BenzeneAcetaldehyde and formaldehydeIrritantNicotineToxicant acroleinMetabolite acroleinCrotonaldehydeCarcinogensCarbonyl compoundsExposureEmissionsCigarette smokeToxicityButadieneReactiveMicrogramsNasalCyclophosphamideConcentrationVOCsDeterminationConcentrationsLimitsEvidenceSmokeAdverseLevelsHumanGreaterRangeReleaseFrequentlyStudies
Benzene2
- Washington, D.C. Feb. 27, 2009) For the first time, EPA is proposing to set emission limits for formaldehyde, benzene, acrolein and other air toxics from certain stationary diesel and gas-fired engines. (pinedaleonline.com)
- Crystalline silica, carbon monoxide (especially if sea coal is used), PAHs (formed by the pyrolysis of organic material in green sand), MDI, formaldehyde, acrolein, and benzene are also released during melting and pouring. (haz-map.com)
Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde1
- Specifically, extended airway CFD models of the rat and human were coupled with airway region-specific physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) tissue models to describe the kinetics of 3 reactive constituents of cigarette smoke: acrolein, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. (bvsalud.org)
Irritant5
- Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California found the disintegration of two solvents present in almost every e-liquid - the substance vaporised in e-cigarettes - leads to the emission of toxic chemicals, including acrolein - a severe eye and respiratory irritant - and formaldehyde - a cause of coughing, wheezing and nausea. (independent.co.uk)
- When the two solvents, which the study noted are found in most e-liquids, were heated and began to decompose, it led to emissions of acrolein, a known irritant, and formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. (scienceblogs.com)
- For example, levels of the eye and respiratory irritant acrolein went from 0.46 micrograms to 8.7 micrograms per puff between initial temperature and steady-state temperature. (scienceblogs.com)
- In a fire, these insulation materials can release irritant gases, such as Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic and Hydrofluoric acids, various NOx gases as well as Formaldehyde and Acrolein. (backtoearth.co.uk)
- Dr. George Jakab and associates the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health examined the effects of inhaled formaldehyde, an airway irritant that is part of motor vehicle emissions, on alveolar macrophages. (healtheffects.org)
Nicotine4
- Despite claims of potential health benefits, the long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol, which contains nicotine, carbonyls (formaldehyde and acrolein) and particulates, are unknown. (acc.org)
- As if it weren't worrisome enough that the appeal of vaping could lead to nicotine addiction amongst youth, it is crucial to note that even if there is no nicotine, v aping can also increase exposure to harmful chemicals and metals , such as nickel, tin, aluminum, formaldehyde and acrolein. (torontoteachermom.com)
- In three cases out of 10, for products with or without nicotine, the content of formaldehyde was as much as the levels found in some conventional cigarettes," the report said. (thelocal.fr)
- Cancer Institute, 1999), and particles assessment of carcinogenicity is SHS is defined as the smoke such as nicotine, acrolein, and not the domain of the Handbooks1. (who.int)
Toxicant acrolein2
- An improved understanding of the relationship between inspired concentration of the potent nasal toxicant acrolein and delivered dose is needed to support quantitative risk assessments. (cdc.gov)
- We found that while EHEs involved an 80% reduction in total PAH and a 90% reduction in CO emissions, they also resulted in a several-fold increase in the potent respiratory toxicant acrolein. (who.int)
Metabolite acrolein2
- The urotoxicity observed with cyclophosphamide is due to its liver metabolite acrolein, which is excreted in the urine. (medscape.com)
- As previously discussed, mesna binds to the urotoxic cyclophosphamide metabolite acrolein, creating stable thioester compounds with no bladder toxicity. (medscape.com)
Crotonaldehyde1
Carcinogens2
- Furthermore, as described in Chapter 5 , carcinogens such as formaldehyde and arsenic have been detected in electronic cigarette aerosol. (nationalacademies.org)
- Emissions of chemicals in e-cigarette vapour such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein - all carcinogens or respiratory irritants - increased with usage. (independent.co.uk)
Carbonyl compounds6
- This test method provides an analytical procedure for measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor or outdoor air. (astm.org)
- 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in air. (astm.org)
- The determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, as DNPH derivatives, is similar to that of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A in that it utilizes HPLC with UV detection as the analytical finish. (astm.org)
- This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the concentration range from approximately 10 ppb to 1 ppm (v/v). (astm.org)
- Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 chemicals, including carcinogenic and toxic carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein).1,2 The amount of many individual carbonyl compounds in mainstream smoke is typically in the range of micrograms per cigarette.3 A risk assessment by Fowles and Dybing4 on chemical constituents in cigarette smoke suggested that mainstream smoke gas-phase constituents contribute heavily toward the cancer risk indices. (cdc.gov)
- Low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are difficult to accurately analyze because they are highly volatile, reactive, and water-soluble. (cdc.gov)
Exposure7
- A 2014 National Research Council report on the carcinogenesis of formaldehyde determined that epidemiological evidence was strongest for an association between formaldehyde exposure and cancers of the nasopharyngeal region and sinonasal cavities and myeloid leukemia ( NRC, 2014 ). (nationalacademies.org)
