Foxo transcription and cell cycle regulation transcription factors. Medical search. Frequent questions

FOXO transcription factors have been shown to be the down downstream effector molecules of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Planar Cell Polarity (PCP), the polarization within the plane of an epithelium, is perpendicular to apical-basal polarity and established by the non-canonical Wnt/Fz-PCP signaling pathway. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
The KEGG suggested that PI3K-AKT, Estrogen, FoxO, MAPK, HIF-1 signaling pathway may play a significant role in treating asthma. (researchsquare.com)
FOXO proteins are regulated by the insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, a complex biological signaling system conserved across multiple organisms, from worms to mammals. (foundmyfitness.com)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. (mdpi.com)
The IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. (ebiwinner.com)
The Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway is a cellular signaling pathway that is activated by the binding of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to its receptor on the cell surface. (ebiwinner.com)
How does the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway regulate cell growth and survival? (ebiwinner.com)
The Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway regulates cell growth and survival by activating downstream signaling molecules that promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and stimulate protein synthesis. (ebiwinner.com)
The physiological functions of the Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway include regulation of growth and development, metabolism, tissue repair, and immune function. (ebiwinner.com)
Current research efforts in the field of Igf 1 receptor signaling pathway are focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and developing strategies to modulate its activity for the treatment of various diseases. (ebiwinner.com)
This study highlights a previously undescribed Akt-mediated signaling pathway involved in the repression of myogenin expression in myogenic cells and in mature muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
It mainly acts on biological processes such as inflammatory response, chemokine metabolic process, and immune response as well as pathways such as FoxO signaling pathway, Yersinia infection, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)

KEGG pathway analysis revealed MAPK, PI3K-Akt and FoxO as key signaling pathways involved in the odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation of hDP-MSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, PD-1 targets Ras and PI3K/Akt signaling to inhibit transcription of Skp2 and to activate Smad3 as an integral component of a pathway that regulates blockade of cell cycle progression in T lymphocytes. (shu.edu)
Skeletal muscle and myogenic C2C12 cells were used to study the effects of MSY3 phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro on its sub-cellular localization and activity, by blocking the IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway, by Akt depletion and over-expression, and by mutating potential MSY3 phosphorylation sites. (biomedcentral.com)
In C2C12 myogenic cells, blocking the IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway using LY294002 inhibitor reduced MSY3 phosphorylation levels resulting in its accumulation in the nuclei. (biomedcentral.com)

We have identified a large group of regulated genes with putative binding sites for the FOXO transcription factor, DAF-16. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes with DAF-16 sites upstream of the transcription start site tend to be upregulated, whereas genes with DAF-16 sites downstream of the coding region tend to be downregulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Finally, we also see strong regulation of many novel hedgehog- and patched-related genes, hormone biosynthetic genes, cell cycle genes, and other regulatory genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Up and down regulation of insulin-like ligands and novel genes with similarity to the extracellular domain of insulin/IGF receptors suggests opposing roles for several members of these large gene families. (biomedcentral.com)
We see evidence of TGFβ-mediated regulation of several other classes of regulatory genes, and we discuss possible functions of these genes in dauer formation. (biomedcentral.com)
BCLC9-miR122 cells down-regulate expression of MYC, KLF4, FOXM1, AKT2 and AKT3 genes and up-regulate FOXO1 and FOXO3A gene expression. (oncotarget.com)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
Nrf2 stabilization and increase in its half-life even to 200 min [ 9 ] allows nuclear translocation and activation of transcription of cytoprotective genes (Fig. 1 ). (springer.com)
[1] Four FOXO genes have been identified in mammals: FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. (foundmyfitness.com)
A crucial role of FOXO is to switch on genes that protect against stress. (foundmyfitness.com)
Subsequently, T cells receiving PD-1 signals displayed impaired Cdk2 activation and failed to phosphorylate two critical Cdk2 substrates, the retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) and the TGFβ-specific transcription factor Smad3 , leading to suppression of E2F target genes but enhanced Smad3 transactivation (Figure 3). (shu.edu)
However, the binding rate of the transcription factor PPARγ to its target genes Acc, Adipoq, Lpin1 and Glut4 was enhanced, and thus increased the protein expression of P-FoxO1, PPARγ2, ACC, LPIN1, GLUT4 and ADIPOQ. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, the effects of transcription factors FoxO1 and PPARγ on their target genes were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). (biomedcentral.com)
Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, was used to further investigate the role of transcription factors FoxO1 and PPARγ and their downstream target genes in promoting adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
It was also demonstrated that USF1 directly binds to the promoter region of 2,492 genes, which may be involved in the viral progression and cell proliferation pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Promoter region motif analysis indicated that ETV5 has more binding motifs and genes than USF1 itself for USF1‑regulated DEGs, indicating that USF1 may indirectly modulate gene expression by regulating ETV5 expression in Huh7 cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
We have learned that genes in mammalian cells are transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are to be translated into polypeptides (proteins). (intechopen.com)
Hence one of the most critical factors that directly interact with the DNA genes to maintain optimal health is nutrient sensing and regulation. (physicianwrites.com)
the underlying mechanism was found to be that caloric restriction is regulated by a series of interconnected nutrient-sensing pathways all leading to epigenetic confluence on genes known as the FOXO transcription genetic complex leading to the upregulation of factors that lead to improved healthspan and longevity. (physicianwrites.com)
Scaffoldattachment factors are a specific subset of nuclear matrix proteins (NMP) that specifically bind toS/MAR. The encoded protein is thought to serve as a molecular base to assemble atranscriptosome complex in the vicinity of actively transcribed genes. (immune-source.com)

