and the spectrum is a flat line. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • In radio and telecommunications, the frequency spectrum can be shared among many different broadcasters. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to frequencies lower below 300 GHz, which corresponds to wavelengths longer than about 1 mm. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • The microwave spectrum corresponds to frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz ) and 300 GHz and wavelengths between one meter and one millimeter. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • When many broadcasters are present, the radio spectrum consists of the sum of all the individual channels, each carrying separate information, spread across a wide frequency spectrum. (attackingsam476.cfd)
  • 3.9 day orbital modulation in the TeV gamma-ray flux and spectrum from the X-ray binary LS 5039 , H.E.S.S. collaboration, F. Aharonian et al. (mpg.de)
  • The topic of this thesis is the study of extended, low-frequency radio emission, with a primary focus on the non-thermal synchrotron emission associated with the intra-cluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • Within the field we search for low-frequency, diffuse cluster emission, previously detected or otherwise. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • In this, we demonstrate the utility of low-frequency radio telescopes like the MWA in detecting such emission, showing that the MWA is pushing into higher-redshift, lower-mass systems, though we caution that the low resolution of the MWA can work against us. (vuw.ac.nz)
  • We find that 34% of the extended emission (outside the central starburst region) at 1 GHz becomes partially absorbed at low radio frequencies. (edu.au)
  • 2020) considers an idealized population of filaments and integrates their distributions to predict their energy spectra in a semi-analytic computation, right here we create simulated populations of individual randomized filaments, and combine the emission of every filament to provide a full sky picture of the Galactic thermal mud intensity and polarization at millimeter frequencies. (cimas.info)
  • Another interesting phenomena discovered lately is the frequency decorrelation of the dust spectral emission, that means that the flux between two or extra frequencies shouldn't be a easy multiplicative issue, however varies throughout and alongside strains of sight. (cimas.info)
  • The spurs of radio emission extending into the outer X-ray cavities, inflated by past nuclear outbursts, are seen for the first time at these frequencies, consistent with spectral aging. (nsf.gov)
  • 5, selected from our previous GMRT survey, in order to sample their low-frequency synchrotron emission. (nsf.gov)
  • Our spectral fitting shows that as the inner disk radius moves inward, the thermal disk emission increases in flux and temperature, the disk becomes more highly ionized, and the reflection fraction increases. (harvard.edu)
  • Periodogram of the gamma-ray emission from LS 5039 (yellow), where the intensity of flux modulation at a given frequency is expressed in terms of the probability that this intensity results from random fluctuations of the measured flux. (mpg.de)
  • This suggests that its radio emission is significantly brighter at lower frequencies (see Figure 2 ). (astrobites.org)
  • Our results show that FFA in an external inhomogeneous medium can accurately describe the observed spectra for all nine targets, which may indicate an FFA origin for the radio spectral turnover in our sample. (nsf.gov)
  • We find no evidence for an unexpected population of sources above our completeness limit of 10 mJy whose spectra rise towards high frequencies, which would affect our ability to interpret current high-resolution CMB observations at 30 GHz and above. (iac.es)
  • With NICER's negligible pileup, high count rate, and unprecedented time resolution, we perform a spectral-timing analysis and spectral modeling using relativistic and distant reflection models. (harvard.edu)
  • While towers are commonly used to measure fluxes over longer time periods (weeks to years) at fixed locations, aircraft are the preferred platform for obtaining estimates of fluxes over larger areas, albeit for far shorter periods of time. (copernicus.org)
  • These so-called decoupling periods are typically identified using friction-velocity (u*) and periods when u* is below a site-specific threshold are removed from EC flux time series. (copernicus.org)
