Hydroxyl radicalsAntioxidantsReactive oxygenLipidSinglet oxygenScavengerMoleculesOxidative stressAbsorbance capacityElectronElectronsAmount of oxygenIncreasesMoleculeAntioxidantDecreasesOxidationMitochondriaPeroxidationReactionMechanismProteinsIntracellularHydrogen peroxideAmountsMitochondrialGlutamateNormal cellularFormationDPPHProduceCarbonOrganicAerobic conditionsFruits and vegetablesDependentReactionsCellGlucoseExposureCellsProductionChemistryLiver
Hydroxyl radicals2
- Mannitol, DMTU, and histidine partially inhibited the DHF/FeCl3-ADP-induced contraction, supporting the idea that hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen are involved in DHF/FeCl3-ADP-induced contraction of ileum. (usask.ca)
- Electron spin resonance was used to measure carbon-centered as well as hydroxyl radicals produced by a Fenton-like reaction with wildfire smoke. (cdc.gov)
Antioxidants9
- Therefore, this review will attempt to discuss the relevance of free radicals and antioxidants in spermatozoa production and function. (scialert.net)
- Free Radicals and Antioxidants , 1 (3), 40-47. (antiox.org)
- Free Radicals and Antioxidants and its contents are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivs 4.0 License. (antiox.org)
- Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation ), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals . (wikipedia.org)
- [9] Research into how vitamin E prevents the process of lipid peroxidation led to the identification of antioxidants as reducing agents that prevent oxidative reactions, often by scavenging reactive oxygen species before they can damage cells. (wikipedia.org)
- These molecules undergo free radical chain reactions, but antioxidants inhibit them by preventing the oxidation processes. (wikipedia.org)
- Antioxidants protect your body from the oxygen free radical damage that can lead to cancer. (healthy.net)
- Dietary antioxidants play important roles in defending the body against free radicals and the oxidative stress responsible for many health conditions. (lifestylemarkets.com)
- The foods that have a higher ORAC value have a higher concentration of antioxidants, which means they are more effective at fighting the cellular damage caused by free-radicals. (projectswole.com)
Reactive oxygen20
- Oxygen is required to support life, but its metabolites such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can modify cell functions, endanger cell survival, or both. (scialert.net)
- The excessive generation of oxygen free radicals in the form of reactive oxygen species by abnormal spermatozoa and by contaminating leukocytes has been identified as one of the few defined etiologies for male infertility. (scialert.net)
- Dilute aqueous solutions of BSA or lysozyme gave positive tests for peroxides after exposure to reactive oxygen species. (edu.au)
- Among the mechanisms that have been implicated in the pro-carcinogenic effect of HCV infection, an increased production of reactive oxygen species in the liver seems to have a major pathogenetic role in leading from chronic inflammation to cancer. (unipd.it)
- The evolution of angiosperm plants between 50 and 200 million years ago resulted in the development of many antioxidant pigments - particularly during the Jurassic period - as chemical defences against reactive oxygen species that are byproducts of photosynthesis . (wikipedia.org)
- As a result of the their roles in energy production, mitochondria also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may have a toxic effects in cells. (frontiersin.org)
- These include changes affecting mitochondrial DNA, membrane permeability, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (frontiersin.org)
- In general, once the insecticide penetrates the individuals, it overstimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Bhattacharyya et al. (springer.com)
- Over-reduction of PET chain can damage protein complexes and result in production of the excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 6 . (nature.com)
- These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. (nutrimedical.com)
- During exercise, production of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals can increase. (dsm.com)
- To test this hypothesis, Hb was modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS). (scialert.net)
- There has been accumulating evidence that an additional mechanism to generate reactive oxygen species occurs in vivo (Moore et al . (scialert.net)
- To test this hypothesis, Hb was modified by reactive oxygen species, generated by in vitro reaction of hemoglobin with hydrogen peroxide. (scialert.net)
- Antioxidant vitamins C and E help shield skin from Reactive Oxygen Species (free radicals). (dermalogica.com)
- Further study of reactive oxygen species was conducted using analysis of cellular H2O2 generation, lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes and DNA damage. (cdc.gov)
- The in vitro effects of metronidazole on the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were studied by means of nitroblue tetrazolium and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. (who.int)
- At therapeutic doses of metronidazole (4.98-24.86 μg/mL) significant inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species was noted in both methods. (who.int)
- The data suggest a scavenging mechanism of metronidazole on reactive oxygen species generated by PMN. (who.int)