Depending on this modified state, FOXO4 binding affinity for DNA is altered, allowing for FOXO4 to regulate many cellular pathways including oxidative stress signaling, longevity, insulin signaling, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Among its main functions belong the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, proliferation and cell differentiation, metabolism control and stress- response regulation. (ndltd.org)
HO-1 and their products exert beneficial effects through the protection against oxidative injury, regulation of apoptosis, modulation of inflammation as well as contribution to angiogenesis. (springer.com)
Of particular note, synaptic neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) occurs before its apoptosis and appears as the earliest step in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration [ 5 - 7 ]. (aging-us.com)
Biologically, activated AKT confers glioblastoma cells resistant to chemotherapy and radiation and promotes cancer cell survival, and in contrast, chemically synthetic compounds inhibiting AKT activation induce apoptosis of glioblastoma cells in vitro as well as in vivo [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike apoptosis, senescence is a state of which cells are still alive and metabolically active. (frontiersin.org)
MicroRNA-543 promotes cell invasion and impedes apoptosis in pituitary adenoma via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by negative regulation of Smad7. (cancerindex.org)
HP75 cells treated with overexpressed miR-543 exhibited increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while decreased cell apoptosis as well as expression of Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved caspase-8 were observed. (cancerindex.org)

FOXO transcription factors are important and evolutionary conserved regulatory proteins, which are involved in many crucial cellular processes. (ndltd.org)
The activity of FOXO proteins is regulated by posttranslational modifications, out of which the most important are phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. (ndltd.org)
FOXO proteins are members of the FOX family of highly conserved transcriptional regulators. (foundmyfitness.com)
They are named alphabetically, from FOX A to FOX S . FOX proteins act as transcription factors by binding to specific regions on DNA, thereby controlling the transmission of genetic information and influencing the chemical 'blueprint' for proteins. (foundmyfitness.com)
[3] FOXO proteins translate these cues into changes in gene expression that modulate and coordinate an organism's longevity and overall health. (foundmyfitness.com)
FOXO proteins' ability to shuttle between sites within the cell places them at the nexus of essential cellular processes. (foundmyfitness.com)
The SMAD proteins are a family of transcription factors consisting of 8 members, SMAD1-8, which are further subdivided into 3 classes based on structural and functional properties. (shu.edu)
MSY3 (MSY4, YB-2, CSDA, dbpA, ZONAB) is a member of the cold shock domain (CSD) family of proteins also known as Y-box proteins, which are evolutionarily conserved proteins that function as transcription factors and regulators of RNA metabolism and protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)