  • With its 3.9 day orbit, LS 5039 now allows for the first time recording many periods and establishing periodic variation of the gamma-ray flux along the orbit. (mpg.de)
  • Individual single pulses were routinely detected from the pulsar at low radio frequencies, except during brief periods of pulse nulling when the pulsar stopped emitting radio pulses. (astrobites.org)
  • The results show there was lager difference in ozone flux measured by different sondes located at the same position. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • Finally, we compared the ozone fluxes before and after correction. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • We report peculiar spectral activity of four large microwave bursts as obtained from the Solar Arrays at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory during observations of X-class flares on 1990 May 24 and 1991 March 7, 8, and 22. (caltech.edu)
  • We present new radio continuum observations of NGC 253 from the Murchison Widefield Array at frequencies between 76 and 227 MHz. (edu.au)
  • In the previous few years, a number of models of the diffuse and additional-Galactic foregrounds at millimeter frequencies have been developed to simulate observations for CMB finish-to-finish pipeline knowledge evaluation (e.g. de Oliveira-Costa et al. (cimas.info)
  • Combined with archival radio continuum observations, all ten targets show evidence for spectral turnover. (nsf.gov)
  • Over the past 75 years, astronomical observations at radio frequencies have transformed the understanding of the universe. (nationalacademies.org)
  • The fraction of the residual attributed to the sensible heat flux by this energy balance correction is larger than in the energy balance correction that preserves the Bowen ratio. (springer.com)
  • The difference between the distributions of rest frame spectral curvatures for the two samples does not appear to be statistically significant. (ias.ac.in)
  • The central component, corresponding to the inner 500 pc of the starburst region of the galaxy, is best modeled as an internally free-free absorbed synchrotron plasma, with a turnover frequency around 230 MHz. (edu.au)
  • However, we cannot rule out the spectral turnover origin of variability. (nsf.gov)
  • in terms of spectral analyses of the EMG data. (cdc.gov)
  • Stellar spectral synthesis is essential for various applications, ranging from determining stellar parameters to comprehensive stellar variability calculations. (aanda.org)
  • 01) with following audio features: RMS energy (r = .37), RMS variability (r = .57), pulse clarity "˜attack' (r = .38), spectral flux (r = .34), sub-band flux of band 1 (0-50 Hz, r = .29), and band 2 (50-100 Hz, r = .29). (gold.ac.uk)
  • In addition, an examination is undertaken of the role of uncertainties in empirically determined integral length scales and correlations in flux uncertainties as well as of the flux errors associated with crosswind and along-wind flight tracks. (copernicus.org)
  • The biggest relative error can reach as high as 40 standard, spectral analysis method was used to evaluate their precisions and uncertainties. (uni-bayreuth.de)
  • The black line shows the fitted spectral index, with 1σ uncertainties indicated by the shaded gray region. (astrobites.org)
  • Moreover, high natural vibration frequencies of the units are achieved, thus reducing the sensitivity of the magnets to the environmental vibrational noise. (iucr.org)
  • As my features can be computed both from temporal and spectral values extracted from the audio signal, I am considering the use of a temporal high pass filter. (stackexchange.com)
  • Therefore I am looking for an high-pass digital filtering method that will remove low frequencies, but preserve as much as possible the high frequencies. (stackexchange.com)
  • The importance of high-cadence, multi-frequency polarization monitoring in the pursuit of these answers is invaluable. (mpg.de)
  • 3) both the frequency and coherence of the high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations observed in XTE J1650-500 increase with R. We discuss our results in terms of black hole states and the nature of black hole accretion flows across the mass scale. (wayne.edu)
  • 2013), percussiveness (similar to pulse clarity "˜attack'), and spectral flux (Burger et al. (gold.ac.uk)
  • Integrated pulse profiles of PSR J0250+5854 at observing frequencies of 350 MHz (GBT), 168 MHz (LOFAR), and 129 MHz (LOFAR). (astrobites.org)