- Free reactive oxygen radicals cause damage of mammalian cells by oxidizing fatty acids, protein and DNA. (bvsalud.org)
Lipid6
- Sperm cell membranes are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and are sensitive to oxygen free radical induced damage mediated by lipid peroxidation. (scialert.net)
- Lipid peroxidation as a measure of oxygen free radical damage in the very low birthweight infant. (bmj.com)
- Assays measuring H2O2 production, oxygen consumption, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were used to assess possible cellular injury following RAW cell incubation with tungstate nanoparticle s. (cdc.gov)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities were observed. (nutrimedical.com)
- RESULTS: Ellagic acid showed high DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. (nutrimedical.com)
- GR and GST- and the lipid peroxidation hydroperoxides and free radicals. (who.int)
Singlet oxygen2
- and the singlet oxygen scavenger, histidine, supporting the idea that the hydroxyl radical (.OH) and singlet oxygen are involved in X/XO-induced relaxation of ileum. (usask.ca)
- alkoxy radical) and molecular non-radical forms (H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide and 1 O 2 , singlet oxygen) 7 . (nature.com)
Scavenger3
- In view of these properties, L. alata can act as a prophylactic by intervening as electrophilic, free radical and ROS scavenger and detoxifier. (antiox.org)
- Treatment strategies include strict blood pressure control, intracranial hemorrhage prevention, and free oxygen radical scavenger administration. (nih.gov)
- FiveProvide Organic Fulvic Free-radical Scavenger and Antioxidant Fulvic acid can react with both negatively and positively unpaired free electrons to render free radicals harmless, changing them into new useable compounds or eliminating them as waste. (life-enthusiast.com)
Molecules3
- When these water molecules are broken, they produce free radicals-unstable oxygen molecules that can damage cells and organs. (cdc.gov)
- Free radicals are highly reactive molecules responsible for cell damage, including oxidative harm to macromolecules like DNA. (projectswole.com)
- The molecules most the study from the inpatient and outpatient exposed to damage by free radicals are the clinics of the National Liver Institute. (who.int)
Oxidative stress2
- The free radical theory addresses the issues of DNA mutation accumulation and oxidative stress mentioned above. (projectswole.com)
- Oxidative stress occurs when the intracellular concentration of free radicals increases over the physiologic value. (bvsalud.org)
Absorbance capacity2
- Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was a method of measuring antioxidant capacities in biological samples in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
- We evaluated the effects of two insecticides (fipronil, sulfluramid) and metallic insecticide complex (magnesium complex [Mg(hesp)2(phen)] (1)) on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and the overall antioxidant capacity using two different methodologies: total radical-trapping potential (TRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). (springer.com)
Electron7
- however, ORAC-EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance-based ORAC method directly measures the decrease of AAPH-radical level by the scavenging action of the antioxidant substance. (wikipedia.org)
- However there is another natural by-product - oxygen free radicals, which are highly reactive as the mitochondria reaction leaves the oxygen molecule with one unpaired electron. (ibtimes.co.uk)
- Aβ -derived free radicals were detected directly using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping techniques employing the spin trap phenyl-Q-tert-butylnitrone (PBN). (uky.edu)
- Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) was used to measure hydroxyl radical (-OH) production of tungstate nanoparticle s following incubation with either hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or RAW 264.7 cells. (cdc.gov)
- We have employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study free radical formation and electron partitioning in TROL-depleted chloroplasts. (nature.com)
- It is widely accepted that in conditions leading to over-reduction, pseudo-cyclic electron transfer enables electrons to flow from water to PSI, with molecular oxygen as alternative electron acceptor 5 . (nature.com)
- Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)
Electrons1
Amount of oxygen3
- Although the body's natural antioxidant defence system can usually handle oxygen free radicals, inhaling a large amount of oxygen could potentially put this system under stress. (ibtimes.co.uk)
- Training a dog undertaking endurance activity on a diet with proportionally more calories from fat increases mitochondrial mass and number, enhances VO2 max, the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise and enhance stamina by improving aerobic metabolism (Reynolds 1996). (dsm.com)
- Radiosensitizers are chemical agents that have the potential to increase the lethal effect of radicals induced during irradiation [1-6].The extent of radiation damage to cells is dependent on the amount of oxygen available to the cell [1,2,7,8]. (who.int)
Increases2