In the absence of insulin, PI3K is inactive, so the FOXO homolog daf-16 is able to translocate to the nucleus and turn on many genetic pathways associated with longevity in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. (wikipedia.org)
Forkhead transcription factors participate in a variety of different cellular functions and are part of several signaling pathways. (ndltd.org)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
At the proliferation stage, proliferation related pathways and basic cellular and metabolic processes were inhibited, while regulatory factors that initiate differentiation enter the ready-to-activate state, which provides a precondition for initiating adipose differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
According to weighted gene co-expression network analysis, pathways positively related to adipogenic differentiation are significantly activated at the differentiation stage, while WNT, FOXO and other pathways that inhibit preadipocyte differentiation are negatively regulated. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, it is a part of the growth of organisms, and the intricately organized, as well as monitored and maintained pathways in human cells show the level of importance and hence the value in the hierarchy of the functional imperatives of our health and existence. (physicianwrites.com)

It does this by causing cell cycle arrest between the Go and S phases, preventing cell proliferation, as well as by inhibiting metastasis by downregulating vimentin. (wikipedia.org)
Restitution of miR122 in BCLC9 cells, decreases cell proliferation rate and reduces significantly tumor size in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
Treatment of miR122 positive cells with an inhibitor of TGFBR1 activation, abolished tumor dormancy program and recovered cell proliferation rate through a Smad-independent TGF-β response. (oncotarget.com)
Finally, we manually assembled a proposed regulation network model of subcutaneous preadipocyte differentiation base on the expression data, and suggested that E2F1 may serve as an important link between the processes of duck subcutaneous preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
PD-1 expression by cancer cells blocks the proliferation of T-cells. (shu.edu)
P15 INK4 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclind-CDK4,6, inhibiting it from hypophosphorylating Rb, thereby, rendering the cell cycle unresponsive to external proliferation signals. (shu.edu)
Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)
mTORC1 regulates cell growth and proliferation by controlling protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, autophagy, and metabolic programs (Bhat et al. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
Retinoblastoma tumor cell proliferation is negatively associated with an immune gene expression signature and increased immune cells. (umn.edu)

FOXO4 is a member of the forkhead family transcription factors O subclass, which is characterized by a winged helix domain used for DNA binding. (wikipedia.org)
We also identified that RDH gene expression is regulated by forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors, which are inactivated by hyperactive Akt in the Pten -deficient mouse RPE. (molcells.org)
We have developed a model of insulin signalling in rodent adipocytes that includes both transcriptional feedback through the Forkhead box type O (FOXO) transcription factor, and interaction with oxidative stress, in addition to the core pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

Although obesity is a high risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease, not all obese individuals are accompanied by insulin resistance or increased risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This pathway is activated by the binding of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to its receptor, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades. (ebiwinner.com)
They regulate signalling though inhibition of phosphatases and induction of the activity of Stress Activated Protein Kinases, which themselves modulate feedbacks to insulin signalling and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
Fasting (nutrient withdrawal) and weak oxidative stress upregulate antioxidant defences while stronger oxidative stress leads to a short term activation of insulin signalling but if prolonged can have other effects including degradation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) and FOXO. (biomedcentral.com)
Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)
PCOS involves various pathophysiological factors, and affected women usually have significant insulin resistance (IR), which is a major cause of PCOS. (biomedcentral.com)

miR122 is the prevalent miRNA in adult healthy liver and it is responsible for liver stem cell differentiation towards hepatocyte lineage. (oncotarget.com)
HCC stem-like cells can be directed towards cell differentiation and tumor dormancy by restoring miR122 expression. (oncotarget.com)
However, transcriptional dynamic regulation of adipose differentiation driven by complex signal cascades remains largely unexplored in this model. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, we identified and classified more than 100 transcription factors that showed significant changes during differentiation, and found novel transcription factors that were not reported to be related to preadipoctye differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulatory molecules in cellular processes including cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
Results of function analysis using murine SS models have elucidated that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells are of great significance in the occurrence and development of SS, which play roles in regulating the differentiation, amplification, and functions of self-reactive T and B cells [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Myostatin (growth-differentiation factor 8, GDF8) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily and a negative regulator of muscle mass. (silverchair.com)
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
In this study, highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted, classified in relation to normal B-cell differentiation [1]. (lu.se)

In addition, miR122 transfected cells decreased AKT2 kinase activation while decreased FOXO1 and FOXO3A protein inactivation. (oncotarget.com)

The regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by Ad36 was further explored in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Otto Warburg noticed that cancer cells utilize far more glucose than normal cells and reprogram their metabolism largely to glycolysis even in oxygen-rich conditions [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
GNA1/GNPNAT1 (glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) then converts glucosamine-6P (which can also be made by glucosamine entering the cell) into GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-Phosphate), also utilizing acetyl-CoA that is made from fatty acid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
This is because metabolism, which is the process of nutrient utilization in itself, puts cells under stress. (physicianwrites.com)

Single cells and organisms may adapt to harmful oxidative stress conditions, through stress-activated factors. (springer.com)
This activates cascade of events which, in the end, affects oxidative status of the cells and provides robust protection against oxidative challenge. (springer.com)
Shu X , Zhu H , Huang X , Yang Y , Wang D , Zhang Y , Zhang W , Ying Y , . Loss of β-catenin via activated GSK3β causes diabetic retinal neurodegeneration by instigating a vicious cycle of oxidative stress-driven mitochondrial impairment. (aging-us.com)
Cells under aerobic conditions utilize oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria to sustain energy demands. (biomedcentral.com)

This diploma thesis is part of a project aiming for the development of low molecular compounds which would be capable to inhibit the interaction between human transcription factor FOXO3 and DNA. (ndltd.org)

Tumor cells of lymfoblastome have developed resistance against chemotherapy by increasing activity of FOXO3. (ndltd.org)

Animals and plants have biological clocks that help to regulate circadian cycles, seasonal rhythms, growth, development and sexual maturity. (karger.com)
Activated complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they cooperate with DNA-binding cofactors to regulate target gene transcription. (shu.edu)
As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)

Synaptic neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is the earliest event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. (aging-us.com)

PD-1 blocks cell cycle progression in the G 1 phase. (shu.edu)
Accumulation of p27 in the nucleus, therefore, blocks cell cycle progression of T-lymphocytes that are being induced to act against cancer antigens. (shu.edu)
Orderly progression through the cell cycle involves passage through sequential checkpoints. (shu.edu)
This miRNA functions as a tumor suppressor and dysregulation or loss of the host gene from which this miRNA is processed is associated with cancer progression in numerous cell types. (cancerindex.org)

Under conditions of cellular stress, it mediates cell cycle arrest to allow time for the repair of damaged DNA and cellular detoxification. (foundmyfitness.com)
Hypoxic induction was confirmed using flow cytometric analysis, which showed cell cycle arrest starting at a 200 µM concentration of cobalt chloride. (molvis.org)
Aging kidney and CKD share many common characteristic features with increased cellular senescence, a conserved program characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)
Cellular senescence is characterized by an irreversible and permanent cell cycle arrest coupled with altered transcriptome and secretome. (frontiersin.org)

Increasing evidence indicates that senescent cells could be a promising new target for therapeutic intervention known as senotherapy, which includes depleting senescent cells, modulating SASP and restoration of senescence inhibitors. (frontiersin.org)
Given the significance of myogenin regulation in adult muscle, the Akt/MSY3/myogenin regulatory circuit is a potential therapeutic target to counteract muscle degenerative disease. (biomedcentral.com)
Until recently, the treatment of cancer has been largely focused on the development of therapeutic agents or techniques that kill cancer cells. (justia.com)
Current therapeutic options for SS mainly relies on improving mouth and eye dryness and suppressing immune responses, such as artificial tears and saliva substitutes, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, hydroxychloroquine, synthetic immunosuppressive agents, and T or B cell-targeting biological therapies [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
B-cell lymphomas (BCLs) constitute a diverse set of tially identify new functional, diagnostic, and therapeutic tumors, both morphologically and clinically, that are mainly targets. (lu.se)

Many different kinds of cancers have been observed to contain mutations that promote AKT phosphorylation, and thus the inactivation of FOXOs, effectively preventing proper cell cycle regulation. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, FOXO is subject to various chemical modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation or deacetylation, and ubiquitination, all of which influence FOXO's location and behavior. (foundmyfitness.com)
Akt activation leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of various downstream targets, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which regulates glycogen synthesis, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which controls protein synthesis and cell growth. (ebiwinner.com)

Nrf2 is a master eukaryotic redox-active factor and belongs to Cap 'n' Collar (Cnc)-bZIP (basic leucine zipper) family of transcription factors. (springer.com)