  • These near-surface secondary circulations mainly transport sensible heat, and when near-ground warm air is transported upward, the sensible heat flux observed by the block ensemble average will increase at longer averaging times. (springer.com)
  • Third, the extended microwave activity at lower frequencies is probably due to electrons trapped in the loop top where magnetic fields are low. (caltech.edu)
  • VOD was found to be linearly correlated with vegetation water content from both green and woody components, dependent on the microwave frequency. (lu.se)
  • In a tuning fork the intensity of the partials is purposely subdued, while in a bowl or bell the series of frequencies along nodal regions between the rim and the node at the base is enhanced. (soul-guidance.com)
  • From top to bottom: Stokes I, Linear polarization degree m l , polarized flux, EVPA and spectral index in two radio bands (α 2.6-8.4 GHz and α 10.5-23.1 GHz ). (mpg.de)
  • The source shows the characteristics of the constructed "toy" model: the optical depth evolution around MJD 56180, reflected on the spectral index evolution, is accompanied by polarization degree minimization and two consecutive EVPA rotations of 90 degrees. (mpg.de)
  • OOSUB differs from UVSUB in that it offers the frequency-dependent primary beam and spectral index options found in IMAGR . (nrao.edu)
  • Available online 21 March 2009 beam flux and hence falls short in profiting from the new development. (lu.se)
  • We collected new and literature subarcsecond resolution multi-frequency VLA images and optical data. (aanda.org)
  • This tutorial describes the data reduction for two spectral lines observed toward the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star IRC+10216 . (nrao.edu)
  • Spectral data were collected on 19 flights between 1/18/2012 and 2/29/2012. (ucar.edu)
  • The task assumes that the model has been computed or corrected to apply at the specific frequency in the header, ************************ NOTE: this task will work on multi-source files (unlike UVSUB ) but the file must contain data for only one source. (nrao.edu)
  • If the maximum size of the pseudo-AP (set by verb SETMAXAP ) is not large enough, then OOSUB will use multiple passes through the data applying some combination of facets and frequencies in each pass. (nrao.edu)
  • around 200 GeV and 30 TeV, the flux does not vary strongly with orbital phase, whereas at a few TeV, variation is as large as a factor 5. (mpg.de)
  • Equilibrium molecular dynamics is used to calculate the heat flux across the interface after the spin and lattice subsystems are in equilibrium. (aip.org)
  • Specifically, for most muscles tested during left side trials, the percentage of the total signal power in the 10-30 Hz frequency band was found to increase at a significantly (ANOVA, P (cdc.gov)
  • An extension of the averaging time was suggested and expected to result in a greater contribution from the low frequency parts. (springer.com)
  • 5. This sample has previously been found to exhibit spectral peaks at observed-frame frequencies above ∼1 GHz. (nsf.gov)
  • If it is possible, I would like that the amplitudes of the fft bins above the cutoff frequency could stay the same after the filtering. (stackexchange.com)
  • size (in frequency bins) of the local max filter. (librosa.org)
  • Although our outcomes do not enable a definitive answer to be reached on the physical mechanisms that produce radio jets, by contemplating the doable interpretations of our results, we conclude that the model which may best explain our mixture of results is the considered one of Sikora & Begelman (2013), where the magnetic flux threading the black hole is the first issue influencing jet manufacturing effectivity. (cimas.info)
  • who observed a large sample of sources selected at a much lower frequency (1.4 GHz). (iac.es)
  • Six-year averages based on the 3-monthly mean zonal means from December 2006 to November 2012 were constructed for the amplitude of the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of E S . A global distribution from 60° S to 60° N is given, revealing two peaks above 100 km during solstice with one maximum at low and midlatitudes (approximately 10° to 40°) in each hemisphere. (springeropen.com)
  • By their nature, EC estimates of fluxes are averages of quantities that randomly fluctuate on timescales ranging from fractions of a second to hours and over distance scales from centimeters to kilometers. (copernicus.org)
  • It seems that - not quite unexpectedly - orbital variation of the particle acceleration partly compensates for the absorption and results in a complex, energy-dependent flux modulation. (mpg.de)