- The rapid heartbeat increases the workload and oxygen demand of the heart. (bartleby.com)
- The number of mitochondria increases as the oxygen requirements of the heart rises. (medscape.com)
Molecule3
- The assay measures the oxidative degradation of the fluorescent molecule (either beta-phycoerythrin or fluorescein) after being mixed with free radical generators such as azo-initiator compounds. (wikipedia.org)
- Azo-initiators are considered to produce the peroxyl radical by heating, which damages the fluorescent molecule, resulting in the loss of fluorescence. (wikipedia.org)
- When amiodarone is reduced, iodine is cleaved from the molecule which generated oxygen-free radicals. (bartleby.com)
Antioxidant6
- However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
- Because no physiological proof in vivo existed in support of the free-radical theory or that ORAC provided information relevant to biological antioxidant potential, it was withdrawn in 2012. (wikipedia.org)
- [4] Originally, the term antioxidant specifically referred to a chemical that prevented the consumption of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
- [6] Antioxidant activity could be measured simply by placing the fat in a closed container with oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen consumption. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxygen Radical Absorbence Capacity, or ORAC, is the measurement of the antioxidant concentration of individual foods. (projectswole.com)
- All of the above mentioned conditions can disturb the oxidant-antioxidant balance of the organism and can trigger the formation of free radicals. (bvsalud.org)
Decreases2
- The fluorescent intensity decreases as the oxidative degeneration proceeds, and this intensity is typically recorded for 35 minutes after the addition of the azo-initiator (free radical generator). (wikipedia.org)
- Their research, entitled " Lung cancer incidence decreases with elevation: evidence for oxygen as an inhaled carcinogen ", is published in the open access journal PeerJ. (ibtimes.co.uk)
Oxidation3
- However, it is important to remember that there are other reasons besides mitochondria why the body produces oxygen free radicals, which include cell oxidation caused by certain drugs. (ibtimes.co.uk)
- Exposure to oxygen and sunlight are the two main factors in the oxidation of food, so food is preserved by keeping in the dark and sealing it in containers or even coating it in wax, as with cucumbers. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxidation originally implied a reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria1
- 2) is carried by haemoglobin in the red blood cells to the lungs , and from the lungs, arteries deliver the oxygen to the cells, where mitochondria (the power station of the cells) process oxygen and glucose from digested food to provide energy to the cells. (ibtimes.co.uk)
Peroxidation1
- The oxygen free radicals effective in protein peroxidation were the hydroxyl and organic peroxyl, but not superoxide or its protonated form. (edu.au)
Reaction2
- This process, known as Mehler reaction, results in formation of H 2 O 2 which is generated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and converted into water and oxygen by ascorbate peroxidase 9 . (nature.com)
- however, the ultrafine particles generated more OH radicals in the acellular Fenton-like reaction. (cdc.gov)
Mechanism3
- Free radical now appears to be the fundamental mechanism underlying a number of neurologic and other disorders. (scialert.net)
- β -Amyloid (Aβ), the central constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, was shown by us recently to generate free radicals in an oxygen dependent mechanism. (uky.edu)
- Another mechanism may involve reperfusion damage from oxygen free radicals. (cochrane.org)
Proteins1
- Protein peroxides decayed spontaneously with a half-life of about 1.5 days at 20°C. Exposure of the common amino acids to hydroxyl free radicals showed that six of them (glutamate, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, proline and valine) were peroxidized with similar efficiency to the proteins, whereas the rest were inert or much less susceptible. (edu.au)
Intracellular1
- Without intracellular oxygen, your health declines and you age sooner, rather than later. (life-enthusiast.com)
Hydrogen peroxide2
- L. alata stem bark effectively scavenged DPPH radical, superoxideion and hydrogen peroxide. (antiox.org)
- Metal interactions with hydrogen peroxide have been frequently implicated in catalyzing free radical-mediated damage. (scialert.net)
Amounts3
- We took a long time to understand why infants have more tissue injury if they produce smaller amounts of free radicals. (eurekalert.org)
- This super organ works automatically, able to pump massive amounts of oxygen rich blood through the body by means of electrical impulses and the opening and closing of valves within its many layers. (bartleby.com)
- When used in amounts up to 1000 mg a day, acai berry supplements will help to decrease the cell oxidization damage caused by free radicals pretty significantly, even when used for just 14 days. (projectswole.com)
Mitochondrial1
- Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
Glutamate2
- We have extended these studies to investigate the nature of the oxyradicals derived from Aβ peptides, and we show that these free radicals are able to inhibit glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes. (uky.edu)