Both PI3K and AKT modify FOXO4 and prevent it from translocating to the nucleus, effectively preventing the transcription of the downstream FOXO targets. (wikipedia.org)
In embryonic stem cells, SMAD2/3-TIF1γ recognizes specific chromatin marks, promoting access of SMAD2/3-SMAD4 to otherwise repressed targets. (shu.edu)
Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) is a canonical transcription factor (TF) and is associated with the pathogenesis of several cancers, but its biological functions and molecular targets in HCC remain unclear. (spandidos-publications.com)
Huh7 cells that overexpress USF1 were used with whole transcriptome profiling through RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing methods to investigate the downstream targets of USF1. (spandidos-publications.com)
Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was then used to validate the downstream targets. (spandidos-publications.com)
Since the HBP utilizes major macromolecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids to produce UDP-GlcNAc, cells may use it as a 'sensor' of energy availability that influences a large number of functional targets that contribute to cancer phenotypes (Fig. 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)

Cells have a protein on their surface called PD-1 (in orange above). (shu.edu)
First, the general TFs (GTFs), including preinitiation complex components TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and THIIH, are the primary protein factors that are required for the initiation of transcription from the TATA box (or TATA element), then elongation is executed by RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
The Y-box protein MSY3/Csda represses myogenin transcription in skeletal muscle by binding a highly conserved cis-acting DNA element located just upstream of the myogenin minimal promoter (myogHCE). (biomedcentral.com)
In addition, nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinases and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase inhibitors and TNF‑α were used to determine the molecular mechanism of autophagy during the inflammatory conditions, and only the NF‑κB and JNK inhibitor were found to enhance the autophagy of rat NP cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
It is involved in theregulation of heat shock protein 27 transcription, can act as an estrogen receptor co-repressorand is a candidate for breast tumorigenesis. (immune-source.com)
Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)

Together, our findings suggest that a homeostatic pathway comprising PTEN, FOXO, and RDH can protect the RPE from ROL toxicity. (molcells.org)
Rb1 and Pten Co-Deletion in Osteoblast Precursor Cells Causes Rapid Lipoma Formation in Mice. (umn.edu)
Co-deleting Pten with Rb in retinal progenitor cells in mice results in fully penetrant bilateral retinoblastomas. (umn.edu)

They play essential roles in human lifespan and healthy aging, influenced by environmental and genetic factors. (foundmyfitness.com)

FOXO4 activates the cell cycle dependent kinase inhibitor, P27, which in turn prevents tumors from progressing into G1. (wikipedia.org)
p27 is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of Cyclin E-CDK2, which phosphorylates pRb, thereby ushering the cell from G1 into S phase through the Restriction point (Figure 2). (shu.edu)
PKCε is usually referred to as an oncogenic kinase as it is involved in the regulation of mitogenesis, cellular invasion, and survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucosamine entering the cell is also converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate using GNK (GlcNAc kinase). (biomedcentral.com)

To understand how B-Raf itself is regulated, we combined mass spectrometry with genetic approaches to map its interactome in MCF-10A cells as well as in B-Raf deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and B-Raf/Raf-1 double deficient DT40 lymphoma cells complemented with wildtype or mutant B-Raf expression vectors. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Various factors have been proposed to be involved in direct and inverse co-morbidities, such as the environment, lifestyle or drug treatments 11 , and we hypothesize that genetic and molecular factors could also play a role in these relationships. (nature.com)
The dynamic nature of chromatin establishes the access to the genetic material and, as a consequence, influences a large number of biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair and transcription [ 1 , 2 ]. (aging-us.com)

The fork head domain: a novel DNA binding motif of eukaryotic transcription factors? (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)
Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)

In the nucleus, R-SMAD-SMAD4 complexes cooperate with transcriptional coregulators that further define target gene recognition and transcriptional regulation. (shu.edu)
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. (cancerindex.org)