- Also, a model of indoor exposure estimated that in bars where vaping is permitted, formaldehyde and acrolein levels would often exceed California reference exposure limits. (sciencedaily.com)
- Acrolein UE in naive animals was dependent on the concentration of inspired acrolein, airflow rate, and duration of exposure, with increased UE occurring with lower acrolein ex- posure concentrations. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to acrolein vapor resulted in reduced respiratory epithelial GSH concentrations. (cdc.gov)
- In acrolein-preexposed animals, URT acrolein UE was also dependent on the acrolein concentra- tion used prior to the uptake exposure, with preexposed rats having higher UE than their naive counterparts. (cdc.gov)
- Nasal lesions following acrolein exposure have been replicated thank Drs. Mel Andersen and Teresa Leavens for their critical review in multiple species. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was highest on day 2 (GM = 0.03 and 0.036 ppm, respectively) when the WFFs conducted a firing operation and were directly exposed to wildfire smoke. (cdc.gov)
Emissions3
- Assuming 20 puffs on an e-cigarette is equivalent to smoking a conventional cigarette, said Dr Gundel, the total emissions of acrolein for an e-cigarette are about 90 to 100 micrograms. (independent.co.uk)
- In using a single vaping device for nine consecutive rounds of 50 puffs - similar to how an e-cigarette user would vape in real life - researchers found that aldehyde emissions increased by more than 60 percent, with greater contributions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. (scienceblogs.com)
- Activity-based emissions are shown to pose potential acute health hazards for PM 2.5 , formaldehyde, CO, chloroform, and NO 2 . (lbl.gov)
Cigarette smoke1
- In 2015, a study showed e-cigarettes emit formaldehyde, a carcinogen also found in cigarette smoke. (independent.co.uk)
Toxicity3
- Acrolein handling and toxicity. (cdc.gov)
- 1999. Acrolein-induced toxicity. (cdc.gov)
- Mesna inactivates acrolein and prevents urothelial toxicity without affecting cytostatic activity. (medscape.com)
Butadiene1
- acrolein, phenol and 1.3 butadiene. (petro-online.com)
Reactive3
- Oxidative damage to DNA, and/or the direct adduction of reactive molecules to DNA, such as can occur with formaldehyde, is the most important intermediate outcome of chemical carcinogenesis. (nationalacademies.org)
- Acrolein is a highly reactive, colorless, and volatile organic compound with a strong odor. (electroniccigarettesource.com)
- Acrolein is chemically reactive, highly water soluble, and and diesel engine exhausts, partially combusted animal fats and produces cytotoxicity at the site of initial contact. (cdc.gov)
Micrograms1
- Conventional cigarettes emit 400 to 650 micrograms of acrolein per cigarette. (independent.co.uk)
Nasal3
- An additional group of animals was exposed to 0.6 or 1.8 ppm acrolein, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for 14 days prior to performing nasal uptake studies (with 1.8 or 3.6 ppm acrolein) at a 100 ml/min airflow rate. (cdc.gov)
- 2004). Ambient air with glutathione (GSH) and other cellular nucleophiles (Kehrer measurements in the United States have detected acrolein at & Biswal, 2000), depletes rat nasal and lung GSH (Arumugam concentrations ranging from 2 to 7 ppb. (cdc.gov)
- Nasal lesions induced by acrolein in rodents have been used is College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. (cdc.gov)
Cyclophosphamide1
- In the kidney, mesna disulfide is reduced to free mesna, which has thiol groups that react with acrolein, the metabolite of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide considered responsible for urotoxicity. (medscape.com)
Concentration1
VOCs1
- Chromatotec has recently integrated portable analysers for VOCs including BTEX and formaldehyde monitoring. (petro-online.com)
Determination1
Concentrations2
- Olfactory and respi- ratory glutathione (GSH) concentrations were also evaluated in naive and acrolein-preexposed rats. (cdc.gov)
- Despite having increased acrolein UE, GSH concentrations in the respiratory epithelium of acrolein preexposed rats were higher at the end of the 80 min acrolein uptake experiment than their in naive rat counterparts, suggesting that an adaptive response in GSH metabolism occurred following acrolein preexposure. (cdc.gov)
Limits1
- The study predicted that heavy users inhaling at a high rate of 250 puffs per day with devices at 3.8 to 4.8 volts would potentially inhale levels of acrolein (up to 10 mg per day), formaldehyde (up to 49 mg per day) and diacetyl (up to 0.5 mg per day) that exceed U.S. occupational limits of 1.3 mg per day, 0.1 mg per day and 7 micograms per day, respectively. (sciencedaily.com)
Evidence1
Smoke1
- Scientists also found traces of acrolein, a toxic molecule emmited in quantities "that exceeded the amount found in the smoke of some cigarettes. (thelocal.fr)
Adverse1
- Acrolein has been linked to adverse health effects in humans and animals, and should be handled with caution. (electroniccigarettesource.com)
Levels1
- The investigators exposed mice to varying levels of formaldehyde alone or to formaldehyde mixed with carbon black particles. (healtheffects.org)
Human1
Greater1
- acetaldehyde even though acetaldehyde yields were 10-fold greater than formaldehyde and acrolein. (bvsalud.org)
Range1
- Gastec Detection Tube No. 91M measures Formaldehyde with a Range of 8 to 6400 ppm. (allsafeindustries.com)
Release1
- It also directly reacts with 4-hydroxy metabolites, inhibiting breakdown and release of acrolein. (medscape.com)
Frequently1
- Although the entire urothelium is at risk of urotoxicity, the bladder, which serves as a reservoir, is most frequently affected, because the contact time between acrolein and the urothelium is greatest at this site. (medscape.com)