- These results support the hypothesis that Aβ neurotoxicity in AD may be due in part to Aβ-derived, oxygen-dependent free radical inhibition of glutamate uptake. (uky.edu)
Normal cellular1
- Cellular DNA is damaged by oxygen free radicals generated during normal cellular respiration and phagocytosis as well as cell injury and exposure to environmental oxidants. (the-scientist.com)
Formation4
- From Initial Free Radical Formation to Resulting DNA Base Damage", Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards, Mitigating Challenges in Radiation Technologies. (nist.gov)
- OTHER PROPERTIES Solutions of paraquat become intensely purple on reduction, due to the formation of a water soluble, relatively stable free radical, which absorbs at 400 nm. (inchem.org)
- formation, while the generation of other free radicals was monitored by Tiron. (nature.com)
- Non-transferrin-bound circulating iron is readily taken up by hepatocytes, where it promotes the formation of free radical oxygen species that cause cell injury. (medscape.com)
DPPH1
- It produced 88% scavenging effect of DPPH radical at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. (antiox.org)
Produce3
- White blood cells for example, produce oxygen free radicals on purpose to act as a defence in killing invading pathogens. (ibtimes.co.uk)
- The results of this study indicate that exogenously-generated oxy-radicals produce relaxation, contraction or contraction/relaxation of rat ileum depending upon the generating system. (usask.ca)
- Their hypothesis was that defense cells in infants must produce more oxidizing substances, such as oxygen and nitrogen free radicals. (eurekalert.org)
Carbon1
- These smoke particles contain intermediates of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen free radicals, which may pose a potential health risk. (cdc.gov)
Organic1
- FiveProvide Opti-MSM is an Excellent Source of Organic Sulfur The primary function of Sulfur is transporting oxygen across your cell membranes. (life-enthusiast.com)
Aerobic conditions2
- All the cells living under aerobic conditions constantly face the oxygen paradox. (scialert.net)
- Under aerobic conditions, there is enough oxygen to react with all the free radicals and addition of metronidazole, or any other sensitizers, yields no further benefit. (who.int)
Fruits and vegetables1
- [11] Consequently, packaging of fresh fruits and vegetables contains an ≈8% oxygen atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
Dependent1
- Particle size-dependent radical generation from wildland fire smoke. (cdc.gov)
Reactions1
- Later, the term was expanded to encompass substances that accomplished chemical reactions similar to those of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
Cell2
- Over 500 products have been investigated for neuroprotective effects including those from the categories of free radical scavengers, anti-excitotoxic agents, apoptosis (programmed cell death) inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, neurotrophic factors, metal ion chelators, ion channel modulators, and gene therapy. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Better Oxygen Transportation Across Cell Membranes May Improve: Cellular respiration (conversion of nutrients into energy, then waste elimination) Healthy cell regeneration Recovery from fatigue Athletic performance Tissue rebuilding. (life-enthusiast.com)
Glucose1
- Fat utilization to provide energy always dominates in dog muscle, except the first few seconds of a sprint, though clearly at close to maximal oxygen consumption glucose plays its part. (dsm.com)
Exposure2
- Viewing our findings through the lens of the literature, atmospheric oxygen emerges as the most probable culprit," the researchers wrote, adding that they took factors like exposure to sunlight and pollution, which are both affected by elevation, into account in their calculations. (ibtimes.co.uk)
- It is important to understand the damaging effects and free radical production produced by tungstate nanoparticle exposure in order to ensure that accurate toxicity models are developed and to promote proper training in nanoparticle inhalation prevention. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
- Too much exercise and oxygen free radicals really damage our cells. (whale.to)
Production2
- Recent data have also demonstrated that HCV is capable of inducing this active production of free radicals per se, not just through inflammation, a feature peculiar to this virus and the specific activity of its core protein. (unipd.it)
- This paper provides an overview of the inter-relationships between HCV, liver damage, free radical production and HCC, describing at least in part the complex network involving DNA oxidative damage, cytokine synthesis, proto-oncogene activation and oestrogen receptor expression, that may all be deeply involved in liver carcinogenesis. (unipd.it)
Chemistry1
- are able to initiate a range of oxidative chemistry with similar reactivity to the hydroxyl radical (Sutton and Winterbourn, 1989). (scialert.net)
Liver1
- The liver is one of the main organs that is that they are not distributed uniformly generates free radicals in different patho- throughout the liver, the periportal concen- logical conditions [ 1 ]. (who.int)