Cell autophagy exists in degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, the autophagy induced by TNF‑α and IL‑1β and the corresponding molecular mechanism appear to be cell‑type dependent. (spandidos-publications.com)
A critical role of autophagy was identified in rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells: Inhibition of autophagy suppresses, while activation of autophagy enhances, the catabolic effect of cytokines. (spandidos-publications.com)
Finally, IKKβ knockdown was used to further confirm the effect of the NF‑κB signal on human NP cells autophagy, and the data showed that IKKβ knockdown upregulated the autophagy of NP cells during inflammatory conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)
Autophagy is involved in the control of cell death ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Furthermore, autophagy of AF cells may be secondary to endoplasmic reticulum stress ( 12 , 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In addition, Shen et al ( 14 ) reported that the autophagy of rat AF cells was induced by serum deprivation in vitro and that IL-1β upregulated serum deprivation-induced autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. (spandidos-publications.com)
Ma et al ( 15 ) revealed that compression activated autophagy in NP cells and that compression-induced autophagy was closely associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species production. (spandidos-publications.com)

Achieving systematic, genome-scale perturbations within intact biological systems is important for elucidating gene function and epigenetic regulation. (cdc.gov)

It is found predominantly in the cell's nucleus, where it binds to DNA and influences transcription, but also in the cytoplasm - the watery part of the cell. (foundmyfitness.com)
While Akt over-expression rescued myogenin expression in MSY3 overexpressing myogenic cells, ablation of the Akt substrate, (Ser126 located in the MSY3 cold shock domain) promoted MSY3 accumulation in the nucleus and abolished this rescue. (biomedcentral.com)

In HER-2 positive tumor cells, increasing FOXO4 activity reduces tumor size. (wikipedia.org)
GEP analyses were performed on highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted tumor-cells from eight subgroups of BCLs. (lu.se)
This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). (lu.se)

In some scenarios, FOXO blocks the cell cycle by switching on cell cycle inhibitors (such as p21 and p27) or switching off cell cycle activators (cyclin D1/D2). (foundmyfitness.com)

Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines balance the epithelial homeostasis and modulates the functions of B and T cells [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

One possibility is that as cells use oxygen to fuel the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones to release energy, they also generate by-products called reactive oxygen species that can damage DNA. (elifesciences.org)
Molecules known as reactive oxygen species or ROS play vital roles in healthy cells. (elifesciences.org)

Although the current generation of dCas9-based transcription activators is able to achieve up-regulation of some endogenous loci, the magnitude of transcriptional up-regulation achieved by individual single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) 12 typically ranges from low to ineffective 8 - 11 . (cdc.gov)

The diagnosis of diffuse large cell lymphoma is usually confirmed after positive findings are obtained from a lymph node biopsy specimen. (medscape.com)

Upstream transcription factor (USF) 1 belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family and serves as a cellular transcription factor (TF). (spandidos-publications.com)
We have previously shown that MSY3/Csda binds a highly conserved cis-acting element located upstream of the myogenin promoter (myogHCE) and regulates the postnatal down-regulation of myogenin [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

To avoid these dangers, cells invest in a complex network of molecular chaperones, which use ingenious mechanisms to prevent aggregation and promote efficient folding. (nature.com)
Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of transcription from TATA box have been well known as the most essential nuclear events in mammalian cells. (intechopen.com)
Possible MSY3 mechanisms of action have been studied in cell culture studies. (biomedcentral.com)
Since this is a highly sought after clinical goal, we are elucidating the mechanisms of immune cell recruitment so they can be targeted to kill cancer cells. (umn.edu)
These mechanisms can malfunction in pediatric retinoblastoma, and may be harnessed during retinal regeneration to produce new retinal cell types after they've been lost. (umn.edu)
To counter high ROS levels, cells have antioxidant mechanisms that reduce the excess ROS in the cell and keep the 'redox' (from reduction and oxidation) balance of the cell. (elifesciences.org)
Hibernation is an excellent natural model to study factors involved in the endogenous intracellular mechanisms controlling myostatin. (silverchair.com)
While the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in FH-deficient cells have been extensively looked into, the metabolic changes caused by the loss of FH activity have only been partially tackled. (immune-source.com)

Sirtuins or "silent information regulators" of gene transcription, are a family of enzymes which are expressed throughout all phyla of life. (frontiersin.org)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and its end product uridine diphosphate N-acetyl glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) are important regulators of cell signaling that favor tumor promotion. (biomedcentral.com)

encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)

Human dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hDP-MSCs), which include human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), are promising cell sources for regenerative therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal cells that have two key features, self-renewal and the ability to differentiate along different lineages [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Bone-specific miRNAs exert regulatory functions on key transcriptional factors involved in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, modifying the bone remodelling process. (bvsalud.org)
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) myogenic regulatory factors coordinate the correct function and organization of many skeletal muscle functions. (biomedcentral.com)

Additionally, Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting pro-apoptotic factors and activating anti-apoptotic factors. (ebiwinner.com)

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. (wikipedia.org)

Cells constantly monitor their cell cycle status at checkpoints. (foundmyfitness.com)

A unique characteristic of FOXO is that it can shuttle back and forth between the two locations in response to signaling cues. (foundmyfitness.com)

[5] But FOXO is highly sensitive to physiological context and needs. (foundmyfitness.com)

Cell growth is primarily supported by growth factor-driven glucose and glutamine intake, which form building blocks for biosynthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway utilizes up to 2-5% of glucose that enters a non-cancer cell and along with glutamine, acetyl-coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) and uridine-5′-triphosphate (UTP) are used to produce the amino sugar UDP-GlcNAc [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose enters the cell and undergoes two-step conversion to fructose-6P (fructose-6-phosphate), after which approximately 95% of it proceeds to glycolysis and 3-5% of it is converted to glucosamine-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) by the enzyme GFAT (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase), utilizing glutamine that enters the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
This invention relates to methods of inducing differential stress resistance in a subject with cancer by starving the subject for a short term, administering a cell growth inhibitor to the subject, or reducing the caloric or glucose intake by the subject. (justia.com)
In particular, the present invention provides methods for enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy by inducing differential stress resistance in normal cells and cancer cells via short-term starvation, cell growth inhibitors, or reduced caloric or glucose intake. (justia.com)

Second-line chemotherapy regimens vary, depending on whether hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being considered. (medscape.com)
The induced differential stress resistance results in improved resistance to cytotoxicity in normal cells, which, in turn, reduces cytotoxic side-effects due to chemotherapy, as well as improved effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
Because chemotherapy affects cell division, both normal and cancerous cells are susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. (justia.com)
Success of conventional chemotherapeutic regiment is based on the principle that tumors with high growth fractions (such as acute myelogenous leukemia and the lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy because a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing cell division at any given time. (justia.com)
By making normal cells more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, a patient's tolerance for cytotoxicity is improved, which, in turn, also improves the effectiveness of chemotherapy. (justia.com)
Another method of the invention comprises administering a cell growth inhibitor to the subject and administering to the subject a chemotherapy agent. (justia.com)
In another aspect, the invention features methods of contacting a cancer cell with a chemotherapy agent and methods of increasing resistance of a non-cancer cell to a chemotherapy agent. (justia.com)

TGF-β ligands bind type I and type II receptors at the cell surface. (shu.edu)

Based on the findings, the inhibition of miR-543 was found to play a tumor suppressive role in PA through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by negatively regulating Smad7. (cancerindex.org)

This review summarizes our knowledge about Nrf2 and HO-1 across different phyla suggesting their conservative role as stress-protective and anti-aging factors. (springer.com)
fumarate was found to covalently improve cysteine residues of Keap1, the bad regulator of the transcription element Nrf2, suggesting a part for a deregulated antioxidant response in the formation of FH-deficient tumors [8,9]. (immune-source.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms11

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs120

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes78

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Signaling pathway13

PI3K-AKT4

Genes20

Apoptosis8

Proteins10

Pathways6

Proliferation9

Forkhead3

Insulin6

Differentiation9

FOXO11

Metabolism4

Oxidative4

Inhibit1

FOXO31

Regulate3

Retinal gangl1

Progression4

Arrest4

Therapeutic5

Phosphorylation3

Family of transcription factors1

Targets6

Protein6

PTEN3

Lifespan1

Kinase4

Genetic3

Eukaryotic3

Transcriptional regulation2

Autophagy8

Epigenetic1

Nucleus2

Tumor cells3

Cyclin1

Modulates1

Species2

Activators1

Diffuse large ce1

Upstream2

Mechanisms8

Regulators2

Cellular redox1

Mesenchymal stem2

Regulatory2

Survival1

Molecular1

Checkpoints1

Cues1

Physiological1

Glucose5

Chemotherapy7

Receptors1

Negatively1

Nrf22